Everyone wants to have a pair of eyes that can see through the fog of the future. Of course, each person's future omen can be ambiguous, subtle, dreamlike, or anagram. This is natural: if the future can be predicted so easily, then anyone can predict it.

Dr. Li said with a little pretentiousness: "Don't believe in any hundred pulpits, the trilogy of "Zhou Yi" is actually set up by Xia Shang on Wednesday for divination, and no one can deny the fact that "Zhou Yi" is a book of divination. From a certain point of view, divination can use a system to explain the various problems that people can encounter, which in itself is quite Dandao. It can be said responsibly that divination, like topology and chaos theory, is a kind of prediction science that realizes the activity of predicting the future through certain means.

Specifically, divination does not rely purely on nonsense, as many people misunderstand, but has strict operating procedures, and there are quite a few indicators that are very objective and cannot be distorted at will. According to my research on the divination, divination is quite accurate, and this accuracy is by no means achievable by subjective guesswork. That is, the divination system must have an extremely wide applicability to meet the needs of complex forecasting, and it can be inferred that the divination system actually captures the commonalities between a sufficient number of things:

This coincides with the witchcraft of those alchemists, reflecting the essential connection with a certain mysterious commonality. If this inference can be established, then the "manual" of the use of the "Zhou Yi" in the "Yi Chuan" is considered to be a summary and summary of the purpose of the Dan Dao of the "Zhou Yi", and it is not a pure misunderstanding. That is to say: from the perspective of "Zhou Yi", "Yi Wei" is designed for divination, and "Yi Chuan" is an instruction manual. From the perspective of "Yi Chuan", "Zhou Yi" is the carrier of the purpose of "Yi Chuan", and divination is the specific application of the purpose of "Zhou Yi" Dan Dao.

Divination means divination and fortune-telling. Divination has existed since ancient times. According to ancient books such as "Historical Records", "Zhou Yi", and "Shangshu", in the legendary dynasties of Fuxi and the Yellow Emperor, there was divination, and the primitive precursors were respected even earlier. The phenomena that are respected as the precursors are some accidental phenomena in nature and human physiological phenomena, which are considered unusual and strange phenomena by the ancients, and they are listed as precursors in a wide range of areas, such as the changes of animals and plants on the ground, the strange phenomena of celestial phenomena, the climate and seasons from time to time, the dreams of people and the human body, and so on.

According to this, modern people invented earthquake prediction and big data links, and the ancients derived the forms of divination including: tiger divination, chicken divination, bird divination, animal bone divination, bamboo divination, Zheng Zhan, Zhu Pu Bu, astrological horoscope, phase wind, Wangqi, phase earth, dream occupation, face and so on. Among the above-mentioned phenomena that are regarded as precursors, the animal and plant aspects are most closely related to the production and life of ancient people, and they were the first to be noticed by people, according to the view of the ancestors, all things are animist.

Whether in the heavens, on the earth, or in the water, there are gods, and everything in the world obeys these gods. According to scientific explanations, in the process of human development, people fantasized about being able to control and influence objective things and some natural phenomena, so there were rituals and witchcraft, and witchcraft also appeared. However, we know almost nothing about the various circumstances of shamans, such as names, traditions, costumes, ritual weapons, altars, spells, witchcraft, divination, etc. Perhaps in some remote place, some wizards who are closer to the primitive sect have been retained, which needs to be further investigated. ”

Although Dr. Lee's remarks are a bit of a god's chatter, the implicit meaning of his subtle expression is very obvious, that is, divination and prophecy are not as simple as modern science criticizes, but there are hidden things that can make human beings go further into the world.

Most of the divination, fortune-telling, and channeling that are popular among boys and girls in modern cities are exported from abroad to domestic sales. They are sometimes convincing, because many of the psychological hints are consistent with reality, and even more fascinating because of the fear of unexpected supernatural events after playing, which in turn makes many people believe that fortune-telling and psychics, and when they ask for a dish fairy mirror fairy, they come into contact with an unknowable otherworld, and supernatural powers appear. Some people say that the Saucer Immortal cannot be "invited" casually, because there is a danger of "evil". Susie Smith, an American psychiatric person, claimed to have asked Diexian to have a mental disorder. The American psychiatrist Calvikland wrote in his book: "Divination had the result of madness, and the soothsayer had to be admitted to a mental hospital. Obviously, inexperienced people can easily get confused by hints in divination and word reading. Even people who understand will be confused by the Saucer Immortal, thinking that it is difficult to explain this "manifestation" by subconscious body movements, and the result is very "evil".

Lao Ma sneered and said: "You don't talk about gods here, don't talk nonsense if you don't know what's going on, it's purely confusing the world!" We police officers have seen this kind of person a lot, but they are just habitual shirking responsibility...... From a psychological point of view, you can feel at ease by blaming the evil spirits for the results of the evil sect rather than on your own subconscious. Sometimes people invite the Saucer Immortal to express their inner fear of death, and the "apparition" of the Saucer Immortal will have a huge shock to the heart, and in severe cases, it can disrupt normal life. As an old policeman, it is advisable for these people to stay away from Saucer Immortals! "Predicting the future? That's just a myth. "Lao Ma, as a criminal policeman who stands firmly under the red flag, doesn't believe in those things that the gods are talking about." Those charlatans! They're all a bunch of pigs! I didn't even light a light bulb by myself, but I was doing these god-like things all day long, which is really not a good job! Compared with the down-to-earth, courageous and enterprising spirit of scientists, it is too far behind! ”

"It's different, psychology is also science!" Dr. Lee's eyes widened, he didn't know why he was thinking about the question that came up above, this kind of question was not his style of thinking. It seemed that something timeless affected his thoughts, and he couldn't help but start delving into these godly things. Shaking his head, Dr. Li retorted! "The message of the so-called 'apparition' actually comes from our hearts." The second should be dreams, because strange dreams are involuntary, sometimes very impressive, and unforgettable after a long time, and are easy to associate with the success or failure of something done for a period of time. In terms of celestial phenomena, meteors, comets, solar eclipses, lunar eclipses, and other bizarre phenomena are all revered as precursors of something. It is said that He Xiangu of the Eight Immortals is proficient in this way. There are also people who use chess to divination. For example, Xie An before the Battle of Weishui.

