PS: Gu Xiaolong has grown up completely, and under the remote call of the Taoist patriarch Lao Tzu, he returned to Zhongnan Mountain to receive the ultimate secret order and take on the great task of saving the odd and even space. Ask for clicks, ask for tips, ask for subscriptions, ask for monthly passes!

Chapter 108 returns to the original secret letter of Zhongnan Mountain

By reversing the expansion of the universe in time through the theory of general relativity, it can be concluded that the universe was in a state of infinitely high density and temperature before a finite time in the past, which is called a singularity, and the existence of a singularity means that the theory of general relativity is not applicable here.

The question that remains debated is to what extent we can understand physics approaching the singularity with the help of general relativity, which is certainly not earlier than Planck's time.

This high-temperature, high-density phase in the very early days of the universe is called the Big Bang, and it is considered to be the birth of our universe. By observing type Ia supernovae to measure the expansion of the universe, measuring the temperature fluctuations of cosmic microwave background radiation, and measuring the correlation function between galaxies, scientists have calculated that the age of the universe is about 13.73±120 million years. The results of these three independent measurements are in agreement, which provides strong evidence for the ΛCDM model that specifically describes the proportion of matter contained in the universe.

The question of the phase state of the very early universe in the Big Bang model is still full of speculation. In most common models, the universe was composed of homogeneous and isotropic high-density high-temperature, high-pressure matter at the beginning of its existence, and very rapidly expanded and cooled at very early stages.

At about 10^-37 seconds into the expansion, a phase transition occurs that causes the universe to explode, during which the expansion of the universe increases exponentially.

When the skyrocket is over. The matter that makes up the universe includes quark-gluon plasma. and all other elementary particles. The universe was still very hot at this time. So much so that the particles are doing relativistic high-speed random motion, and the particle-antiparticle pairs are constantly created and annihilated through collisions during this period, so that the number of particles and antiparticles in the universe is equal, and the total number of baryons in the universe is zero.

It was not until some later point that an unknown reaction process that violated the conservation of baryon numbers appeared, causing the number of quarks and leptons to slightly exceed the number of antiquarks and antileptons - in the range of about one part of a thirty millionth, a process known as baryon number generation. This mechanism has led to the dominance of matter relative to antimatter in the universe today.

As the universe expands and the temperature decreases further, the energy possessed by particles generally decreases gradually. When the energy is reduced to 1 teren volt (1012 eV), a symmetry break occurs. This phase transition allowed elementary particles and elementary interactions to take on what we see today. 10^-11 seconds after the birth of the universe, the guessed composition of the Big Bang model is further reduced, because the particle energy has been reduced to the extent that high-energy physics experiments can reach.

After 10^-6 seconds, quarks and gluons combine to form a baryon family such as protons and neutrons, and since the number of quarks is slightly higher than that of antiquarks, the number of baryons is also slightly higher than that of antibaryons. At this point, the temperature of the universe has been reduced to the point where new proton-antiproton pairs are generated, resulting in an immediate annihilation of the mass between the particle and the antiparticle, leaving only one billionth of the original number of protons and neutrons, while all the corresponding antiparticles are annihilated.

After about 1 second, a similar process takes place between the electron and the positron. After this series of annihilation. The velocity of the remaining protons, neutrons, and electrons decreases below relativism, and the main contribution to the energy density of the universe at this time comes from the large number of photons produced by annihilation. A small percentage comes from positive and negative neutrinos, because the number of positive and negative neutrinos is very small.

A few minutes after the Big Bang, the temperature of the universe dropped to about a billion Kelvin, and the density dropped to about the density of air.

A small number of protons combine with all neutrons to form the nuclei of deuterium and helium, a process called "primordial nucleus" synthesis. Whereas, most protons do not combine with neutrons to form the nucleus of hydrogen.

As the universe cools, the energy density of the universe comes mainly from the gravitational contribution of the rest mass, and exceeds the energy density of the original photons in the form of radiation.

After about 379,000 years, electrons and nuclei combined to form atoms (mainly hydrogen atoms), and matter emitted radiation through decoupling and propagated relatively freely in space, the remnants of this radiation formed today's cosmic microwave background radiation.

Although the universe has an almost uniform distribution of matter on a large scale, there are still some regions of slightly denser areas, so that for a long time after that, the matter in these regions attracted nearby matter through gravity, thus becoming denser and forming gas clouds, stars, galaxies, and other structures observable in astronomy today.

The specifics of this process depend on the form and amount of matter in the universe, where there may be three forms: cold dark matter, hot dark matter, and baryonic matter.

