Huangchao (820~884) was a native of Caozhou, Tang Dynasty. Born as a salt merchant, he accumulated wealth and gathered people, especially to take in outlaws. Since Tang Yizong, due to the excessive extravagance of the royal family, heavy taxes, and floods and droughts in successive years, the people have been unable to make a living, and bandits have risen in groups. In the first year of Tang Xizong Qianfu (874 AD), Wang Xianzhi led the bandits to rise up, the following year Huang Chao raised troops in response, Wang Xianzhi died in Hubei in the fifth year of Qianfu, Huang Chao was elected as the general of the sky, led the crowd to attack and plunder Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong and other places, the first year of Guangming (AD 880) fell into Luoyang, Chang'an, Xizong fled to Chengdu, Chao called himself the emperor, the country name Daqi. Tang encircled Li Ke with the help of officials, defeated the Yellow Nest, and the Nest killed himself, and the Yellow Nest Rebellion, which had been harmed for ten years, came to an end, known as the Yellow Nest Rebellion in history. At the beginning of the second year of Qianfu (875), Wang Xianzhi, Shang Rang and others launched an uprising in Changyuan (now northeast of Changyuan, Henan) Huangchao

, the peasant uprising broke out at the end of the Tang Dynasty. In May, Huang Chao and his brothers, nephews Huang Kui and Huang Enye raised thousands of responses. Then the two armies of Wang and Huang met and fought together, attacking Yizhou (now Linyi, Shandong) in the east, and attacking the area around Luoyang in the west. The Tang ruler hurriedly dispatched a large army to flank the attack. Wang and Huang Nai went south to Tangzhou (now Miyang, Henan) and Dengzhou (now Dengxian County, Henan) in October of the third year of Ganfu, and later moved to Henan, Hubei, Anhui and other places, repeatedly attacking the enemy. At the end of the same year, the assassin of Qizhou (now northeast of Qichun, Hubei) lured Wang Xianzhi to surrender, and Xianzhi wavered and wanted to accept the official position of Tang. Huang Chao reprimanded him and said: At first, we made a big oath and ran rampant in the world, but now you are alone to take the official position and surrender to the enemy, where will the masses end! Wounded the head of Xianzhi in anger. Xianzhi was afraid of the anger of the people and did not dare to accept Tang's orders, so he divided his troops with Huang Chao to fight. Huang Chao led his army north and conquered Yunzhou (now Dongpingbei, Shandong), Yizhou and other places. Later, although Wang and Huang once jointly attacked Songzhou (now Shangqiunan, Henan), they soon divided their troops. In the fifth year of Ganfu, Wang Xianzhi died in the battle of Huangmei (now northwest of Huangmei, Hubei), and Shang Rang led the rest of the troops to Bozhou (now Boxian County, Anhui) to join the Huangchao Department, and pushed Huangchao as the Yellow King, the general of the sky, the king of Jianyuan, and the official subordinates. From then on, Huang Chao became the supreme leader of the rebel army. After the two rebel armies met, their power grew again. Huangchao went north again, Keyi, Pu and other prefectures, and then went west along the south bank of the Yellow River, "wanting to peep into the eastern capital (Luoyang)", and the Tang Dynasty urgently transferred troops to reinforce the eastern capital. Huang Chao knew that it was hopeless to attack the eastern capital, so he led his troops south, crossed the Yangtze River, and moved east downstream. In Yuezhou (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang), it was blocked by Zhang Lan and Liang Zhang, the generals of the Gao Biao Department of Zhenhai (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu), and the righteous army turned south from Zhejiang, opened the mountain road for 700 miles, entered Fujian, and conquered Fuzhou (now Fujian). Huang Chao vigorously attacked the bureaucrats and landlords in Fuzhou, and killed the stubborn "virgin" Zhou Pu. Later, he led a large army to the south along the coast and captured Guangzhou, an important town in Lingnan. After about two months of rest, Huang Chao led the northern expedition of the army in the winter of this year, calling himself the "Righteous Army Dutong", and issued a proclamation, announcing that he was about to enter the customs, accusing the Tang Dynasty of using eunuchs to control the government, the discipline was disorderly, and the courtiers colluded with the eunuchs to bribe the public bank; It also announced a ban on the rebels, prohibiting the assassination of Shi Guang's property, and the county ordered the whole family of the stolen goods to be beheaded. What he accused was the extreme malaise of the time, which won the support of the masses. The rebels, with hundreds of thousands of people, set out from Guizhou (now Guilin, Guangxi) and traveled north along the Xiangjiang River on a raft to conquer Tanzhou (now Changsha, Hunan) and then Jiangling (now Hubei). He wanted to take advantage of the victory to enter the army and go straight to the pass, but Jingmen (now Hubei) was defeated by the Tang general Liu Jurong, so he turned to the east. In May of the first year of Guangming (880), he killed Zhang Luan, the commander of the Huainan (present-day Yangzhoubei, Jiangsu) festival, at Xinzhou (now Shangrao, Jiangxi). In July, he crossed the Yangtze River from Quarry (now the east bank of the Yangtze River in the southwest of Ma'anshan, Anhui). Gao Biao had a conflict with Tang Ting, and was afraid of the prestige of the righteous army, although he had more than 100,000 soldiers, but he only protected the territory and did not dare to fight. After crossing the river in Huangchao, he crossed the Huai River with the momentum of breaking bamboo, and occupied the eastern capital Luoyang in November. After entering Luoyang City, the righteous army asked the residents, and Lu Li Yan Ran. When Huangchao attacked north, he also deliberately transferred the soldiers of various towns in the Tang Dynasty; Defend your strongholds, and do not offend my soldiers. I will enter the Eastern Capital and go to Beijing to ask the emperor for my crimes, and I have nothing to do with you. These words divided the enemy's strongholds, so the troops marched unhindered. Huang Chao did not stay in the eastern capital for a long time, and then turned his flag to the west, and at the end of the year, he broke through the natural danger of Tongguan (now northeast of Tongguan, Shaanxi), and finally captured Chang'an, the capital division. Tang Xizong and the eunuch Tian Lingzi fled south to Chengdu. On the day the rebels entered the city, they distributed money to the poor, and the general Shang Rang announced to the masses: "The Yellow King raised an army, originally for the people, not because the Li family did not love Ru Cao." Thou Cao but live in peace! Huang Chao civil change (20 photos) December 13 (January 16, 881) Huang Chao is located in Hanyuan Palace, the country name Daqi, changed to Yuan Jintong. The former Tang Dynasty officials were retained as appropriate below the fourth grade, and all officials above the third rank were dismissed. Its main officials are: Shang Rang as the lieutenant and secretary, Zhao Zhang as the attendant; Former Tang officials Cui He, Yang Xigu and Tongping Zhangshi (i.e., Prime Minister); Meng Kai, Gai Hong is the left and right servants of Shangshu, and is also the military envoy (in charge of the Guards Army); There is also the famous poet Pi Rixiu. Huang Chao implemented the policy of severely punishing the royal family and the public secretary in Chang'an, and the Tang clan left almost no one in Chang'an, and the rebels found more than 100 high-ranking officials and dignitaries hidden in the wall of Zhang Zhifang, and all of them were executed. The Great Qi regime also confiscated the property of the rich, known as "Taowu". The rich men all walked barefoot. The following year, the Tang army once invaded Chang'an, and the rebels temporarily withdrew, and counterattacked that night, expelling the Tang army from the city. However, Huang Chao neither sent a large army to pursue Tang Xizong, nor did he first go all out to annihilate the Tang Dynasty forbidden army in Fenzhenguan, and the Great Qi regime also lacked the necessary economic policies, production, and finances. In this way, the balance of forces between us and the enemy gradually changed unfavorably for the rebels. The landlords were fortified and cleared, which caused the Daqi regime to fall into a serious dilemma of food shortage; In the second year of He (882), the defense of Tongzhou (now Dali, Shaanxi) of Daqi caused Zhu Wen to rebel and surrender to the enemy; Li Ke of the Shatuo tribe responded to the begging aid of the Tang Dynasty and led a strong army of 17,000 people to the south; The enemy's forces have been greatly strengthened. At this time, Huang Chao found that it was very unfavorable to trap and defend the pass, so he retreated east in April of the third year and attacked Caizhou (now Runan, Henan), and Tang Jiedu defeated Qin Zongquan and surrendered to Huang Chao. During the month, the rebels began to besiege Chenzhou (present-day Huaiyang, Henan). The defenders resisted stubbornly, the righteous army could not overcome for a long time, Zhu Wen and Li Keyong came to reinforce successively, Huang Chao then lifted the siege in April of the fourth year, crossed the Bianbian and the north, and encountered the resistance of Shi Pu, the envoy of Tang Xuzhou Jiedu, the battle was unfavorable, and finally retreated to the Wolf and Tiger Valley (now southwest of Laiwu, Shandong), and committed suicide in defeat on the 17th of the month (one was killed by his nephew Lin Yan). The peasant war, which lasted for more than a year, came to an end. Soon after, the Tang Dynasty collapsed, and history entered the period of five dynasties and ten kingdoms.

