PS: Using Tai Chi to fight Muay Thai, using humanity to violence, Gu Xiaolong actually dared to risk the world's condemnation, and directly kicked the gym to the final scene of the Muay Thai world-level commercial competition. Ask for clicks, ask for subscriptions, ask for rewards, ask for monthly passes!

Article 61 shows its skills three

Gu Xiaolong's second selected "kick hall" is a pleasant place, Lumbini Park in Bangkok, T country in Southeast Asia, this is because the Muay Thai of country T is the most confrontational boxing on our blue planet, and all countries in the world have always believed that Muay Thai is suspected of being primitive, rude, bloody and violent, and it is one of the most preferred gambling tools for gamblers in the world. Give Muay Thai a big shake and whipping.

Lumbini Muay Thai Gym in Bangkok, located in Lumbini Park, Bangkok, you only need to take a TuTu car to enter the park, you can go directly to the famous Lumpini Boxing Gym, Lumbini Park is named after the birthplace of the Buddha in Nepal. Lumbini Muay Thai Gym in Bangkok, Bangkok, is the best Muay Thai gym on Blue Planet, where commercial Muay Thai competitions are held every day, and the world's highest level of Muay Thai competitions are held here every year, so it can be said that Lumbini Muay Thai Gym is the center of Blue Planet Muay Thai.

Muay Thai, that is, the T country boxing, is lethal. Muay Thai is a legendary martial arts art known for its strength and agility. It mainly uses the body's fists, legs, knees, elbows, limbs, eight bodies and eight weapons to attack, punches and legs, makes the knee use elbow force smooth and smooth, and the strength is extremely abundant. Attack is fierce. What people call Muay Thai nowadays generally refers to modern Muay Thai. And not the ancient Muay Thai (MuayBoran).

Muay Thai (Thai: ??????; Latin transliteration: MuayThai) What is Muay Thai? Literature about Muay Thai is increasingly being found in martial arts publications or travelogues in the country of T. Most of these articles attempt to introduce and comment on Muay Thai techniques or features. It's a pity. Only Muay Thai outlines can be drawn. Some of the so-called experts are obsessed with its appearance and subtlety, while others are keen to paint its raw, brutal or grey side.

Legend has it that in ancient times there was a war between the country of T, the country of T and the MD, the country of T was defeated, and the king was captured; King MD heard that the king of country T was a master of martial arts. In this regard, he sent the MD Boxer to fight him, and promised to release the king of the T country if the MD master was defeated. Sure enough, the king of country T won completely, and the king of MD had no choice but to release the king of Thailand back to China. After that, the king of T country weaved his years of fighting experience into a boxing method and taught it to his soldiers, which was Muay Thai.

In martial arts, there are literary training, martial arts training, and Muay Thai is a horizontal training, which has a strong lethality. And in recent years, due to the slimming boom. Some people use the high calorie expenditure of Muay Thai as an alternative to aerobic dance pedals to help women lose weight. It also enables them to acquire a skill for personal self-defence.

Some people say that Muay Thai is not rumored to be the national boxing of country T, and there is no mystery at all, but modern Muay Thai has become a sport that "originates from country T and belongs to the world". Most of the fighters in the world's most well-known K-1 and KOMA fighting tournaments come from Muay Thai. Any martial art that is famous in the world must have its own unique properties and individual values. Muay Thai is world-famous, has a glorious history, and it's precious in a few words.

According to the citation of historians, there are many different translations of the word "Thai" in Thai, and there are two kinds of generalized senses: "(1) Thai people or Thai people, Muay Thai is "the unique boxing technique of the Thai people"; (2) Freedom - "Thailand" means peace and freedom, and Thailand is also known as a free country. The name of Muay Thai, so it can be interpreted as "free boxing".

In the book "Examination of the Tai Tong and Cantonese Ethnic Groups" written by Xu Songshi, a Chinese, the meaning of the word "Tai" was thoroughly analyzed, and the conclusion was that the word "Tai" means "local" or "local". Although this conclusion cannot negate other interpretations, it is also supported by some Thai ethnographers, so it is possible that the Thai people refer to Muay Thai.