Regarding the admiration of objects, it is mainly the strange performance of animals and plants. The ancients did not understand earthquake prediction, and many animal changes were considered bad omen. "Shang Shu said, woohoo, the ancients had summer, when there was no disaster, the beasts and insects, and the birds, all compared, only the face of the people, how dare you disagree." Once disaster is coming in "Mozi", even the abnormal performance of the dragon, which is considered one of the four spirits, is regarded as a bad omen. "Mozi" records that when the three seedlings were in turmoil, there was a bad omen that "the dragon was born in the temple, and the dog cried in the city". In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, "The Nineteenth Year of Zhao Gong of Zuo Chuan": "Zheng Dashui, the dragon fights in the abyss outside the gate of time, and the people of the country please be the emperor." "The people of the country asked for the sacrifice because they respected the dragon fight as a precursor to greater disasters, and they wanted to fight disasters through the rituals. There are also two signs about snakes recorded in the "Zuo Biography", which advocate the elimination of disasters and the solution of difficulties. One is the fourteenth year of Zhuang Gong, "the inner and outer snakes fight, at the beginning, the inner snake and the outer snake fought in the Zhengnan Gate, and the inner snake died". This abnormal phenomenon is considered to be a sign of demonic prosperity, because "demons do not deceive themselves, and people abandon the usual, and demons prosper". The other is the sixteenth year of Duke Wen, "There are snakes coming out of the Spring Palace and entering the country, such as the number of ancestors." Autumn, sound ginger, destroy the spring platform". Ancient people had a strong fear of snakes.

Cattle were originally the closest domestic animals to humans, but if there is a slight change, people will also worry about what disasters will happen, and I don't know if it has something to do with Chiyou, or because of the uncanny valley theory. "Liezi" contains: "The Song people have good pedestrians and righteous people, three generations of unremitting efforts, and the family has no reason to give birth to white calves from black cows to ask Confucius." Confucius said, this auspicious also. to recommend God. After living for a year, his father was blind for no reason. The ox was resurrected as a white calf, and his father asked his son to ask Confucius. Confucius said, auspicious. Restoration of religion as a sacrifice. lived for a year, and his son became blind for no reason. Later, Chu attacked the Song Dynasty and besieged its city. The people are eaten by the sons, the remains are analyzed and cooked, and the strong people all fight in the city, and most of the dead are dead. This person is exempt from both father and son's illness. and the encirclement was lifted and the disease was recovered. "

As for plants, in the ancient precursor worship, generally speaking, there are many people who are listed as auspicious signs. Among them, because of the god-making movement of the Han Dynasty, it is more widely spread to respect the birth of "vermilion grass", the appearance of "Jiahe", and the "two trees and trees" or "grass and trees" as auspicious signs. The vermilion grass is beautiful, and the Jiahe is the Jiagu with long stems and many ears, which is a phenomenon that people love in itself, and is naturally listed as an auspicious sign. In addition, orchids, Huaping, apples, and calamus are often regarded as the objects of auspicious observation.

On the other hand, religious beliefs began with a perceptual understanding of the dynasty, and when pure reason did not solve the problem, irrational solutions such as religious and witchcraft arose. The British memetic anthropologist Malinowski believes that the first people could recognize natural forces and supernatural forces for nature and fate, whether they used or avoided them, and used both in order to achieve good results. As long as he knows from experience that a certain theory works, he will not ignore the past. He knew that the harvest could not grow by witchcraft alone, that it would be difficult for a canoe to sail without proper construction, and that it would be even more difficult to win a war without martial arts. There was never a time when he relied on witchcraft alone, but on the other hand, there were times when he didn't use witchcraft at all. That is, such as making a fire and many other skills. Anyone who sometimes has to admit that he does not have enough knowledge and skills will definitely use witchcraft.

This passage can be said to explain witchcraft in terms of modern science...... This primitive psychology and prediction, when people can understand the laws of things, they generally do not use irrational explanations and actions; It is only when confronted with things and events that cannot be summarized that irrational explanations and actions appear. For example, when people go to the temple to burn incense, they generally pray for marriage, future, and other aspects that cannot be explained by science, and no one prays for things that science can accurately predict. The same is true of the ancients, who were able to clearly distinguish the relationship between reason and number, and did not pray for religion and witchcraft for everything. For example, in the era of King Huan of Zhou, in the second year of the battle of Zhou Zheng Xiangge, Xiong Tong led his three armies to cross the Han Dynasty and follow it. This is when Ruo Ao and Command Mao did not dare to have such extravagant hopes. Suiguo is in present-day Suixian, Hubei. It was the largest vassal state of the Zhou Dynasty east of the Han River and the head of the Eastern Han Kingdoms. Xiong Tong took a conspiracy, wanting to demonstrate Handong by forcing Suiguo to subdue him, and first cut off half of the Hanyang Zhuji. The Chu army marched into Suiguo, and Suihou sent people to ask why. Xiong Tong replied: "I am a barbarian, and now the princes are all rebelling against each other, or killing each other, I have a good armor, and I want to observe the politics of China, please respect my name from the royal family." ”

Since the state of Chu had soldiers in the flawed land, it first sent people to Suiguo to sue for peace. The young master was sent to preside over the peace talks. Dou Bobi suggested that the king of Chu hide the elite, so that everyone who could see it were the old, weak, sick and disabled soldiers. Sure enough, after the young master went back, he asked Suihou to chase after the Chu army, and Ji Liang, the doctor of Suiguo, persuaded him, saying: "Heaven bestows Chu, Chu Zhixi, and it tempts me, why is you in a hurry?" Suihou was afraid, so he had to agree to convey Chu's request to Zhou Tianzi Xiongtong, but Zhou Tianzi naturally refused. When Xiong Tong learned about it, he didn't know whether he was pretending to be indignant or really angry, he shouted: "I am the first bear, and the teacher of King Wen is also." At the end of the day, the king of Cheng raised my father, but he was a son of Nantian, and now he lives in Chu, and the barbarians are all subdued, and the king does not add the throne, and I respect my ears. So he established himself as the king and became the first king of Chu in the history of the Spring and Autumn Period, that is, the king of Chu Wu.