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Huangchao (820~884) was a native of Caozhou, Tang Dynasty. Born as a salt merchant, he accumulated wealth and gathered people, especially to take in outlaws. Since Tang Yizong, due to the excessive extravagance of the royal family, heavy taxes, and floods and droughts in successive years, the people have been unable to make a living, and bandits have risen in groups. In the first year of Tang Xizong Qianfu (874 AD), Wang Xianzhi led the bandits to rise up, the following year Huang Chao raised troops in response, Wang Xianzhi died in Hubei in the fifth year of Qianfu, Huang Chao was elected as the general of the sky, led the crowd to attack and plunder Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong and other places, the first year of Guangming (AD 880) fell into Luoyang, Chang'an, Xizong fled to Chengdu, Chao called himself the emperor, the country name Daqi. Tang encircled Li Ke with the help of officials, defeated the Yellow Nest, and the Nest killed himself, and the Yellow Nest Rebellion, which had been harmed for ten years, came to an end. In Huang Chao's life, he and fellow villager Wang Xianzhi were engaged in selling illicit salt. In the same government to fight smuggling, the Huang Chaojun uprising route

struggle, he has practiced martial arts, is good at riding and shooting, and is angry and righteous, so that he can fight unevenly. Later, he took the examination for Shike several times, but all of them fell to Sun Shan, so he wrote a poem "Fu Ju after the first step" with passion. His poem wrote: "When the autumn comes, I will kill a hundred flowers after the flowers bloom." The heavenly incense array penetrates Chang'an, and the city is full of golden armor. At that time, the Tang Dynasty ruled corruptly, with the dictatorship of eunuchs inside, the division of strong feudal domains outside, and the political crisis deepened day by day. Liu Yunzhang, a scholar of the Hanlin Dynasty, once wrote a direct admonition, saying that "the state is broken" and "the people have eight hardships", exposing the maladministration of "power and extravagance", "bribery of public offices", the cruelty of the chiefs, and the uneven assignment of servitude, and pointed out the miserable situation of the peasants under the cruel exploitation of "harsh officials" and "numerous taxes", "frozen without clothes, hungry and without food", "crying on the road, fleeing to the mountains, husband and wife not living together, and father not saving each other". Pictures of Huangchao's characters (11 photos) In the first year of Emperor Qianfu (874), floods and droughts occurred in Henan year after year, "the wheat is only half harvested, the autumn crops are almost none, and the winter vegetables are at least." However, since Yizong, "the use of troops has not stopped, and the accumulation has become more and more urgent", and the prefectures and counties have not talked about the disaster, resulting in "the people have been killed and have nowhere to complain". So Wang Xianzhi and Shang Junchang gathered thousands of people and rose up in Changyuan (now Henan). Wang Xianzhi claimed to be the general of the Heavenly Supplement Average, and he was also the commander of all the powerful people in the sea, preaching all the ways, and reprimanding the Tang Dynasty officials for corruption, heavy servitude, and unequal rewards and punishments. In the second year of Qianfu (875), Wang Xianzhi and others captured Puzhou (now Fanxian County, Henan) and Caozhou, and defeated the official army that came to suppress them. At this time, Huang Chao and his brothers and nephews Huang Cun, Huang Kui, Huang Siye and nephew Lin Yan gathered thousands of people to respond to Wang Xianzhi, and hungry peasants from all over the country rushed to join the rebel army. "In a matter of months, the crowd grew to tens of thousands." Prior to this, there was a folk song of "golden toads fighting for their eyes, but the world in Caozhou was opposed". Now that Caozhou has been captured by the peasant army, the folk song has been fulfilled, indicating that the storm of peasant uprisings will rise throughout the country, which greatly boosts the morale of the peasant army and greatly shocks the rulers of the Tang Dynasty.