However, the word "Tai" has another narrower meaning, which can be used in Chinese, and the transliteration can also be common to the word "Tai". Its meaning is "Tai Chi" Muay Thai "supremacy". If this meaning is used as its destiny, then the true meaning of the name Muay Thai is "supreme boxing". Legally, the definition of Muay Thai is intriguing, but little is known. According to Tim Boon, a celebrity who has been in the boxing scene of T country for 30 years, "Muay Thai is a kind of gambling in T country law. Boxers fight each other, win prizes, and share the same program with cockfighting and betta fish. "From another point of view, the boxer fights hard and puts life and death out of the way, isn't it risking his life? So it's actually very reasonable to say that Muay Thai is gambling.

As the saying goes, "Ten men, nine boxing." It can be seen how popular boxing is in country T. Although the progress of the times and the commercialization of society have corrupted the atmosphere and morality of the boxing world, the spirit of boxing has always remained the same. Especially in rural areas, the style of martial arts has not been swerving since ancient times. Whenever there is a temple event or a major celebration, boxing is not only a must-have program, but also often listed as the highlight of the conference. Thai people not only enjoy boxing, watching boxing, and gambling boxing, in other words, Muay Thai is a kind of entertainment. This wind has been around for a long time. In ancient times, princes offered samurai and let them fight as a play, which is the same thrill-seeking psychology that Thai fans love boxing today.

Muay Thai is, of course, a martial art, and it's the best of martial arts. A well-established boxer who can use his full-body weapons to knock out his opponent in an instant. The winning condition of a Muay Thai master is a combination of skill, strength, resourcefulness and mental strength, and its highest field is ingenuity and changeability, not limited to any boxing technique or move. It can be seen that Muay Thai is a unique, profound and complete martial arts system.

Muay Thai is closely related to the traditional Thai culture, and its religious overtones are strong. For example, introductory apprenticeship, athletic etiquette and boxing and dancing ceremonies, etc., all have religious and artistic backgrounds. As for the classical poetry and dance art of the T country, there are many movements and details that are integrated into the boxing arts. For example, a variety of boxing moves and boxing and dancing boxing flowers, tracing back to the source, must be drama and dance art. From this point of view, Muay Thai is regarded as Thailand's national art is not far-fetched, but is indeed a very representative skill.

The most rear. What must be discussed is the sporting value of Muay Thai itself. Leaving aside the actual game. Muay Thai training is undoubtedly the best sport. Anyone who officially practices Muay Thai. Life conduct must follow strict rules, follow the teacher's teachings, and accept systematic practice procedures, so that the body is strong, the reaction is quick, and the level of boxing can be improved. So Muay Thai is also a strict sports discipline. Based on the comprehensive requirements of Muay Thai skills, the development of the boxer's physique is balanced and beautiful due to the training method. Professional boxers in T country are often praised as the best athletes in shape and condition in all kinds of sports, which is actually the effect of a high degree of sports discipline.

Sum up. Muay Thai is a combination of history, entertainment, martial arts, art and sports. That's why Thai people are always proud of their boxing skills. The most appropriate description is the words of the late Muay Thai guru Azan Ji: "Muay Thai is a unique treasure of the nation of T." ”

Since the birth of Muay Thai as a human being, there has been the germ of hand-to-hand combat skills. In the primitive society, in order to survive and obtain the means of subsistence, people gradually learned to use basic fighting movements such as punching, kicking, and throwing, and in the long-term production labor and fighting with nature, they constantly refined and developed their fighting skills, and made them more and more sophisticated and perfect. Muay Thai, like other ethnic sports, has a long history. Unfortunately, in 1767, when the Burmese army conquered the capital of country T. The early historical materials and documents of the T country were destroyed in the war. Most of the history of country T as we know it today is pieced together from the only surviving records of the people of country T, the writings of early European travelers, and the materials of MD, JPZ, and country C. This hybrid historical material. Naturally, there are many different theories, which brings certain difficulties to the historical research of Muay Thai. However, we can still get an overview of the development of Muay Thai.

After research, although the Thai culture is deeply influenced by the cultures of country C and YD, and the Thai people and the Chinese nation have an inseparable blood relationship. But for hundreds of years, the Tai people have lived and multiplied in the Indochina Peninsula. In the long-term struggle against foreign invasion, they gradually formed their own unique boxing skills. Therefore, we can say that Muay Thai was born in the historical context of the Thai nation's long-term war against foreign aggression.