China entered the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, with many small countries and many wars in the Xiangfan area. The fundamental reason for this is that the increasingly powerful state of Chu is actively developing outward, constantly expanding its troops, winning the Central Plains, and seeking hegemony. After Xiong Tong became king, he joined the surrounding princes in Shenlu, but Sui and Huang did not participate. King Wu of Chu personally led the army to attack Suiguo, defeated the Suijun, captured Suiguo's Wuche and the right young division, and after Suiguo recognized the king of Chu, Chu withdrew its troops. In the thirty-eighth year of King Wu of Chu, Ba sent envoys to Chu to report that he wanted to make friends with Deng. King Wu of Chu showed great generosity in the requirements of the Ba State, and specially sent a guide to lead the Ba envoy to the Deng State to be hired. However, when they approached the border area southeast of Deng, Ba Envoy and his party were suddenly attacked by the locals, and the guide sent by King Wu of Chu was also killed. King Wu of Chu was furious and immediately sent people to Deng Guo to condemn him and demand that Deng Guo be held responsible for the incident. Deng Guo was arrogant and rude, and disdained the demands of King Wu of Chu. King Wu of Chu was furious and sent a large army to attack Deng with the Ba army and defeated the Deng army. In the fortieth year of King Wu of Chu, King Wu of Chu sent the general Dou Lian to escort the doctor Qu Bin to form an alliance with the two countries of Han Donger and Zhen. In order to stop the eastward advance of the Chu forces, Chen Bing blocked the Chu delegation in Pusao, and united with Sui, Zhou, Jiao, Tate, and other new and old hatreds to conspire to attack Chu.

In the face of the Five-Nation Alliance, there were differences of opinion within the Chu Mission. Chu General Dou Lian advocated leading his troops to attack by surprise and defeat the meteoric army first. Dou Lian believed that as long as he took advantage of the time when the armies of other countries had not arrived, he would defeat the mastermind of the incident first, and the other countries would naturally flee. The doctor Qu Fang thought that the army in his hand was insufficient, and asked the king of Chu to increase the army, and Dou Lian said: "The victory or defeat of the army depends on whether it is united or not, not on the number of people." In the battle of Zhou Shang that year, the general should have heard of it. Today our army is ready, so why ask for reinforcements? Zuo Sima said, "Then let's divination." Dou Lian resolutely refused, saying: "I only need divination when I encounter something that I can't decide, and now that I have made up my mind, why do I need divination?" Immediately sent out a sharp division to attack the meteoric army. Yun Jun was caught off guard and quickly failed. Seeing the defeat of the fallen army, the other countries turned around and returned. As a result, the Chu army defeated the Yun army in Pusao, and finally completed the triumphant return of the alliance.

If you don't doubt it, why don't you doubt it? The ancients believed that the sun and the moon belonged to the realm of "no doubt", and literati and writers always liked to wonder: "Is the sun rising every day" a fact, imagination or speculation? For ordinary people who work at sunrise and rest at sunset all day long, if they reflect like this if they have nothing to do, they will definitely starve to death. However, it is very important for those in the upper echelons to predict and estimate what will happen in the future, since the sun and moon go to and from work as usual every day, never late or leave early, it is easy to find out the law of their actions. If there is any divine will in it, it is only the law of nature. The "Book of Shang" makes it very clear that after Yao became the Son of Heaven, the first thing he did was to order the Xi and He clans to observe the operation of the sun, moon and stars, and formulate a calendar for the common people to use. As for the worship of the sun and the moon in various solar terms, the more important purpose is to determine the time and day and provide a basis for the country's governance and operation. To say worship is to pay tribute to the regular nature, the sun, moon and stars are just a pawn of nature, what divinity is there?

Since then, because the laws of celestial phenomena are closely related to the rule of the state, astronomy has been in the hands of the state, and ordinary people are not qualified to engage in any astronomical research. Some people say that the Chinese meme is a precocious meme that focuses on personnel for a long time. When the precocious meme is faced with the religious beliefs, it will try to incorporate it into the system of the entire dynasty, secularization, memeticization, and practicalization. The laws of the celestial bodies will also be explained from the perspective of favoring domination. Dong Zhongshu once said: The number of days is the end of the year, and the body of an adult, so the subsection is three hundred and sixty-six, and the number of days is also; The major festival is twelve minutes, and the number of sub-months is also; There are five internal organs, and the number of vice-five elements is also; There are four limbs on the outside, and the number of vices is also four; occupy the eyes, and the day and night are also; Occupy the rigid and soft, and the vice winter and summer also; Occupy sorrow and joy, vice yin and yang; The mind is scheming, and the sub-degree is also; There are memes in the line, and there is also a subheaven and earth. This is the basic element of man-nature...... correspond. There are 366 days in a year, and people have 366 small bones; There are 12 months in a year, and man has 12 large bones; People have five organs, and the way of heaven has five elements; Man has limbs and four seasons in the year...... In Dong Zhongshu's view, the sky is a big universe, and the human body is a small universe copied according to the laws of nature. Be the same as the Greeks!

After the fall of the Western Han Dynasty and the establishment of the Eastern Han Dynasty, because Emperor Guangwu admired the belief in the Wei Wei, the Confucians who "did not speak and the strange power was chaotic" all went to study the Wei divination. For example, during the Three Kingdoms period, Zhuge Liang's "Lesson Before the Horse" prophecy, according to legend, was the Three Kingdoms period when Zhuge Wuhou deduced the "Lesson Before the Horse" in his spare time in the army to predict major events in the world. Literally, it is to give a lesson in front of the horse before sending out the army, that is, the meaning of divination. Zhuge Liang's "Lesson Before the Horse" fourteen lessons are very easy to decipher, and each dynasty has a hexagram, so it is arranged below. There are many other prophecies that have appeared in Chinese history, which are more difficult to decipher, because these prophecies talk about major events in history, and sometimes a dynasty may have many major events, and some dynasties may have fewer major events, and they are not as ......regular as the "Lessons Before the Horse".

The old horse was a little impatient, but after listening to the port, he suddenly had a different feeling in his mind, and at the same time, there was a faint sense of touch in his heart.

This is especially true of Dr. Lee, who has all sorts of information coming out of his mind, and psychology and quantum mechanics are intricately intertwined and mutually encompassing, and the two aspects go hand in hand, and they may be able to burst into a spark.