The best observations from WMAP so far show that the dominant form of matter in the universe is cold dark matter, while the other two forms of matter account for no more than 18% of the universe. On the other hand, independent observations of type Ia supernovae and cosmic microwave background radiation suggest that the universe today is dominated by an unknown form of energy called dark energy, which is thought to permeate every corner of space.

Observations show that 72% of the total energy density of the universe today is in the form of dark energy. It is speculated that dark energy existed at a very young age, but at this time the cosmic scale was small and matter was close to each other, so the effect of gravity was significant at that time, slowing down the expansion of the universe.

But after tens of billions of years of expansion, the growing dark energy began to slowly accelerate the expansion of the universe. The most concise way to express dark energy is to add the so-called cosmological constant term to the AYST gravitational field equation, but this still does not answer the question of the composition and formation mechanism of dark energy, as well as some of the more fundamental questions that accompany it: for example, the details of its equation of state and its intrinsic connection to the Standard Model in particle physics, these unsolved questions still need to be further studied by theoretical and experimental observations.

The Big Bang theory was founded on two basic assumptions: the universality of the laws of physics and the principles of cosmology. The cosmological principle states that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic on a large scale.

These views were first introduced as a priori axioms. However, there are studies that have tried to validate them. For example, for the first hypothesis. Experiments have confirmed that for the vast majority of the time since the birth of the universe. The relative error value of the fine structure constant does not exceed 10^-5.

In addition, through the observation of the solar system and binary star systems, the general theory of relativity has been verified by very accurate experiments; On a broader cosmological scale, the empirical success of the Big Bang theory in many aspects is also a strong support for general relativity.

Assuming that the large-scale universe is isotropic when viewed from Earth, cosmological principles can be derived from a simpler Copernican principle. The Copernican principle states that there is no such thing as a preferred observer or observation location.

Based on observations of microwave background radiation, cosmological principles have been confirmed to be on the order of 10^-5, while the observed uniformity of the universe on large scales is on the order of 10%. FL gauge main article: FL gauge and gauge expansion of space, general relativity theory uses gauge to describe the geometric properties of space-time, and the gauge can give the interval between any two points in space-time.

These points can be stars, galaxies, or other celestial bodies. Their position in space-time can be illustrated by a coordinate card or "grid" that spans the entire space-time. According to the cosmological principle, the gauge should be uniform and isotropic on a large scale, and the only gauge that meets this requirement is called the FLRW gauge.

This gauge contains a time-bound scale factor that describes how the size of the universe changes over time, which gives us the option of establishing a convenient coordinate system, the so-called codynamic coordinate system. In this coordinate system, the grid expands with the universe, so that celestial bodies that move only due to the expansion of the universe will be fixed at a specific location in the grid. Although the coordinate distance between these co-moving objects remains the same, their actual physical distance from each other is inflated in proportion to the cosmic scale factor.

The essence of the Big Bang is not the explosion of matter that spreads outward to the entire empty space, but the expansion of space itself over time, so that the physical distance between the two co-moving celestial bodies is constantly increasing.

Since the FLRW scale assumes a uniform distribution of matter and energy in the universe, it only applies to the case of the universe on a large scale—for local accumulations of matter like ours galaxies. The binding effect of gravity is much greater than the effect of spatial scale expansion, so the FLRW scale cannot be used.

An important feature of Big Bang space-time is the existence of the horizon: because the universe has a finite age. And light has a finite speed, so there may be certain past events that cannot convey information to us through light.

From this analysis, it can be seen that there is such a limit, or past horizon, that only events within this limit distance can be observed. On the other hand, because space is constantly expanding, and the farther away the object is, the greater the regression rate, so that the light emitted from us may never reach there.

From this analysis, it can be seen that there is such a limit, or future horizon, that only events within this limit distance can be affected by us. The existence of these two horizons depends on the specific form of the FLRW model that describes our universe: our existing knowledge of the very early universe means that there should have been a past horizon in the universe, but our observations are still limited by the opacity of the early universe to electromagnetic waves, which makes it impossible to observe longer events through electromagnetic waves in the case of the past horizon regressing due to space expansion.

On the other hand, if the expansion of the universe continues to accelerate, there will also be a future horizon in the universe.

The earliest and most direct observational evidence of the Big Bang theory includes the Hubble expansion observed from the redshift of galaxies, the fine measurement of cosmic microwave background radiation, and the abundance of light elements in the universe, and now large-scale structure and galaxy evolution have become new supporting evidence. These four types of observational evidence are sometimes referred to as the "four pillars of the Big Bang theory."