The Tai people originally lived in the southwest of China and were known as the "Southern Barbarians" in history. According to records, in 649 A.D., the ancestors of the Tai people still lived in Yunnan Province of Country C, and the Tang Dynasty called it "Six Edicts". After the unification of the six edicts, Mengshinuluo established himself as the king and established the Nanzhao Kingdom, which was later renamed "Dali". In the future, the territory became dominant, and the power became stronger and stronger. According to the New Tang Dynasty book "The Biography of Nanban", the political organization of Nanzhao was quite sound at that time, and its cultural and artistic achievements were even comparable to those of the Central Plains. In terms of military system and armament, there is a saying that "after Tian Sang, he will learn to fight", which shows that the ancient Nanzhao had technical combat activities. In the Song Dynasty, Nanzhao became a vassal of country C. By the time of the Yuan Dynasty, the power of country C was becoming stronger and stronger, and Dali was destroyed by the Yuan army and became the administrative region of country C. The Thai people moved south to the northern part of present-day Thailand, and gradually flowed down the Mekong River until 1275 AD, when they merged into a powerful people, the capital of Sukhothai, and established the Kingdom of Siam. After the establishment of the Thai state, the wars continued for many years, and the frequent invasion of powerful neighbors around them, therefore, the emperors of successive dynasties advocated force to consolidate their dynastic rule and deal with the frequent internal and external troubles of Muay Thai. In ancient times, most of the Siamese kings came to the battlefield in person, leading their troops to kill the enemy, so many princes were Muay Thai masters themselves. Soldiers used swords, guns, and swords in long-range combat, and in close-quarters combat, they used their fists, elbows, knees, and feet as offensive weapons.

The earliest record of the Thai people practicing martial arts can be found in the Northern Chronicles, which is an early text describing the Tai people's entry into the Indochina Peninsula from the Sukhothai Dynasty to the Ayutthaya Dynasty. It is reported that at that time, there were already fist fights in the army as a pastime and entertainment for the princes during the truce. Although boxing did not become a professional competition, the princes already cultivated samurai gladiatorial fights to please the king. With the return of Gongqian boxers and retired soldiers, boxing skills were gradually introduced to the people. According to historical records, the laws promulgated in the early days of the Ayutthaya Dynasty already exempted those who killed or injured their opponents in fist fights. By the heyday of the Ayutthaya Dynasty (1350 AD), the practice of fist fighting became increasingly popular throughout the country. The Thai people gradually realized that the new art can defend the country and the country, so the practice of martial arts is very strong, not only adults are good at martial arts, but also Thai children can also swing punches and kick legs, practice boxing skills. Boxing has developed into a fashionable entertainment among the people.

In 1411 AD, the king of Chiang Mai died, and the two princes fought for the throne. After that, it was decided to send a martial artist as a representative to compete and win. It is stipulated that the fight will be fought until one side bleeds. After hours of intense fighting. As a result, the southern warriors were defeated due to bleeding from foot injuries, and the northern warriors were victorious. This is the first boxing match in the history of the T country. In 1518, the King of Siam reformed the military system and ordered the compilation of the book "The Art of Victory", which included weapons, martial arts, and armaments. During the "Puna Lixuan" era (1555-1606 AD), Muay Thai was included in military training. Known as the "Black Prince", Emperor Pana Li Xuan was extremely brave and skilled in martial arts, and he led the people of the T country to liberate Siam under the occupation of MD and restore the Ayutthaya Dynasty. After years of war. Pinna Li Xuan knew that in order to stabilize the country, it was necessary to have a brave and skilled army, so he specially included boxing in the military training, named "Bennan". "Bennan" is a Siamese fist, fierce and vicious, with moves including headbutting, biting, punching, and kicking. Kicking, stumbling. Elbow strikes, knee strikes, shoulder strikes, arm strikes. Pushing, grabbing, pounding, wrestling, etc. Any part of the body, can be used when it can be used, and it is a kind of boxing technique used in actual combat. After the ancient Thai soldiers practiced boxing, they were all strong and brave.