"The Yin Yang Fish Diagram of Longtan Village that you mentioned last time, then the location of the Yin Fish Eye should be the base of the disciples of Xieling." "I guessed so,!" Lao Ma said: "The problem is how to define the edge of the yin and yang fish, if you can't find the edge, how to find the fish's eye?" ”

Dr. Lee said a little smugly, "I've just been thinking about this for a long time...... Now it's a bit of an idea. "What thoughts?"

"You have to think first: is this yin-yang fish naturally formed, or is it artificial?

Old Ma: "En...... Factitious? ”

"Well, artificial, considering under this premise, as long as it is done by people, there must be marks or traces.

You can look for this mark or trace. The old horse asked, "What if it's not man-made?" ”

"Then it can't be helped."

Dr. Lee said, "But I am sure that it is man-made, which is the history I just guessed...... I was inspired by the base set up by the Fang Shi to rebel against the imperial court. ”

The so-called Confucianism can be traced back to the Three Emperors and Five Emperors period of the witches and priests, in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period because of the emergence of Confucius and developed into Confucianism. With the rise of the gentry class and the need for unprecedented fierce political, economic, and military competition among the vassal states, the monarchs of various countries were determined to change and become stronger. At this time, there are heavy recruitment, design and recruitment, as well as sage recommendation and self-recommendation. These methods emphasize both virtue and Taoism, but basically emphasize virtue in peacetime and Taoism in war years.

In the eleventh year of Han Gaozu. In this year, Han Gaozu killed Han Xin, the Marquis of Huaiyin, and Peng Yue, the king of Liang, was accused of rebellion and was killed by Liu Bang, the ancestor of Han Gaozu. The following year, Huainan Wang Yingbu was killed for a rebellion, and after Liu Bang, the ancestor of the Han Dynasty, killed the heroes, he lamented that no one was available, so he issued an edict to ask for merit at that time, and ordered the "wise man doctor" with the ability to govern the country from the county and the state, which was the precedent of the Han Dynasty inspection system. The system of probation as an election of officials began with Emperor Wen. In the fifteenth year of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, the edict promoted those who were virtuous and able to speak outright to participate in countermeasures, and awarded official positions according to their ranks. As a result, the system of special examination was formally established. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty issued an edict in the first year of Yuanguang, and the county country inspected one person each year for filial piety and incorruptibility. Probation has the meaning of investigation and recommendation, and is also called recommendation. Soon, this kind of inspection was commonly known as filial piety and honesty, and became the most important subject in the Han Dynasty's inspection system. By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, it became a system in which high-ranking officials such as ministers, liehous, and local county guards recommended talents with high moral character and outstanding ability to the imperial court through inspection, and then awarded official positions after examination. There are many subjects to be examined, mainly including those who are filial and honest, those who are filial and honest, those who are talented and talented, those who are well-versed in the scriptures, and those who are virtuous and honest. The local governors of the Hou State and prefectures and counties shall inspect and select talents at any time in their jurisdictions, recommend them to their superiors or centers, and appoint them to official positions after probationary evaluation.

Just as the main subjects of the inspection are filial piety, virtuous literature, and Maocai. In the Han Dynasty, the special department later developed literature, Fangzheng, Zhixiao, Youdao, Dunpu, governing drama, brave and knowing the art of war, Ming Yin and Yang disasters and so on. In the special department, the candidates of the Xianliang, Fangzheng, Youdao, Dunpu, Ming Yin and Yang disasters and other subjects should participate in countermeasures and express their opinions on political affairs according to the topics designated by the emperor; The Ming Jing Department has to participate in the archery, that is, the scripture examination, and then it can be removed. In the Han Dynasty, in addition to filial piety, there were also honest officials and other subjects. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, because of the avoidance of Emperor Wu Liu Xiu's name, Xiucai was renamed Maocai. Xiucai became an annual move in the late Western Han Dynasty, and the lord was the assassin of history, so the system of showing talent in the state and filial piety in the county was formed. For those who are under probation, the imperial court will raise some questions about governing the country and economic righteousness for evaluation, which is called "policy questioning", and the person who should answer the questions raised by the imperial court is called "shooting strategy" or "countermeasures". Dong Zhongshu was hired in the first year of the Han Yuanguang Dynasty as a virtuous and good square. The Confucianism of Dong Zhongshu and his disciples was only a rudimentary form, and there were different changes in Confucianism in different periods, mainly through the monopoly of the imperial examination to rise the channel.

From the Western Han Dynasty to the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the implementation of the inspection was relatively strict, ensuring the dynasty's demand for administrative talents. Chaju ensured the dynasty's demand for administrative talents. In particular, the first section of filial piety and honesty, "there are many famous princes and giants", is an important source of court officials. After being promoted to the center, they can be appointed to the relevant official positions at the local or central level through selection. In the first year of Emperor Yangjia of Han Shun, who admired eunuchs, it was stipulated that those born in Confucianism should be tested for filial piety, and those born as scribes should be examined. The filial piety department began to transition to the central examination system. With the help of the imperial examination system, Dong Zhongshu and Jiao Yanshou embarked on the road of the inner sage and the outer king, strict system, and the party was the same as the other. Even other schools that originally belonged to the eight schools of Confucianism have been branded as heretics, and even the Han Confucian Middle and Modern Scripture School and the Ancient Scripture School are also as powerful as the Sword Sect and the Qi Sect of the Smiling Proud Jianghu because of their different interpretations of the prophecy.