Observations of distant galaxies and quasars have shown that these objects have redshifts - the wavelengths of electromagnetic waves emitted from these bodies become longer. Comparing the spectrum of the stars, which are made up of the chemical elements that make up the celestial body, and the interaction with electromagnetic waves corresponds to specific patterns of absorption and emission lines, the lines are shifted towards the longer wavelength end.

These redshifts are uniform and isotropic. That is, in the eyes of the observer, objects in any direction will have a uniformly distributed redshift. If this redshift is interpreted as a kind of Doppler shift. The receding velocity of the celestial body can be deduced.

For some galaxies. Their distance to Earth can be estimated by the cosmic distance scale. If we list the receding velocity of each galaxy and their distance from Earth, we can see that there is a linear relationship between the two, namely Hubble's law: v = HD, where v is the receding velocity of galaxies or other distant objects, D is the co-moving intrinsic distance from the celestial body, and H is the Hubble constant, which is 70.1±1.3 km/s/sec according to the most recent measurements of WMAP.

According to Hubble's Law, there are two possibilities for our picture of the universe: either we are in the middle of the expansion of space, so that all the galaxies are moving away from us - which is contrary to the Copernican principle - or the expansion of the universe is the same everywhere.

The hypothesis that the universe is expanding from the general theory of relativity. It was proposed by YLSD and QZ in 1922 and 1927 respectively, which preceded the experimental observation and analysis work carried out by Hubble in 1927. The theory of the expansion of the universe later became the cornerstone of the Big Bang theory.

The Big Bang theory requires Hubble's law to be true in any case, noting that v, D, and H are constantly changing as the universe expands. For cases where the distance is much smaller than the observable cosmic scale, the Hubble redshift can be understood as a Doppler shift due to the receding velocity v, but in essence the Hubble redshift is not a true Doppler shift, but the result of the expansion of the universe during the time interval when light is emitted from distant galaxies and then received by the observer.

Astronomical observations of highly uniformly distributed and isotropic redshifts, as well as much other observational evidence, support the cosmological principle that the universe appears identical in all directions.

In 2000, the effects of cosmic microwave background radiation on the dynamics of distant celestial bodies were measured. Copernican principle was confirmed that the Earth is by no means the center of the universe relative to the large-scale universe.

The microwave background radiation from the Big Bang in the early universe was significantly warmer than the current radiation residual temperature. The fact that microwave background radiation has cooled uniformly over billions of years can only be explained by the fact that the universe is expanding on a gauge scale, and excludes the possibility that we are relatively close to a particular explosion center.

In the first few days of the universe's existence, the universe was in complete thermal equilibrium, accompanied by the constant absorption and emission of photons, creating a spectrum of blackbody radiation. Later, as the universe expanded, the temperature gradually decreased to the point where photons could no longer be produced or annihilated, but the temperature was still high enough to separate the electrons and nuclei from each other.

As a result, the photons at this time are constantly "reflected" by these free electrons, and the essence of this process is Thomson scattering. Due to the persistence of this scattering, the early universe was opaque to electromagnetic waves.

As the temperature continues to drop to a few thousand Kelvin, electrons and nuclei begin to combine into atoms, a process known in cosmology as recombination. Since the probability of photons being scattered by neutral atoms is small, the electromagnetic radiation of photons is decoupled from matter when almost all electrons are recombined with the nucleus.

This period occurred approximately 379,000 years after the Big Bang and is known as the "final scattering" period. These photons make up the background radiation that can be observed today, and the observed fluctuation pattern of background radiation is a direct portrayal of the early universe of this period. As the universe expands, the energy of the photon decreases due to the redshift, causing the photon to fall into the microwave band of the electromagnetic spectrum. Microwave background radiation is thought to be observable at any point in the universe and has (almost) the same energy density in all directions.

In 1964, a microwave receiver at Bell Labs accidentally discovered the presence of cosmic microwave background radiation while performing diagnostic measurements. Their findings provide solid validation for predictions of microwave background radiation—radiation is observed to be isotropic, and corresponds to a blackbody radiation temperature of 3K—and provides strong evidence for the Big Bang hypothesis. PQY and WEX were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for this discovery.

In 1989, NASA launched the Cosmic Background Explorer Satellite (COBE), and in 1990 preliminary measurements were made, showing that the Big Bang theory's predictions of microwave background radiation were consistent with experimental observations.

The residual temperature of the microwave background radiation measured by COBE is 2.726 K. In 1992, the fluctuation (anisotropy) of microwave background radiation was measured for the first time. The results show that this anisotropy is in the order of 1 per 100,000. John? Mather and George? Smoot was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for leading this work. Over the next decade. The anisotropy of microwave background radiation has been further investigated by multiple ground-based detectors as well as balloon experiments. Between 2000 and 2001, several experiments represented by the Millimeter Band Balloon Observation Project found that the universe was nearly flat in space by measuring the typical angular magnitude of this anisotropy.