The "Tiger King" era (1662-1708) was the heyday of Muay Thai. The whole country is devoted to boxing. In terms of fighting form, the original boxers used strips of horse leather to tie their fists and engage in fighting. Later, he switched to using hemp rope to wrap his fist, which is the so-called "hemp" style of boxing. Later, he used a tampon to wrap his fist again. The surface of the sliver can be soaked with stone creeping to make the surface of the phase more rough and hard, which greatly increases the lethality. Boxers are often beaten in martial arts, and their faces are bleeding profusely, and their condition is unsightly. At that time of the boxing activities, in 1687 the French emperor sent an envoy, Simon. In his book The Kingdom of Siam, it is written: "The Ayutthaya Dynasty was a spectacle of a variety of performances, with wrestlers and warriors fighting with elbows and legs. During the boxing competition, they used three or four turns of hemp rope to tie the palms of their hands, instead of the copper rings used in the gladiatorial fights of the same style in Laos (Khmer). ”

According to historical records, the "Tiger King" himself was fond of martial arts, and personally sorted out and summarized the increasingly complex boxing techniques, forming the basic system of Muay Thai. Some of today's Muay Thai techniques are still used in the same martial arts system as summarized by "The Tiger King". As the king of a country, the "Tiger King" often dresses up in lunch and participates in the ring competition in the Buddha festival as a commoner. Against mainland fighters, he won two fights in a row, won the grand prize and quietly left, which became a good story in the history of Muay Thai.

According to MD historical records, at the end of the Ayutthaya Dynasty, the famous Muay Thai master Naike Nong Dong was captured and imprisoned in Burma when the Burmese army conquered Ayutthaya. In 1774, MD Wang Mengla held a celebration for the top of the Great Stupa in the capital Yangon, and arranged a competition between Thai and Burmese boxers during the event. Naike Nong Dong was forced to compete with the Burmese warriors, and even defeated nine Burmese masters, which made the Burmese king feel very emotional: "The Muay Thai master has extraordinary martial arts, and with the courage of a horseman, he even broke nine people in a row, and even ten people dare not fight the enemy. "There is no record in the history of Thailand, but the history of neighboring Myanmar records it in detail, so there is no doubt about it. Naknondon's story has written a glorious page in Muay Thai history. Historically, the boxers of Muay Thai gyms have worshiped Naike Nong Dong as their ancestor. Until the fifties of this century, in Phichai. At the suggestion of Lieutenant General Gunlawa Nai, the day of Naik Nong's victory in the East (March 16) was designated as the Thai Boxers Day to commemorate this great national hero. That's an afterword.

After the Chinese hero Zheng Zhao led a number of warships along the Chao Phraya River, defeated the Burmese army, recovered the T country, and established the Thonburi Dynasty, the pain of the Thai people losing the country is still fresh in their memories, and they deeply feel that the role of boxing is huge, and the practice of martial arts is more prevalent. There are also many people who are strong in martial arts and are worshiped as marquises. For example, Naihao, the boxing teacher of Dacheng, and Naimo, the boxing master of the Imperial Palace, were famous figures at that time. It is reported that the young boxer of Cheng Yifu here is Tongli, nicknamed "White Fang", who has loved martial arts since childhood, and when he became an adult, he searched for famous teachers to learn from all walks of life, and challenged masters from all walks of life, and was known as a martial arts wizard. In 1762 A.D., Naitongli went to the Xuanmangma country in the old city of Dafu to make a boxing competition, first defeated the famous master Naihao of Dacheng, and was appreciated by Emperor Zheng, and then ordered him to compete with the boxer of the forbidden army Naimo, and won again, and was awarded the title of "Luan Phichai" by Emperor Zheng. Naitongli followed Emperor Zheng to conquer the east and west all his life, charging into battle, bathing in bloody battlefields, fighting until the sword broke and the horse turned over, and he could also bravely kill the enemy and return triumphantly. For the T country to recover the lost territory, for independence, made great contributions, and left his name in history. In today's Chengyi Mansion Square, there are still several bronze statues. He is praised by historians as a "famous general with a broken sword". to the Bangkok Dynasty (beginning in 1782). Western European countries and Siam are increasingly engaged. In 1788. A French wrestler once went to Thailand to compete with the Thai new division, and was arranged by the royal government to fight with the Janissary boxer Wan Pailan. Rama I and Buddha Yohua came to watch. The bet amounted to fifty scales, which was a sensation.