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Tang Ting saw that Wang Xianzhi and the Huangchao rebel army were huge, and immediately issued an edict to Huainan, Zhongwu, Xuanwu, Yicheng, and Tianping

The festival envoy attacked the rebels. Under the situation that the enemy was strong and we were weak, Wang Xianzhi and Huang Chao adopted the mobile tactics of avoiding the real and making up for the false, and led the army into the siege of Yizhou (now Linyi, Shandong). In July of the third year of Qianfu (876), Tianping Jiedu made Song Wei defeat the righteous army under the city of Yizhou, and said that Wang Xianzhi was dead, and dismissed the Zhudao soldiers. Wang Xianzhi and Huang Chao took advantage of this favorable opportunity, and after a short rest, they moved to Henan and quickly captured Yangzhai (now Yu County, Henan), Jiacheng (now Jiaxian, Henan) and other eight counties. Then, the peasant army captured Ruzhou (now Linru, Henan) and shocked the eastern capital of Luoyang. The Tang court used both soft and hard measures, on the one hand ordered the pardon of Wang Xianzhi and others, and on the other hand, he frequently mobilized officials and troops from all over the country to suppress the peasant army. After Wang Xianzhi captured Yangwu, he attacked Zhengzhou, and in December of the same year, he successively attacked Shen, Guang, Lu, Shou, Shu, Tongzhou and other places, approaching Yangzhou, and Huainan Jiedu envoys repeatedly complained to the imperial court. Under the heavy blow of the peasant army, many state officials in Tang were frightened. When Wang Xianzhi and Huang Chao attacked Qizhou (now Qichun, Hubei), Pei Wei, the assassin of the state, lured the leader of the rebel army and asked the Tang court to appoint Wang Xianzhi as the commander of the Zuo Shence army and supervise the imperial history. Wang Xianzhi's mind was shaken, and he wanted to give up the struggle and accept Tang's official position. Huang Chao was furious and rebuked Wang Xianzhi and said: "The founder made a big oath and ran rampant in the world, and now he will take the official and go to the left army, so that the more than 5,000 people will be safe!" At this time, the crowd was furious and scolded, and the angry Huang Chao punched Wang Xianzhi to the point that his head was bleeding. After this conflict, Huang Chao led 2,000 men and horses to the north and parted ways with Wang Xianzhi. In February of the fourth year of Qianfu (877), Huang Chao led the army to capture Yunzhou (now Yuncheng, Shandong), and killed Xue Chong. In March, Yizhou was captured again. Although Huang Chao has connected the two states, it is still a lonely army, and its strength is weak. At this time, Wang Xianzhi's general Shang Rang Tun soldiers in the mountains (now Suipingxi, Henan), Huang Chao and Shang Rang rendezvous, to protect the mountains. Soon after Huang Chao and Wang Xianzhi joined forces again, they attacked Songzhou (now Shangqiunan, Henan), but the peasant army was defeated due to the large number of reinforcements transferred by the Tang court. So Wang Xianzhi led the original team to the south and split with Huangchao again. Huang Chao led the men and horses of the headquarters to fight in the Qi and Huang areas, and due to the defeat in the battle, he had to return north to the original and even went down to Kuangcheng (northeast of Fengqiu, Henan) and Puzhou. In February of the fifth year of Qianfu (878), he turned to attack Bozhou (now Boxian County, Anhui). During this period, after Wang Xianzhi conquered An and Sui Erzhou one after another, he was once again tempted by the Tang Dynasty to surrender, and sent Shang Junchang and others to contact, but they were killed by the Tang generals. Wang Xianzhi knew that he had been deceived, so he marched into Jingnan, and soon died in defeat in Huangmei. Some of the remaining people went south and were active in Jiangsu and Zhejiang; The other part was led by Shang Rang to the north and joined Huang Chao in Bozhou. After Wang Xianzhi died, the generals pushed Huang Chao as the main one, known as the "Rushing General", changed the Yuan Dynasty to Wang Ba, and set up official divisions, and initially established a peasant military power organization. Soon, after Huang Chao led the army to attack Yi and Pu Erzhou, the situation was reversed again. Tang Ting ordered Zhang Zimian, the general of the right guard, to recruit envoys for the northeast camp and supervise the troops to suppress the peasant army. Huang Chao wanted to march into Xiangyi and Yongqiu, but was blocked by Li Yi, the envoy of Huazhou Jiedu. Most of the rebel armies operating in various places were also routed by the official army. Huang Chao wanted to attack the eastern capital, and the Tang court quickly sent a large number of reinforcements. At this time, the Tang court once again lured him to surrender and ordered Huang Chao to be the general of the right guard, but Huang Chao still refused to surrender to the Tang Dynasty because of the "inconsistency of the feudal towns and the lack of self-control".

Shift to the north and south

Huangchao Uprising In March of the fifth year of Qianfu (878), Huangchao led an army to attack Bian, Song and Song prefectures, and the Tang court used Zhang Zimian to recruit envoys to the southeast to stop the rebels. Huang Chao turned to attack Weinan (now the northeast of Huaxian County, Henan), (Henan County), Yangzhai (Yu County, Henan), and the Tang Dynasty ordered 1,000 Heyang soldiers to go to the eastern capital, and Xuanwu and Zhaoyi soldiers guarded the palace, and also requisitioned 3,000 soldiers to guard Yique, Wujiao and other places near the eastern capital, so as to strengthen the defense force of the eastern capital. Huang Chao saw that the official army in Henan was strong and difficult to win, while Jiangnan was relatively weak; And Wang Xianzhi's old general Wang Chongyin captured Hongzhou (now Nanchang, Jiangxi), and turned to Hunan, so he led the army to cross the river to the south, echoing with Wang Chongyin's department, and successively captured Qian, Ji, Rao, Xin and other prefectures. In August, the Huangchao army attacked Xuanzhou, but was defeated by the official army in Nanling, so it entered eastern Zhejiang, passed through Wuzhou to Quzhou (now part of Zhejiang), and then overcame thorns and thorns, opened a mountain road of 700 miles, and invaded Fujian. In December of the same year, the rebels captured Fuzhou (now Fujian). In the peasant army, there was a legend that "when you meet Confucianism, you will be meat, and the division will be overthrown", which means that if you encounter Confucianism, you will be killed, and the army will inevitably be destroyed. Probably because Huang Chao repeatedly tried to enter the ranks, he was quite sympathetic to Confucianism, so when the peasant army entered Fujian, he burned the official mansion and killed the officials, but all those who claimed to be Confucians were relieved and did not ask. When the rebels passed in front of Huang Pu, the secretary of the Chongguan School, they immediately ordered: "This Confucian, extinguish the torch." In the first month of the year of Qianfu (879), the Huangchao army was attacked by the generals Zhang Lan and Liang Zhang, the generals of the vassal Gao Piao, and the Huangchao rebelled repeatedly