Confucianism has never cared about bloodshed, nor has it ever been monolithic. As early as the Warring States Period, Confucianism was divided internally and formed eight schools. After all, Confucius taught and educated people all his life, and had many students, and had the reputation of the so-called "3,000 disciples and 72 sages". The gathering of heroes means that it is difficult to reconcile the mouths, not to mention that there is no second in the text and no first in the martial arts. However, the scope of Confucius's Taoism is quite extensive, and Confucian disciples have different understandings of Confucius's Taoism, which will inevitably lead to disagreements. Therefore, after the immortality of Confucius, Confucian disciples began to gradually differentiate. In the middle and late Warring States period, Confucianism became a "manifest school" at the same time, and eight different factions were formed within Confucianism. The "Xianxue" chapter of "Han Feizi" begins with a clear meaning: "Since the death of Confucius, there are Confucianism of Zizhang, Confucianism of Zisi, Confucianism of Yan, Confucianism of Meng, Confucianism of Qidiao, Confucianism of Zhongliang, Confucianism of Sun, and Confucianism of Lezheng." ”

Zi Zhang's surname is Zhen Sun, a famous teacher, the word Zi Zhang, a native of Chen Guoyang City in the late Spring and Autumn Period, as the legendary Zi Zhang of the ancient god bloodline is a disciple of Confucius in his later years, and he is outstanding in his studies after school, and Zi Xia and Zi You are equally famous. He traveled around the world from Confucius and was besieged between Chen and Cai. He was a diligent and inquisitive person, and often discussed various issues with Confucius, and the Analects records that he asked Confucius as many as 20 times. He advocated that "when a scholar sees danger and death, he sees righteousness, sacrifices and respects, and mourns" ("The Analects of Zizhang"), and clearly opposes people and things that "do not promote virtue and faith", and "do not be faithful in words and do not respect in deeds" ("Analects Zizhang"). Zizhang's temperament is a bit extreme, and Confucius once criticized him for "being a teacher" and "being a teacher" ("Analects of Advanced"). However, he was a philanthropic and tolerant person, and he made a wide range of friends, believing that a gentleman should "respect the virtuous and tolerate the public, and be kind and unreserved" ("The Analects of Zizhang"). After the death of Confucius, he lived in the country of Chen and accepted apprentices to teach. The disciples handed down by Zizhang later formed the "Zizhang Confucianism" and was listed as the head of the eight schools of Confucianism in the Warring States Period. Xunzi once criticized the "Confucianism of Zizhang Zhiru" very severely in his "Non-Twelve Sons" and called them "cheap Confucianism": "The younger brother is the crown, the god is the word, and the Yu line and Shun tend to be the cheap Confucianism of the Zizhang family." It is probably believed that "the descendants of Zizhang seem to be closer to the Mo family and focus on protection", and speculate that "Mo Zhai was influenced by Zizhang".

"Sun's Confucianism" is a faction represented by Xunzi. Xunzi is Xun Qian, or Sun Qing to avoid the name of Emperor Liu Xun of the Han Dynasty, is the main representative of Confucianism in the late Warring States period, he inherited the tradition of Confucius's learning, and is one of the main disseminators of Confucian scriptures; In terms of governance thought, he developed Confucius's "etiquette science", advocating both etiquette and law; In terms of governance, it advocates "the separation of heaven and man" and "the use of the mandate of heaven"; It is believed that "human nature is evil, and its good ones are hypocritical". In addition to those disciples who inherited Xunzi's scriptures, the famous ones in the "Confucianism of the Sun Family" were Han Fei and Li Si, but the two of them had broken through the boundaries of their teacher Xunzi's Confucianism and became representatives of Legalism.

The Confucianism of the Zhongliang clan, according to the "Mencius" record: "Chu is also a scholar, Yue Yonggong, Zhongni's way, the north of China, the scholars of the north, failed or the first, the so-called heroic people," this school has Zeng Shen, Zixia two schools of learning. Zeng Zi is a descendant of the Yellow Emperor and a descendant of King Xia Yu, and his political outlook on cultivating Qi Zhiping, the concept of self-cultivation and prudence, and the concept of filial piety based on filial piety have far-reaching influence. And Zixia did not abide by the way of Confucius like Yan Hui and Zeng Shen, and his concern was no longer "self-denial and revenge", but the current politics that kept pace with the times. At the age of 60, Zeng Shen and Zixia and Duan Ganmu set up a teaching in Xihe, which developed into the Xihe School, Zhongliang belonged to this group, and his disciples included Chen Xiang and Chen Xin, and later joined the peasant Xu Xing lineage, which was severely criticized by Mencius. And "Le Zheng's Confucianism" is Zengzi's disciple Le Zhengzi Chun's lineage, passing on Zengzi's learning.

Zisi is the grandson of Confucius. Confucius thought was brought into play, and Confucianism used the words of Confucius to educate all directions. "The Mean Chapters and Sentences" is called Confucianism, only the world is sincere, in order to be able to do its best. If you can do your best, you can do your best. If you can fulfill the nature of people, you can fulfill the nature of things. If you can exhaust the nature of things, you can praise the transformation and cultivation of heaven and earth. You can praise the transformation and education of heaven and earth, and you can participate in heaven and earth. The eight eyes in "University" are Gewu, Zhizhi, Righteousness, Sincerity, Self-cultivation, Family, Governance, and Peace! Zisi raised the spiritual entity of the Confucian moral category "sincerity" to the status of the origin of the world, and made a significant contribution to the Confucian study of the mind. Xunzi talked about it slightly from a negative perspective in "Non-Twelve Sons", saying: "The first king of the law does not know its system, but he still has great ambitions and hears miscellaneous things. The case is said to be the five elements, which are secluded and classless, hidden and unspoken, closed and unsolved. The case was decorated with his words and only respectfully said: 'This true gentleman's words are also'. Zi Si sang it, Yu Ke and it, and the secular ditch was still Confucian, Yaoyao didn't know what it was not, so he accepted it and passed it on. "It's all about sincerity and a lot of change.

The Zisi faction spread by the blood of Confucius, although the bloodline inheritance has been weak, but the scholarship is carried forward in the hands of Meng Ke, and the righteous rebuke of treachery is his symbol, and the Confucian faction after the Tang Dynasty is basically a branch of the Meng faction. The first Confucianism mainly focused on cultivating the mind, but in the later period, he discovered the importance of self-cultivation, so the later Confucianism particularly emphasized the cultivation of qi, as the so-called "I am good at cultivating my Haoran righteousness". This is the "Confucianism of Meng's family", naturally represented by Mencius, the distant ancestor of Yasheng Mencius is the nobleman Mengsun of the Lu State, is the main representative of Confucianism in the middle of the Warring States Period, he developed Confucius's "benevolence" thought, Zeng Ziyun: "Yu Wei is a disciple of Confucius, and everyone is also a private lady" ("Mencius, Lilouxia"), Sima Qian said in the "Historical Records of Mencius Xunqing Biography" that he was "employed by Zisimen". Xunzi also said in "Non-Twelve Sons" that "Zisi sings, Meng Ke and it". Mencius put forward the theory of "human nature is inherently good", as well as the governance ideals of "benevolent government" and "royal way" and the people-oriented idea of "the people are noble and the king is light", etc., and introduced mathematics into Confucianism to connect the heavens, the earth, and humanity, and predicted that "there will be kings in five hundred years", which implies the meaning of the alternation of the end.