There is a lot of evidence that Muay Thai was very popular in Bangkok Dynasty. In 1860, the Emperor Peter St. John. Sir Bao Ning went to Siam, and in his memoir "Siam", Bao Ning described the popular entertainment in Siam at that time such as rowing, acrobatics, and fantasy play. And there are often boxing matches. During the same period, by YGL native Anna. "The English Female Teacher in the Siamese Court" written by Ms. Lean Luvins also describes the struggle between the Thai people at that time. In the book, it is written that "the Siamese people are belligerent, the wrestling method is rough and monotonous, and the strength is the mainstay, more than skill and style." In boxing, the Siamese people used to tie their hands with leather strips, occasionally mixed with copper wire, and hoop heads with leather rings. The boxer concentrates on attacking the enemy's head and is extremely resistant. The force blows out of momentum and overturns. or he who bows his hand to surrender shall be defeated. ”

Emperor Rama V Chulalongkorn, who has been instructed in martial arts by a famous teacher since he was a child. It is especially fine and well-known throughout the country. He performed in front of his father at the royal celebration. After ascending the throne, Haowu's interest in martial arts remained undiminished. In 1898, an edict was issued to establish the "Imperial Court Boxer" system. Led by those with high skills, when there are major events such as the state banquet of the royal palace celebration or the soul fixing ceremony, the shaving ceremony, the Tubi ceremony, etc., the martial artists of each regiment will perform their skills, and the members of the boxing troupe can receive annual salary and be exempted from paying taxes. In the following year, the royal family held a royal ceremony, in which the boxing match was a confrontation between the masters of the north and the south. The winner was awarded the title of "10,000" by the Fifth Emperor (the rank of Siamese ancient general). There are three people who have won this award, Nai Bang, a boxer from Nam Chaiya province. Zhan Nongtong, titled "Famous General"; The central Huafu Li Nai Palace, the title of "quasi-boxer", the northeast Ko Lak master Nai Ling. Tai Bashuo, titled "Wonderful Skill General". During this period, the martial arts prevailed, and there was Korat in the northeast and Chaiya in the south. They all have the reputation of "boxing city". At the beginning of this century, the center of Muay Thai was still the most prestigious of the two "boxing cities" mentioned above.

In 1917, the Siamese Volunteer Army went on an expedition to Europe to participate in the Allied War. When he was stationed in Fort Maine on the French border, he performed Siamese boxing, which was well received by French sports newspapers. FLX Chinese people commented that although the Thai army is small, it is extremely agile and agile, and it is rare to master the skills, which is really not inconceivable to Westerners. Its drastic features fully demonstrate the perseverance and toughness of the Thai nation. In 1920, the Thai Emperor Menggu Jiuzhao (Rama VI) raised funds for the "Wild Tiger Army" and appointed the commander of the Wild Tiger Army, Phayan Tiesheng, as the director of boxing affairs, and held an unprecedented boxing match in the square of the "Rose Garden Academy". Famous teachers from all over the country have responded to the competition in Beijing, such as Naikun. Zhan Luo, Naiyang. Limit to Ta Li, Na Ben. Serra, Naitong. Ganha, Naipoong. Because of the obedience, because of emptiness. For A, Nagai; Su Jiao, Naixiao. Hebi, Naye. Ba Zhan and other masters were invited to participate in the competition, among which the original "Ko Lak" boxer is the most outstanding, Ko Lak is located in the northeast of Thailand, the folk customs are fierce, the country's crown. It is known as the "boxing city". This boxing match has had a great impact on the boxing world in the imperial city, and many famous people in the capital have launched a common tide against foreign boxers, which is very prosperous. Among the many famous teachers, there is a naval instructor Luan Pibo who is proficient in Western boxing and wrestling. Penglaji, the famous Chinese grandmaster Quancheng, the ancestor of Western boxing in the T country, Meng Zhaoweiwen. Prince Sawak Riwang, Rose Garden Martial Arts Teacher Luan Wei. Lu Nagong, the master of the Fifth Emperor era patted and guessed to promote the cha Na, the "sword master" Kunyi Sha Yan faction also did it, and the sword and stick monk patted the poor Weng. Master Yongmu and so on were all outstanding masters in the Muay Thai world at that time.