After defeat, he entered Guangnan and besieged Guangzhou (now part of Guangdong). During this period, Huang Chao once sent a letter to Cui Xuan, the observer envoy of eastern Zhejiang, and Li Yuan, the envoy of the Lingnan East Dao Festival, asking for the balance of the festival. The two were afraid of the power of the Yellow Nest and tried their best to play, but the court did not allow it; Huang Chao wrote by himself and asked for the envoy of the Guangzhou Festival, but he only granted the rate of the government. Huang Chao was angry and scolded the government, so he rushed to attack Guangzhou, and then occupied this important town in Lingnan in Yue, killed Li Yuan, and then captured some prefectures and counties in Lingnan. Huang Chao proclaimed himself "the capital of the righteous army" in Guangzhou, and issued a proclamation, reprimanding the imperial court for "the eunuch erection of the handle of the dynasty, the scale of the beetle, referring to the ministers and people to bribe the structure of the legacy, and the loss of talents", and proposed that "it is forbidden to stab the history of the property, and the county order to commit stolen goods". The Huang Chao army has been fighting in various places for many years, and this time they occupied Guangzhou, "the land of the South China Sea, and forever the nest", as a base for rebellion against the rule of the Tang Dynasty. But in this year, from spring to summer, the epidemic was greatly prevalent, and many soldiers of the righteous army were infected with the epidemic, "the thirteenth and fourteenth of the dead", and many subordinates "persuaded to return to the north for great profit". Huang Chao saw that it was difficult to last in Guangzhou, so he decided to return to the original area. In October of the same year, Huang Chao led his army to leave Guangzhou, marched to the northwest, and captured Guizhou (now Guilin, Guangxi), just when the water of the Xiangjiang River swelled, the righteous army took dozens of large rafts down the river, passed through Yongzhou (now Lingling, Hunan), Hengzhou (now Hengyang, Hunan), and captured Tanzhou (now Changsha, Hunan). After that, Shang Rang took advantage of the victory to attack Jiangling (now Hubei), claiming to be 500,000. Jingnan Jiedu made Wang Duo see that the righteous army was huge, and the soldiers of Zhudao did not arrive, thinking that Jiangling was difficult to hold on to because of the few soldiers, so he retreated to Xiangyang. After Shang Rang conquered Jiangling, he joined forces with Huang Chao to attack Xiangyang, but laid an ambush at Jingmen and was defeated by the official army with heavy losses. Huang Chao gathered the remnants, rested a little, and then crossed the Yangtze River to attack Ezhou (now Wuhan, Hubei), and broke through the outer city. After that, he turned to attack 15 prefectures, including Rao, Xin, Chi, Xuan, She, and Hangzhou. At this time, the Huang Chao Army was able to develop again, "the number reached 200,000". Huang Chao's victorious march in Jiangsu and Zhejiang shook the Tang Dynasty again, and Tang Xizong appointed Huainan Jiedu to make Gao Biao the commander of all the Taoist camps, and ordered him to quickly attack the righteous army, and at the same time recruited Zhaoyi, Reform, and Yiwu soldiers to the south to fight with Gao Biao. In March of the first year of Guangming (880), Gao Biao sent his general Zhang Lan to cross the Yangtze River to the south of the Yangtze River, and the Huangchao army lost the battle and retreated to Raozhou (now Boyang, Jiangxi). Zhang Lan took advantage of the victory to march again, and in May, Huangchao retreated to Xinzhou (now Shangrao, Jiangxi). At this time, the northern Zhudao army had already marched to Huainan, and Zhang Lan led his troops to pursue very urgently, and Xinzhou happened to be in the midst of an epidemic, and many of the righteous soldiers died, and their vitality was greatly injured. At the moment when the rebel army was in a very critical situation, Huang Chao skillfully used a strategy to delay the army: on the one hand, he bribed Zhang Lan with a lot of money to slow down his march; On the other hand, he sent a letter to Gao Biao, expressing "surrender". Gao Piao took the trap of Huangchao, thinking that it was done, so he went to the imperial court, claiming that the righteous army "will not be peaceful, do not bother the soldiers, please send them back". When Huang Chao learned that the Zhudao soldiers had crossed the Huai River north and dispersed to their towns, and the righteous army had also regained its combat capability, he seized the opportunity to kill Zhang Lan in one fell swoop, defeated the Huainan soldiers, and took advantage of the victory to capture Muzhou (now Jiande, Zhejiang) and Wuzhou (now Jinhua, Zhejiang). In July of the same year, Huang Chao led the army from Quarry (now southwest of Ma'anshan, Anhui) to cross the Yangtze River to the north, and entered the siege of Tianchang, Hehe and other counties, and the righteous army was very strong for a while. At this time, Gao Biao saw that the soldiers had returned to the north, and Zhang Lan died in battle, "he could not control his own strength, and he was afraid to send troops, but he ordered the generals to be strict and protect themselves", and at the same time he told the court that the righteous army was 100,000, which was less than 50 miles away from Yangzhou. After that, "he was called wind paralysis and did not return to war". Tang Tingben had high hopes for Gao Biao, but when he saw Gao Biao in a hurry, he immediately panicked, and hurriedly ordered Henan to mobilize troops from various provinces to garrison Lishui (now southwest of Shangshui, Henan) to prevent the Huangchao army from advancing north. In the month, the rebel army defeated the official army of Sizhou (now Xuyi, Jiangsu), and encountered the internal strife of the official army of Lishui, and scattered to their own town, so the rebel army all crossed the Huai River. Huang Chao called himself "the general who led the soil", and the team "marched from the north of Huai, not to steal goods, but to drive Ding Zhuang as a soldier". After the rebels captured Shenzhou (now Xinyang, Henan), they drove into Ying, Song, Xu, Yan and other prefectures, and everywhere they went, officials fled in all directions. At first, when the rebels crossed the Huai River in the north, the prime minister Dou Lu Yao had proposed to grant Huang Chao the envoy of the Tianping Festival, and then send troops to get rid of him when he arrived in the town. Another prime minister, Lu Xian, insisted on disobeying, believing that as long as he sent troops to defend Sizhou, the rebel army would not be able to enter the pass, and would have to plunder the river and Huai, and he would be powerless. Soon the rebels went north, Huaibei was in an emergency, Lu Xian was ashamed and said that he was sick, and the Beijing division was also full of terror. In November, when the rebel army entered Ruzhou (now Linru, Henan), Huang Chao called himself "the general of the Tianbu Average", and passed on the officers and soldiers to say: "Each should defend the fortress, do not offend my front!" I will enter the eastern capital, that is, to Jingyi, and ask myself for sin, without foresight of everyone. At this time, the imperial court was in a mess, and some people advocated the transfer of soldiers from all towns in the pass to guard Tongguan, and the eunuch Tian Lingzi also asked himself to lead the two gods to lead the crossbowmen to guard the pass; Some people believe that the rebel army has 100,000 people, and Tongguan has no heavy troops, so it is difficult to hold on. However, Xizong still decided to let Tian Lingzi lead his troops to defend Tongguan in the east. On November 17, Huangchao's army entered the city of Luoyang, Tang general Qi Kerang retreated to Tongguan, and Liu Yunzhang, who remained in the eastern capital, led the crowd out of the city to welcome Huangchao into the city. The rebels were highly disciplined, but they just "went away for a while, and the market was silent".