The Confucianism of the Yan family has different opinions, according to the records of the "Analects", "Historical Records: The Biography of Zhongni's Disciples" and other documents. Among the disciples of Confucius, there are eight people with the surname Yan, they are: Yan Wuxian, Yan Hui, Yan Xing, Yan Gao, Yan Zu, Yan Zhifu, Yan Xu, and Yan He. It is difficult to determine today who is the "Confucianism of the Yan family", and the academic community generally believes that it is represented by Yan Hui. After all, Yan Hui was Confucius's most proud disciple, and the most important feature of his school was to live in peace with the poor and to be happy, focusing on putting into practice Confucius's benevolent thoughts. In addition, in the book "Zhuangzi", it is also mentioned that Yan Huizhixue's theories of "sitting and forgetting" and "heart fasting" and other theories of mind cultivation can be described as the later Lu Wang's mind study, and there is nothing outside the heart, but indulged in the heart, but often do not see the things that exist.

According to the records of the Analects of Confucius and the Biography of Zhongni's Disciples, there are three people with the surname of Qi Diao among the disciples of Confucius, they are: Qi Diao Kai, Qi Diao Duo, and Qi Diao Apprentice Father, and the academic community generally believes that "Confucianism of Qi Diao" is enough to be represented by Qi Diao. Lacquer carving open, "Hanshu Art and Literature Chronicles" as lacquer carving Qi, "Qi" for the original name, Han people avoid Han Jingdi Liu Qi's name changed to "open", in the late Spring and Autumn Period Lu people, Confucius once asked him to be an official, he said that he had no confidence in being an official, Confucius expressed his appreciation after hearing it (see "Analects of Gongye Chang"). Lacquer carving has unyielding courage, "Han Feizi Xianxue" said: "Lacquer carving discussion, do not scratch, do not run away, the line is against Zang Gain, the line is angry with the princes, the lord thinks it is cheap and courteous." In terms of his view of human nature, he advocates that there are good and evil sexuality, and it is recorded in "On Balance and Nature": "Mi (uneven) Zi is cheap, lacquer carving, and Gongsun Nizi's disciples, on emotional nature, and Shizi (Shishuo) are different from each other, and they all say that there are good and evil natures." The "Confucianism of the Qidiao Clan" advocates that human nature has good and evil, does not want to be an official, and is brave and chivalrous, and belongs to the school of Confucian disciples; Mi Zibei, Gongsun Nizi, Shishuo, etc. are all major members of this faction; Beigong Huang, who is good at "raising bravery", should also belong to the "Confucianism of the lacquer carving clan".

In short, the eight schools of Confucianism in the Warring States Period were the factions that emerged within Confucianism in the "Hundred Schools of Thought" at that time, the Zixia faction began to set up its own door from Li Kui, and finally Xun Quan's disciple Han Fei completely cut off the relationship between Legalism and Confucianism, and the radical Zizhang faction finally gave birth to Mo Zhai's Mojia, and they were no longer Confucianists who opposed the order. After Qin Shi Huang burned various classics, Confucianism fell into the struggle between the modern scriptures passed down by word of mouth and the ancient scriptures that practiced the ancient scriptures. Shangshu is one of the earliest historical books in Chinese history. The book was written in the late Spring and Autumn Period and was compiled by Confucius. At that time, it was a period of great changes and turmoil in the dynasty, and the so-called "Zhou room was small and polite, happy and wasted, and "poems" and "books" were lacking. Confucius was deeply disturbed by the "Records of the Confucian Family", and while collecting and sorting out ancient texts, compiling "Poems", "Books", "Rites", "Music", "Yi", and "Spring and Autumn", Confucius also gave lectures and taught the above six classics as teaching materials to his disciples. The ancients used "Shang" and "Shang" together. "Shang" is antiquity, and "book" is the history recorded on bamboo silk. "Shangshu" is "the history book of ancient times", and it also has the meaning of "the book of the king", because the content of this book is mostly a record of the remarks of the emperor by the subordinates. Wang Chong of the Eastern Han Dynasty said in "On Heng and Zheng Shuo": "The scholar of the book, the book of the ancient emperors, or thought that the upper did it, and the lower wrote it, so it is called the "Shangshu". "Shangshu" records that began with Yao, Yu, Shun, the middle summer, Shang, Zhou, and finally the Qin Mugong in the middle and early Spring and Autumn period, spanning more than 1,500 years. It truly reflects the astronomy, geography, Dandao, education, criminal law and code system of this historical period, and is the voice of the ancient ancestors, and it is also a precious historical material for later generations to understand the ancient dynasties. After Qin Shi Huang unified the six countries, in order to realize the ban, he burned books and pit Confucianism on a large scale at the suggestion of Li Si. The Fangshi group was killed, and except for books such as medicine and divination, all books that were not written by the historians of the Qin State and not collected by the officials were burned within 30 days. "Shangshu" is naturally spared. At that time, there was a person surnamed Fu and known as Fu Sheng in Jinan, who had been a doctor in the Qin Dynasty and had a private collection of "Shangshu". When Qin Shi Huang ordered the book burning, he secretly hid the Book of Shang in the walls of his home. After seven or eight years, when the dispute between Chu and Han between Liu Bang and Xiang Yu ended, "Han Ding, Fu Sheng begged for his book, died dozens of articles, and obtained twenty-nine articles." "The so-called "Historical Records: The Biography of Confucianism", the remaining dozens of articles are decayed and scattered, and have become fragments. In the following decades, Fu Sheng used this incomplete "Book of Shang" to lecture between Qi and Lu. After Emperor Liu Heng of the Han Dynasty ascended the throne, he paid great attention to collecting and sorting out ancient books. He heard that Fu Sheng had a "Book of Shang", so he sent the old official to collect the mistakes of the feudal domain. At this time, Fu Sheng was already in his nineties and could not enter Beijing, and the "Book of Shang" had long been tattered and broken. Chao Cuo had no choice but to live in Fu Sheng's house, and he dictated and explained it himself, and he ...... Recording. It is not known what script the "Shangshu" in Fusheng's collection was written, but the text used in the recording of Chao was the official script that was common at that time, so it was called the "Shangshu" in today's text, which became the definitive version of the imperial court and was popular in the world. Later, in order to make everyone respect, some preacher even said that the present text of the "Book of Shang" was originally twenty-nine. Because twenty-nine is taken from the celestial phenomena, that is, the Big Dipper plus the number of twenty-eight nakshatras.