In early 2003, the WEJS Microwave Anisotropy Detector (WMAP) gave its first results, which included some of the most accurate cosmological parameters available at the time. The spacecraft results also negate some specific cosmic inflation models, but are generally consistent with the generalized inflation theory. In addition, WMAP confirms that there is a "sea of neutrinos" scattered throughout the universe, which clearly shows that it took about 500 million years for the first stars to form the so-called cosmic fog. Thus began to shine in the otherwise dark universe. In May 2009, the Planck satellite was launched as a next-generation detector for measuring the anisotropy of the microwave background, and it is hoped that it will be able to measure the anisotropy of the microwave background more accurately, in addition to many other observations based on ground-based probes and balloons.

We used to be in a state of infinitely high density and temperature, called the singularity, and from the moment the singularity expanded, it was a state with infinite instability.

Therefore, there are always extremely subtle differences in the singularity expansion in all directions.

And from the moment the singularity skyrockets, time begins to come into play, due to the extremely subtle differences in the various items. There is also a difference in the production of time, although this difference is extremely subtle. But to leave it for today would be disastrous.

These differences may be as small as billions, tens of billions, or hundreds of billions of a second, but the infinite explosion of our universe will infinitely magnify this difference, which is the fundamental reason why our existing space is invaded by another unknown space.

As early as more than 2,000 years ago, the Taoist patriarch Lao Tzu conducted the deduction of innate gossip, and his deduction was very different from the deduction of ordinary people. The ancient innate gossip of our country C is actually a binary calculation method, and it is certainly impossible for ordinary people to deduce the big events thousands of years later, however, the anti-neutrino brain and true mustard rice internal power of the Taoist patriarch Lao Tzu are completely equivalent to tens of billions of supercomputers in any modern day, and they can easily deduce such a catastrophe.

In addition, he has his own antineutrino, which carries the "primordial" information of the cosmic singularity, and from the difference in the "primordial" information of the singularity, it is deduced that the parallel space in which we live will suffer unprecedented calamity.

This catastrophe is because of the difference in the direction of the cosmic singularity when it skyrockets, as well as the difference in time when it is generated, resulting in the unknown parallel space, the same huge catastrophe as our parallel space, and why the unknown space will invade our space on a large scale, it must have already produced a major catastrophe, so it will take such a huge risk to invade.

The Taoist patriarch Lao Tzu communicated with Gu Xiaolong with his own positive and negative neutrino size Zhou Tianzhen mustard seed rice mind energy field, conveyed this information, including all his eternal knowledge, to Gu Xiaolong, and stored it in Gu Xiaolong's brain, which also had a supercomputer, and secretly ordered Gu Xiaolong to take on the heavy responsibility of saving the space catastrophe this time.

And just when it was the important task of saving our parallel space this time, the Taoist patriarch also handed over an important secret order, that is, in the near future, Gu Xiaolong must inherit all the skills of the Taoist patriarch Lao Tzu, including the anti-neutrino size Zhou Tianzhen mustard seed rice mind energy field internal strength.

This is because today, the task of Taoist patriarch Lao Tzu's thousand-year cultivation has ended, and the next step to save our parallel space will all fall on Gu Xiaolong's shoulders.

Only in this way can Gu Xiaolong have the ability to go to heaven and earth and travel through space.

And the Taoist patriarch Lao Tzu did not make a sacrifice for this, because he is now the anti-neutrino size Zhou Tianzhen mustard rice, the anti-neutrino size Zhou Tianzhen mustard rice is him, and after the anti-neutrino size Zhou Tianzhen mustard rice was integrated into Gu Xiaolong's body, the Taoist patriarch Lao Tzu instead gained a new life, and obtained the eternal life that coexists with the sun and the moon and the heavens and the earth.

Gu Xiaolong knew very well in his heart that the arrangement of the Taoist patriarch Lao Tzu was not an arrangement of last resort, but it had to be arranged in this way.

If he fuses the anti-neutrino size of the Taoist patriarch Lao Tzu Zhou Tianzhen mustard seed rice mind energy field internal strength, he will become an immortal person who can no longer be found in the blue planet and the current even space, and he must take on this earth-shattering responsibility.

With the Taoist patriarch Lao Tzu together, he is not alone in taking on this great task, and there is a strange person through the ages, who is jointly undertaking it with him, he will be more confident and confident to complete this important task, so he gladly accepted this secret order. (To be continued......)