Establish the Great Qi

Huang Chao The Huang Chao army entered Luoyang and occupied Luoyang a few days before advancing to the pass. On November 21, the Emperor of the Yellow Nest was killed

Tian Lingzi was the commander of Ru, Luo, Jin, Jiang, Tong, and Huadu, and fought the left and right armies to the east. On this day, Huang Chao led his army westward and captured Yuzhou (now Lingbao, Henan). And warned the officers and soldiers who refused to defend Tongguan: "I am Huainan, chasing high and high like a rat walking in the hole, you will not refuse me!" Although Tian Lingzi was named Ru and Luozhou Dutong, he led 100,000 troops such as Shence and Boye to guard Tongguan, but he was only a remote leader, but he sent Zhang Chengfan, the general of the left army, to lead the Shence army to resist the battle. At that time, the Shence sergeants were all wealthy brothers in Chang'an, and they bribed the eunuchs to register their names in the military just for the sake of generous supplies and rewards. Therefore, once he heard that he was going on the expedition, he was so frightened that his father hugged his head and cried, and in order to escape the war, he hired merchants and poor people with gold silk to act on his behalf. On December 1, Huangchao's army entered Tongguan, and the Tang guards were out of cooking and demoralized. The righteous army struggled to tackle the key problems, and Shang Rang returned to the back of the pass from the valley trail next to the pass, which was called the "forbidden pit", and attacked back and forth, the officers and troops retreated, and the Boye rebel army went straight to Chang'an and plundered. Huang Chao broke through the pass in one fell swoop, and took advantage of the victory to conquer Huazhou (now Huaxian County, Shaanxi), and left the army to garrison Qiao Chan, and personally led the army to Chang'an. On December 5th, the hundred officials had just retired from the court, and it was rumored that the Boye rebels entered the city, that is, they fled, and the emperor fled to Chengdu in embarrassment under the protection of Tian Lingzi's Shence army, and only a few people followed, and the military officials and the kings and concubines did not know where the emperor went. In the afternoon of the same day, Chai Cun, the vanguard of Huangchao, entered Chang'an smoothly without any resistance, and Zhang Zhifang, the general of Tang Jinwu, led dozens of military attaches to Bashang to greet him. Huang Chao rode on a golden shoulder, and his soldiers were all wearing hair, tied with red silk, wearing brocade robes, holding weapons, and hugging Huang Chao. The righteous army is mighty, "the armor is like a stream, the baggage is stuffed, and there is an endless stream for thousands of miles". Huangchao finally realized the long-cherished wish of "the heavenly incense array penetrates Chang'an, and the city is full of golden armor". Huang Chaojun entered Chang'an City in high spirits, and the citizens of Chang'an watched from the road, and Shang Rang repeatedly told the citizens: "The Yellow King raised troops, originally for the people, not like the Li family does not love Ru Cao, but Ru Cao lives in peace." Whenever the rebels encountered poor people on the streets, "they often gave them to them." The rebels entered Chang'an On December 12, Huangchao entered the Taiqing Palace. The next day, Yu Hanyuan Hall was the emperor's throne, and the country name was "The Great Righteous Army entered Chang'an."