In the last years of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Liu Yu, the king of Lugong who was divided into Qufu, demolished the former residence of Confucius due to the expansion of the palace, and found several ancient books in the wall, one of which was the "Book of Shang". Because this "Shangshu" is written in the pre-Qin script, it is called the ancient text "Shangshu". The so-called "ancient text" is actually a folk character of the late Zhou Dynasty. At that time, King Gong was in awe, did not dare to demolish the house again, and hurriedly returned these ancient books to Confucius's descendant, Kong Anguo, the eleventh grandson of Confucius. Kong Anguo compared the ancient text "Shangshu" with the popular modern text "Shangshu", and the result was 16 more. Suddenly, if he got the treasure, he respectfully dedicated his book to the court in the second year of Zhenghe, but he had no choice but to suffer from witch affairs, and he was not listed in the school official, and he died with regret the next year. And because the language of the ancient text "Shangshu" is condescending and the font is strange and difficult to read, no one can read it for a while, and the court has to seal it. Until the time of Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty, the scholar Liu Xin led the school to the royal collection, and used the ancient text "Shangshu" to proofread the modern text "Shangshu", and proofread the modern text "Shangshu" to simplify and a number of different texts, so he suggested to the emperor to implement the ancient text "Shangshu", but immediately caused dissatisfaction among everyone, and thus broke out a dispute over the ancient "Shangshu". The Jinwen school inherited the legacy of the sons of the pre-Qin dynasty, thought about its humanity and the way of heaven, advocated the application of the scriptures, and the interpretation of the scriptures only focused on the general meaning of small words, and studied its historical governance; However, the ancient literary school did not pay attention to the Tao but to history, and they had to take responsibility for preserving and disseminating documents, paying attention to the chapters, exegesis, ceremonies, and famous objects. During this period, the ancient text "Shangshu" also appeared "Hejian Xianwang Ben", "Chinese Secret Ancient Text", "Zhang Babai Two Articles", "Dulin Lacquer Book" and so on. The more popular is the "Dulin lacquer book", because the book does not have 16 articles of "Shu Shu", only 29 articles of the same text "Shangshu", Jia Kui, Ma Rong, Zheng Xuan, Wang Su and other people, have made notes for it, and have won the trust of the people.

In fact, because "Ancient Texts and Books: Da Yu Mo" emphasizes Yao Shunyu's "Sixteen-Character Heart Transmission", "People's hearts are in danger, and Taoism is in danger; Only the essence is the only one, and it is allowed to hold on to the middle", so the dispute between Han and Confucianism, behind it is the incompatibility of Wang Mang's relatives and the Liu royal family, and the twenty-eight articles of the "Book of Shang" are arranged according to the four dynasties of Yu, Xia, Shang and Zhou. According to the content, it can be divided into three categories: the first category is about the ancient historical legends of Yao, Shun, Yu, Gaotao, Qi and others, such as Yao Chan is located in Shun, Dayu controls the water, Yu's son Qi conquers the princes and has Hu, etc.; The second category is important documents about the early years of the founding of the Zhou Dynasty, which mainly reflect the activities of Zhou Gongdan, including King Wu's war, Zhou Gong's regency, Zhou Gong's Eastern Crusade, and the return of the government to become the king, etc.: The third category is some scattered and isolated archives, which belong to different dynasties, and each article only involves a certain event, and has no direct relationship with other chapters, such as the speech of Shang King Pangeng to his subjects when he moved his capital to Yin. According to the genre, it can be divided into six types: the first is "classic", that is, classic. For example, "Yao Dian" records the deeds and remarks of Yao and Shun. Ancient historians believed that this document should be respected by the people, so they regarded it as a classic. Some people suspect that the Yaodian is not a record of the time, but is based on the legend of later generations; The second type is "Mo". The pronunciation and meaning of "Mo" are the same as "Mou", and "Mo" means "Mou". For example, "Gao Tao Mo", which records the Q&A of Shun, Yu, Gao Tao and others, and the conversation of discussing governance; The third type is "training", that is, teaching and admonishing. For example, "Gaozong Wei Ri", which records the words of the minister Zu who has taught the king of Shang; The fourth type is the "edict", that is, the edict. Whether verbal or written, admonishing others is called "He". The most important part of the book is the instruction of the superior to the subordinate or the speech of the superior to the subject, which accounts for half of the book. It is also the most difficult to understand because it is mostly a record of the spoken language of the speaker. For example, "Pan Geng" records that Pan Geng told his subjects to obey and move the capital to Yu Yin, "Kanghe" records that Zhou Gong taught his younger brother Uncle Kang how to rule the conquered Yin people, and there are also "Wine Message" for abstaining from alcohol, and "Wuyi" for not being greedy for pleasure; The fifth type is the "oath", which generally refers to the oath announced before the conscription or engagement. For example, the "Tang Oath" when Shang Tang was fighting Xia Wei, and the "Tai Oath" and "Pastoral Oath" when King Wu of Zhou was fighting Shang Xuan, etc., the words and sentences are short, rhythmic and rhythmic, quite like our modern slogans; The sixth type is the "order", which is the order announced when the monarch rewards or rewards a courtier. For example, "The Order of Wenhou", that is, a reward issued by King Zhou Ping to Wenhou of Jin. Among them, the famous articles are "Yu Gong" and "Hong Fan".