With the introduction of Western culture, the traditional culture of country T has also been affected. Western boxing was introduced to Thailand in 1912, and its form and technique were gradually adopted and applied by Muay Thai. Especially in the early days of the National Pillar Ring (1928), after the "Northern Thai Leg King" Nai Peng kicked the Khmer boxer to death, for safety, the "condom" Muay Thai competition began to be adopted, gradually replacing the traditional "hemp" boxing match, and the competition rounds were successively reduced to five rounds. On April 1, 1937, the Department of Physical Education of the Thai Government promulgated the rules for Muay Thai competition for the first time. So far, the system and form of the national ring competition have finally been perfected and unified.

After the outbreak of the Second World War, the country was affected by the war, and the Muay Thai competition was also depressed for a while, and for several years, only occasional boxing matches were held during the grand event of Buddhist temples in the mainland. After the end of the fight, the famous "Ratcha Long Boxing Stadium" was completed, and Muay Thai entered the modern standard competition. Boxers from all over the world have entered Beijing one after another, showing their skills for fame and wealth, making the once deserted boxing scene unprecedentedly active. The period from 1946 to 1951, known as the "Ratchak Long Boxing Stadium", can be called the golden age of the development of modern Muay Thai. Later, the "Lumpinee Stadium" was built in 1956, which further promoted the development of Muay Thai and opened up a new situation for Muay Thai.

The establishment of two modern boxing rings has provided a place for many Muay Thai masters to display their skills, and at the same time, it has strengthened the communication between boxers and promoted the further improvement of Muay Thai skills, so that Muay Thai has developed vigorously. After more than 60 years, Muay Thai has evolved from traditional folk martial arts to modern professional boxing, through the "Rose Garden", "National Pillar Temple", "Firewood Factory", "Paradise", "Xuan Zhaoce" and the modern "Lak Rum" various boxing arena eras, Muay Thai has evolved into the national skill of the Thai nation, and is a symbol of the Thai nation's bravery and unyielding. The boxers of T country have repeatedly competed with foreign boxers, won many battles, and are well-known in the international martial arts arena. This is purely the result of the training of Muay Thai masters in actual combat and the vigorous promotion of successive emperors and modern rulers. Twenty years ago, the Thai Emperor Pu Mei Phong came to the Lumpinee Boxing Stadium to give an exhortation, which fully demonstrated this fine tradition, and the words said: "The Muay Thai master is a resolute and decisive warrior, and Thai boxing is beneficial to the country, the people, and the body. ”

Today's martial arts of country T have gradually been divided into two forms, one is the martial arts performed in the form of dance, including sword to sword, stick to stick, double knife to double knife, double knife to double stick, long stick to short stick, double knife to shield knife, double crutch to long stick and so on. The other is a purely confrontational performance or competition. When performing, they can be real or fake with each other, and they perform cruel fights, which resemble professional wrestling. In recent years, to cater to the tastes of thrill-seeking Western tourists, as well as the influence of gamblers, karate, judo, wrestling, Western boxing and other techniques have gradually been absorbed. Muay Thai has spread to Southeast Asian countries such as Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and Myanmar, and has been brought to Europe by French seafarers for more than 100 years. It was introduced to France in 1830 and evolved into a "leg punching technique". In 1964, Muay Thai was introduced to Japan by Japanese boxing agent Osamu Noguchi, renamed "Kickboxing", which became all the rage. With the international development of the 80s, Muay Thai has become increasingly popular all over the world. Its unique practical value is getting more and more attention. Recently, in Nan'an, Fujian, country C, there is a self-contained system of [Crane Boxing] based on Muay Thai.

Lumbini Park Travel Magazine in Bangkok describes: "7 a.m. is the best time to visit the park, when the air is fresh and many Chinese people from T country do tai chi here." The entire park will be immersed in aerobics and energetic modern electronic music," many visitors were moved by the above words and went to the park early in the morning to feel the vitality of the people of country T. Sure enough, early birds can be seen everywhere for morning jogging, exercising, and tai chi. I went out to visit the park early in the morning, and I was afraid that there would be no such thing in country C. Breathe in the fresh air, watch the vibrant crowd, and listen to the chirping of birds, but much like the crow of a crow, and start the day.

In this vibrant Lumbini Park in Bangkok, in the Lumbini Muay Thai gym in Bangkok, today is a grand event for Chinese Tai Chi fans in T country, because they will soon see a real Tai Chi vs Muay Thai ultimate match, and at the same time, from this moment on, completely change the orientation of Muay Thai from the primitive, rough or gray, even bloody and violent. (To be continued......)