Qi", built the Yuan Jintong, and granted amnesty to the world. Huang Chao named his wife as the queen, Shang Rang and Zhao Zhang as the prime minister, Zheng Hanzhang as the imperial historian, Li Yan and others as the Shangshu, Pi Rixiu as the bachelor of Hanlin, Meng Kai and Gai Hong as the left and right servants of the Shangshu and the military envoy. Huang Chao ordered: Tang officials above the third rank will be suspended, and officials below the fourth rank will be reinstated. It can be seen that Daqi was a political institution formed by a mixture of the peasant military attaché and the Tang bureaucracy. The peasant army hated the officials and implemented a severe policy of repression against the Tang clan and the Gongqing clan, "killing the Tang clan in Chang'an". Prime Minister Dou Lu Yao, Cui Xin, the left servant shot Yu Cong, the right servant shot Liu Ye, the young master Pei Tan and other people who were hiding among the people, and after being searched out by the rebels, they were "all killed", and Zheng Qi, who was the prisoner, and Zheng Qi, the treasurer, refused to surrender and "committed suicide with his family". Zhang Zhifang, the general of Zuo Jinwu who surrendered to Huangchao, was killed after the incident because he hid the princess in the wall. The peasant army dealt a huge blow to the Tang clan and the Gongqing clan, "the Huaxuan embroidery hub was all dispersed, and there was no half of the Jiadi Zhumen"; "The inner library is burned into splendid ashes, and the heavenly street is full of the bones of the minister." These verses of Wei Zhuang vividly reflect this historical fact. The establishment of the Great Qi regime marked that the Huangchao Rebel Army had achieved a great victory, and the princes and nobles who had commanded the world in the past had been knocked to the ground, while the poor peasants who had been bullied and humiliated were now the emperors of the Great Qi in a grand manner, raising their eyebrows, which was undoubtedly a huge change that turned the world upside down. At that time, someone wrote a poem: "Since the big car went to Benxi, Guiluo fell into a deep pit and came out of the mud." The name of the town was sealed to the mother, and the county prince became a scholar and a wife. Although the author ridiculed the peasant regime from a hostile standpoint, he could not hide the fact of this great historical change. Although Huang Chao established a peasant regime, he did not introduce any reform measures to stabilize people's minds. He also did not pursue the court of Xizong in time, giving the enemy a chance to breathe, so Xizong was able to calmly organize his forces and vigorously encircle and suppress the rebel army. When Xizong fled to Xingyuan, he ordered all the provinces to send troops to recover the Jingshi. In the first month of the first year (881), the edict ordered Zhendong, Taiyuan, Daizhou and other vassal marshals to send their own troops and go to Beijing to crusade against the rebels. In March, with the Fengxiang Festival, Zheng Zheng Tongping Zhangshi, filled the capital of the western provinces of Beijing, and made Jingyuan, Qinzhou, Yanyan, Xiazhou and other festivals "the alliance to raise troops and spread the world". In July, he also used the prime minister Wang Duo and the assassin of Huazhou, and also served as the commander of the camp on all sides of the capital, "sending Lang officials and imperial history branches all over the world to recruit troops to Guannei". Xizong dispatched troops and generals, and all kinds of military horses marched towards the Beijing division one after another. After Huang Chao became emperor, he sent an envoy to transfer grain and salary from Fa River (now Yongji West, Shanxi), and Tang River general Wang Chongrong refused to fight and captured more than 40 ships of grain and salary. In March of the first year of Guangming, Huang Chao took Zhu Wen as the southeast camp capital and captured Dengzhou (now Deng County, Henan) to prevent the Jing and Xiangguan armies from moving north. Then he sent Shang Rang and Wang Bo to lead the army to attack Fengxiang (now Baoji, Shaanxi). Shang Rang thought that Zheng Jin was a scholar, who was not familiar with military affairs, paralyzed the enemy, ambushed, and returned defeated, losing more than 20,000 people. Tang Xia Suijiedu, who had already surrendered to the rebels, made Zhuge Shuang also betray the rebels at this time. In April, Huang Chao appointed his general Wang Mei as the envoy of the Suining Festival, which was attacked and killed by the Tang generals. At this time, some of the officers and troops had advanced to Weibei, Shayuan, Weiqiao, Wugong and Xulu (now Zhouzhi, Shaanxi) near Chang'an, and gradually forced into Chang'an. Huang Chao mistakenly thought that the Tang army had arrived, and hurriedly led the army out of the city to the east. The Tang army entered the city and plundered on a large scale, and the chaos was not formed. Huang Chao stayed overnight in Bashang, heard that the official army had been in chaos, and there was no reinforcements, returned to the division to attack the city, the official army was defeated, "the dead are eight", and the righteous army recovered Chang'an. At this time, the rebels of the same state assassin Wang Pu, Huazhou assassin Qiao Qian (钤), and Shangzhou assassin Song Yan heard that Huangchao had evacuated Chang'an, and they also hurriedly abandoned the city. The fact that Huang Chao and his generals abandoned the city in the slightest disturbance shows that the Daqi regime is still very unstable. After Huang Chao entered Chang'an again, he also tried his best to open up the situation. In the first year (881), he sent Wang Bo to besiege Xingping (now Shaanxi) and defeated Zhu Mei, the envoy of Tang Suining. In August, Huang Chao defeated Tang Zhaoyi's envoy Gao Xun and took advantage of the victory to recover Huazhou. In November, Meng Kai and Zhu Wen marched into Fuping (now northeast of Fuping, Shaanxi), and the armies of Tang and Xia were defeated and returned to their own way. In February of the second year (882), Zhu Wen again captured Tongzhou. Although the Huangchao army fought everywhere, winning or defeating, it was never able to open up the situation, and Huangchao "did not follow the orders of Dali (now Dali, Shaanxi) and Hua (Huaxian County, Shaanxi)", and was basically still confined to a corner of Chang'an. Some landlords armed more into the mountains to "build fences for self-protection, agricultural work is wasted, Chang'an City bucket rice straight 30 yuan". The rebel army has long been accustomed to mobile warfare, and even when its power is very strong, it often captures a city and soon abandons it, and does not leave a single soldier to garrison an important economic and military place like Luoyang, the eastern capital. Due to the lack of a solid base area for a long time, there was no adequate supply, and the food supply in Chang'an was seriously insufficient, and the soldiers or soldiers used tree bark to satisfy their hunger. Therefore, when the Tang Zhulu army gathered in Chang'an and launched a general attack on the righteous army, the situation took a sharp turn for the worse, and the Great Qi regime, which lasted for three years, quickly collapsed.

Defeat the Wolf and Tiger Valley

Huangchao martyrdom and in the second year (882), Zhu Wen betrayed and descended to the Tang Dynasty. Li Shen also wanted to surrender and was killed by Huang Chao. Huang Chao appointed Huang Siye as the assassin of Huazhou, but in November, he was expelled by Li Xiang's old pawn. In the first month of the third year (883), Shatuo Li Keyong led 50,000 troops to Shayuan and defeated Huang Kui. In February, when Huang Chao saw that the righteous army was being defeated and retreating, and the grain would be eaten up, he "made a plan to escape and sent 30,000 troops to Lantian Road", where Huang Chao was martyred