Not counting the inconclusive "Classic of Mountains and Seas", "Yu Gong" is the earliest geographical work in China. The chapter "Mainland" describes the territory, mountains, rivers, plains, soils, taxes, tributes, and tributes of the prefectures of Hebei, Yan, Qing, Xu, Yang, Jing, Henan, Liang, and Yong. The chapters "Guiding Mountains" and "Guiding Waters" describe the general trend of the distribution of mountains and rivers across the country; The chapter of "Five Suits" puts forward the blueprint of the Great One Ruling Government with the five costumes of Dian, Hou, Sui, Yao, and Huangfu as the framework, "other continents" and "let the soil be tribute", and formulate the system of land endowment and soil tribute according to the different soil qualities of the mainland. From the current point of view, the content of "Yu Gong" has involved many aspects of physical geography and human geography, and can be said to be the first collection of geographical works in China. "Hong Fan" is an important document for the study of the purpose of Dandao and the purpose of governance in ancient China. "Hong" means "big", and "fan" means "law". "Hong Fan" means to rule. It is divided into nine parts, called "Hongfan Nine Domains", the so-called nine domains are nine kinds of metaphysical cultivation. It is mainly based on the will of heaven and the metaphysics of the five elements of water, fire, wood, metal, and earth to explain natural phenomena, personnel and political hierarchies. One of the nine domains talks about the "five elements", namely water, fire, wood, metal, and earth. Each of these five simple materials has its own characteristics: "water penetrates downward, fire burns upward, wood can bend and straighten, gold can bend and stretch at will, and soil can produce grain." One can also perceive five tastes: "salty, bitter, sour, pungent, and sweet." This theory had a great influence on ancient Chinese occultism, and it had a profound influence on the later naïve materialism...... For example, "Pipe" believes that water is the root of all things; It has also become the basis for the theological view of heaven and man...... For example, the Eastern Han Dynasty historian Ban Gu collected many far-fetched historical materials from Dong Zhongshu and others with the Five Elements of Blame Metaphysics and wrote the "Five Elements Chronicles", which has become a great work that has dominated people's purpose for more than 2,000 years in Chinese history and completely propagated the teleology of heaven and man induction theology!

"Hong Fan" believes that all things in the world and the order of dynasties are determined by the arrangement of "heaven". "Heaven" is the real master, and the emperor is the pride of heaven and the parents of the people. The emperor governs the people on behalf of the "heavens" and wants to "build and use the emperor's pole". The largest is "emperor", and the middle is "extreme". "Huangji" means "Dazhong". "Dazhong" means "supreme justice" or "absolute justice". This is the fifth of the nine domains, and it is in the middle. After King Wu replaced the Shang, he knew that the experience and lessons of the previous dynasty were needed to govern the country, so he went to visit the remnants of the Shang Dynasty. King Wu asked Jizi: "But the people under the sky are cloudy, and they live in harmony, and I don't know what to say." "Heaven bless the people and watch over their actions, and I don't quite understand what order it is. Jizi is the uncle of King Shang, he did not answer King Wu directly, but pushed the answer to the earlier Xia Dynasty, and told him a story of Dayu's water control, so as to say the sacred "Hong Fan Jiuchou". He said: "I smell it in the past, the flood of the cang, and the five elements of it; The emperor was furious, not only Hong Fan Jiuchou, but Yi Lun. Kun is dead, Yu is the heir, Tian is Xi Yu Hong Fan Jiuchou, Yi Lun is Xu. "I heard that in the past, Kun used earth to block the flood, violating the characteristics of water in the five elements, and God was angry and did not give him Hongfan Jiuchou, and the normal order of the world was destroyed, and Kun was also killed. Yu inherited Kun's career, and God gave him Hong Fan Jiuchou to restore the order of the world. At the same time, the 25 chapters of the ancient text "Shangshu" are also regarded as a rare and precious heritage and have very high academic value. First of all, it complements a number of historical facts. For example, "Da Yu Mo" records that Shun wants to give up the imperial throne to Yu, but Yu wants to let Gao Tao. Yu said: "Liande is reckless, and the people do not follow." Gao Tao Mai is a kind of virtue, De is descending, and Li Min is bosom. Emperor Nian! Shun said: "To Mao Naide, Jia Nai Pi achievement." The calendar of the heavens is in your bow, and you are in the end of the Yuan. In the end, Shun decided the throne of Chan Yu. This is the most dramatic scene in the process of transforming the Zen system into a hereditary system. Secondly, it preserves a large number of aphorisms and idioms. As contained in "Da Yu Mo": "Full of losses, humble benefits." "The Song of the Five Sons" contains: "The people are only Bangben, and Bengu Bangning." "Traveling Mastiff" contains: "Playing people lose morality, and playthings lose their minds." …… If you don't act carefully, you will eventually accumulate great virtue; For the nine thousand mountains, the success fell short. "Zhou Guan" contains: "Be virtuous, and rest every day; Falsification, hard work. "Wait. Numerous aphorisms and idioms have a strong educational effect and have had a great influence on later generations, and some are still quoted today. Third, it provides insight into the context and intent of quotations from old texts. For example, "The Sixteenth Year of Chenggong" quotes "Xia Shu": "How can grievances be in Ming? I don't see the picture. At first glance, I don't know why I said this. After checking the "Song of the Five Sons", it was learned that the fifth brother of Taikang painfully recounted the lessons of his ancestors after his brother lost the country, to the effect that the people's resentment could only be seen clearly, and they should plot when they are not visible. Another example is the "Book of Words" quoted in "The Analects of Politics": "Filial piety is only filial piety, friends are brothers, and giving is government." I didn't know what to do when I first read it, and I had to check the original text of "Jun Chen": "Weier Lingde is filial piety." Only filial piety, friends are brothers, and there is government. Destiny to the eastern suburbs of Ru Yinzi, respectfully! Only then did I understand that this was King Zhou Cheng's words to his son Jun Chen to be filial piety and morality. All this can clarify the context and intent of the quotation, and thus deepen the understanding. At the same time, it can also correct the falsification of the quotations of the old books and correct the errors of the old notes. What is particularly commendable is that both the ancient and modern "Shangshu" have repeatedly emphasized the purpose of "respecting virtue and protecting the people" from different angles, believing that "moral government" is the embodiment of God's will, and only by virtue and politics can God always protect the life of the Son of Heaven, and only by virtue and government can the subjects support it. Therefore, virtue is a major event related to the rise and fall of the country, and respecting virtue is to respect the heavens and protect the people. ”