Prepare for the evacuation of Chang'an. In April of the same year, Tang Zhuzhen soldiers gathered the Beijing division from all directions. Li Keyong and Ha and Zhongwu will take the lead. Huang Chao led the army to meet the battle at Weiqiao, three battles in one day, even the battle was lost, and other soldiers also took the opportunity to attack, and the righteous army was defeated. On April 14, Li Ke invaded Chang'an with his army, but Huang Chao was unable to win the battle and evacuated Chang'an overnight. At this time, there were still 150,000 rebels. Huang Chao threatened to go to Xuzhou, but in fact entered Shangshan (now east of Shangxian County, Shaanxi) through Lantian Pass. After the officers and soldiers looted in Chang'an, they scrambled to pick up property on the road and no longer pursued, so Huangchao "had to go with the whole army." In May, Huang Chaoxiao's general Meng Kai led 10,000 people to attack Caizhou (now Runan, Henan), and Tang Jiedu made Qin Zongquan face the defeat and surrendered to the righteous army. Then Meng Kai attacked Chenzhou (now Huaiyang, Henan), and Zhao Li, the assassin of Chenzhou, had already taken precautions and took the opportunity to attack and kill Meng Kai. In the month, Huang Chao and Qin Zongquan joined forces to besiege Chenzhou, "digging five trenches, and attacking it in a hundred ways". Huang Chao is also in the north of the state city, "the palace room is a hundred divisions, for a long-lasting plan". During the siege of Chenzhou by Huangchao, the Tang court constantly mobilized troops to encircle and suppress the peasant army. In July, Zhu Quanzhong (Wen) was appointed as the envoy of the Xuanwu Festival, and the envoy of the eastern side of the Jiadong was recruited. In the month, he ordered the probation of the military festival to make Shi Pu the commander of the soldiers and horses in the east. In December, Chenzhou was besieged for a long time, and immediately asked for help from the neighboring road. So Zhongwu Town, Zhou Qi, Shi Pu, Zhu Quanzhong and others all led troops to come to the rescue. In the first month of the fourth year (884), the Huangchao army was still powerful, and Zhou Qi and other rescuers were beaten by the righteous army, and they couldn't parry, so they had to jointly ask Li Keyong, the envoy of Hedong Jiedu, for help. In February, Li Keyong led 50,000 soldiers from the Fan and Han to reinforce him. Huang Chao besieged Chenzhou for hundreds of days, but never conquered it. At this time, Li Ke marched to Chenzhou with Xu, Bian, Xu, Yan and other state army horses, first defeated the Taikang Shangrang army stationed in the north of Chenzhou, and then defeated the Xihua Huang Siye army in the west of Chenzhou, so Huang Chao withdrew from the surrounding of Chenzhou and retreated to the hometown of Chenzhou in the north. In May, it rained heavily for several days, and the water on the flat ground was three feet deep, and the Huangchao military camp was drifted by the water. When the Huangchao army crossed the river from the Wangman ferry of the Beibian River in Mu (now Mou, Henan), Li Ke attacked with the momentum, and the righteous army was defeated, with more than 10,000 dead and wounded. The rebels suffered heavy losses, and Huang Chao led the remnants of the defeated army to flee to the northeast, and Li Keyong pursued them to Fengqiu (now Fengqiu, Henan). At this time, it was raining heavily, and Huang Chao only collected nearly 1,000 stragglers and braved the rain to go east to Yanzhou. On the 15th of the month, Wu Ning chased Li Shiyue and Shang Rang to Bianqiu (now Yanzhou, Shandong), where Huang Chao and the Tang Army Huang Chao faced

"Fighting to the death, all of them were wiped out", and his nephew Lin Yan walked to Xiangwang Village in the Wolf and Tiger Valley of Mount Tai (now southwest of Laiwu, Shandong). At this time, Lin Yan saw that the general trend had gone, and he was "afraid of chasing and dying", so he took the opportunity to kill Huang Chao and his brother and wife. Lin Yan held the heads of Huang Chao and others and wanted to make contributions to Shi Pu, but on the way they met the Shatuo Boye Army, they killed Lin Yan, and dedicated the heads of Lin Yan and Huang Chao and others to Shi Pu. Huang Chao was brutal and vicious, narrow-minded, fond of indiscriminate killing of innocents, did not want to forge ahead after conquering Chang'an, did not eliminate the Tang Dynasty forbidden army in Zhenguan, and lacked economic policies, and was finally defeated by the Tang army. Huang Chao flowed from the remnants of Huang Hao's rate, called the "Wandering Army". In the early years of Zhaozong's recovery, when he attacked Hunan, he was ambushed and killed by Deng Jinsi, a local tyrant in Xiangyin. At this point, the peasant uprising at the end of the Tang Dynasty ended. In the fourth year of Tang Xizong, in the autumn and July, Xizong held a capture ceremony in the Great Xuanlou. Wu Ningjie made Shi Pu present the head of Huangchao, and there were twenty or thirty concubines of Huangchao. Xi Zong asked, "You Cao are all noble daughters, and the world has received the grace of the country, what is a thief?" The woman at the head replied: "The mad thieves are rebellious, and the country has millions of people, losing the sect, and sowing Ba and Shu; Now His Majesty can't refuse the thief to blame a daughter, where is the general of the minister! "If you don't ask again, you will be killed in the city. Before the execution, the law enforcement officers took pity on these women and told them to get drunk before executing, and the girls cried and drank at the same time, and soon died in drunken beds. After the Huangchao Rebellion, the Tang Dynasty barely maintained its national honor for another twenty-three years. In the fourth year of Emperor Mourning Tianyou (907), Xuanwu Festival made Zhu Wen usurp the Tang Dynasty, and the founding name was Liang. The Tang Dynasty fell and entered the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. Huang Renyu's History of the National University states: "...... Huangchao crossed the Yangtze River four times and the Yellow River twice. This was the first time in history that the Liukou found that the Tang Empire had countless gaps for him to come freely. Local officials everywhere are concerned with the security of their own districts and have never constituted an effective strategy to trap them. Huang Chao lasted ten years from the beginning of the pole to the time of his death. His activities stretched from Shandong in the north, to Guangdong in the south, to Shaanxi in the west, and to the north and south, across the country's 12 provinces, promoting peasant struggles in various localities and dealing a heavy blow to the decadent rule of the Tang Dynasty. Huang Chao waved the banner of "Heavenly Supplement Average General", showing the simple egalitarian thinking of the peasants, which had a profound impact on the peasant wars in later generations.

Edit this paragraph of the mystery of life and death

Was it suicide or homicide? In 874 A.D., Huang Chao, a salt seller born in an unjust sentence, rebelled. It took only 5 years to attack Chang'an. Soon, this hero, who rebelled in the name of seeking survival for the people, declared himself emperor and the country was called Daqi. He couldn't wait to take possession of all the beauties left in the Daming Palace left by Tang Xizong, and lived a life of pride, singing and dancing. At this time, a crisis was looming towards him. Under the counteroffensive of the Tang Dynasty army, Huangchao was forced to flee to Shandong. He led the remnants of his army to the foot of Mount Tai and was exhausted. However, there have been different opinions about the final outcome of the Yellow Nest for thousands of years. What is puzzling is that there are two completely different versions of the official history of the Tang Dynasty. One said that Huang Chao was killed by others, but the other said that he killed himself. New Tang Dynasty Book: Huang Chao is a suicide "New Tang Dynasty Book" Huang Chao Biography records that when Huang Chao defeated the Wolf and Tiger Valley, he said to his nephew Lin Yan, you take my head and dedicate it to the Tang Dynasty, then you can still seek wealth and nobility! Lin Yan couldn't bear to kill Huang Chao, so Huang Chao killed himself. The Book of the New Tang Dynasty was written in the Song Dynasty. In order to distinguish it, the "Book of Tang" compiled during the Five Dynasties period was called the Old Tang Book, and the "Book of Tang" compiled by Ouyang Xiu, Song Qi and others in the Song Dynasty was called the "New Tang Book". According to experts, the era of the revision of the "New Tang Book" was relatively peaceful, so there are many historical materials that were not easy to collect during the war, and they have been collected and sorted out at this time. Old Tang Book: Huang Chao was killed by his nephew "Old Tang Book: The Biography of Huang Chao" has the following record of Huang Chao's death: "Chao beheaded Lin Yan and his second brother Ye and Kuo, and sent his wife to Xuzhou." Not only that, other books such as "Xi Zongji", "Shi Pu Biography" and "Zizhi Tongjian", "Guiyuan Bi Genglu", "Northern Dream Trivia" and other books in the "Old Tang Book" also have the same record. Could it be that Huang Chao did not commit suicide, but died at the hands of his nephew Lin Yan? Lin Yan is Huang Chao's nephew and an important general by Huang Chao's side. After Huang Chao entered Chang'an, 500 people with strong martial arts were selected to form a special force called Konghe. In fact, it was the Praetorian Guard, and Huang Chao appointed Lin Yan as the supreme commander ——— military envoy of this force. Dunhuang Xian said: Killed by the personal general On the 20th day of the fifth lunar month in 1900, Wang Daoist stumbled upon a secret cave. This grotto is the Mogao Grottoes of Dunhuang. What Tang historians did not expect was that the Dunhuang fragment revealed clues about the cause of Huang Chao's death. There is a fragment of the defeat of Huangchao in the Dunhuang Book of "Suzhou Report", which reads: The grass thief Huangchao was killed by Shang Rang, and Yu Xichuan entered the head. In May 884, Huangchao was raided by the Shatuo cavalry in present-day Muxi, Henan, and more than 10,000 people were sacrificed. At this critical juncture, Shang Rang led 10,000 people to surrender to the Tang Dynasty. It is speculated that Shang Rang is likely to kill Huang Chao in the melee. This battle report was immediately reported to the imperial court and the fighting army, and this episode was recorded in the "Suzhou Report on the Defeat of Huangchao and Other Fragments". All kinds of accounts are-for-tat: Or did Huang Chao escape? The information recorded in the "Guiyuan Bi Genglu" written by the Tang Dynasty scholar Cui Zhiyuan shows that the Tang general Shi Pu lured the Huangchao rebel army to kill Huangchao as a surrendering general. What is puzzling is that if someone had killed Huang Chao at that time, he would have made a great achievement. Even as an accomplice, his name will be famous all over the world and recorded in various history books. However, there is only one record of Shang Rang's killing of Huangchao in the historical materials found so far. In the Song Dynasty Shao Bo's "Henan Shao Clan Hearing and Seeing Later Records" volume 17 once mentioned that if it is said that killing Huangchao in the Wolf and Tiger Valley and dedicating the head to Xuzhou, the distance between the two places is about 500 miles, and the fast horse also takes three days, and Xuzhou to Chengdu non-stop, day and night, also takes 20 days. At that time, it was the height of summer, and the "letter head" was probably already rancid, not to mention the seven Huangchao brothers, it is difficult to say that there is no one similar to Huangchao. In this way, it is very likely that it was only Huang Chao's stand-in that Lin Yan was killed by Lin Yan in the Valley of the Wolf and Tiger. There is such a record in the "Liu's Magazine" of Liu Shizhi of the Song Dynasty that there was a high monk named Cuiwei Zen Master in the fifth dynasty, and this person was Huangchao. What's even more legendary is that Zhang Duanyi recorded in the "Gui'er Collection" that "Huangchao is a disciple, once the master of the big brake, Zen Tao is the jungle to push the weight, and when he is lonely, he means that there are two words of Huangchao under his feet." In these historical materials, although the Huangchao rebel army was almost wiped out in the Wolf and Tiger Valley in Shandong, Huang Chao was not dead at this time, he used the golden cicada to hide the eyes of the Tang Dynasty's pursuers, and the remnants of the army that escaped from the Wolf and Tiger Valley still have the figure of Huang Chao. It is said that Huangchao became a monk Wang Mingqing's dust-waving record after the fifth volume said: Zhang Quanyi stayed in Xijing and knew Huangchao in the group of monks. Xijing is Luoyang City, Henan Province, so why did Zhang Quanyi recognize Huangchao among many monks? On that day, Zhang Quanyi, who believed in Buddhism, went to the temple to worship the Buddha, and he accidentally found that the monk from the opposite side was very familiar, and he was surprised when he looked at it. Looking at each other, Huang Chao's eyes did not reveal the surprise on Zhang Quanyi's face, but his face was calm and he brushed his sleeves away. Maybe Zhang Quanyi's heart was both surprised and puzzled at this time, but for the identity of Huang Chao, it is not difficult for Zhang Quanyi, who is too guarded, to be sure. The difficult thing is that Zhang Quanyi, who has a complex personality, always kept this secret until he brought it to the grave. Perhaps, as recorded in the "Old and New Tang Books", on July 13, 884 AD, Huang Chao had died in the Valley of the Wolf and Tiger, and the legend of a generation of heroes came to an end. Perhaps, as later generations legend, after Huang Chao escaped from the Valley of the Wolf and Tiger, a few years later, he came from Luoyang to Ningbo Xuedou Temple, devoted himself to practicing Buddhism, and became a generation of eminent monks. In his old age, he leaned on the railing on the Wangchun Bridge in Mingzhou, savoring the stormy years, watching the chaotic world with cold eyes, waiting for the Tang Dynasty to sigh for the last breath, and then the sunset generally melted into the end of the eastward river.

Edit this collection of Huang Chao's poems

Title chrysanthemum

The sassy west wind is planted all over the yard, and it is difficult for the cold fragrance and cold butterflies to come. If I am the Green Emperor in his year, I will report that the peach blossoms will bloom together. Appreciation: It is said that this was made by Huang Chao when he was 8 years old. His father, who recited poetry in the courtyard to the first line, 8-year-old Huang Chao, followed his father's head and blurted out, and the poetry was agile, which surprised his father. is only a little bit old, and I consider the question of "if I am the Green Emperor in his year", how to arrange the flowers. No wonder he later ascended to the heights and shouted, responding to the gathering, commanding hundreds of thousands of troops, he was really a natural leader. Lin Kuan, a poet at the end of the Tang Dynasty, has two poems like this: "Mo Yan immediately won the world, and heroes have interpreted poetry since ancient times." Throughout the ages, there have indeed been many heroes who can "interpret poetry", and Huang Chao, the leader of the peasant uprising at the end of the Tang Dynasty, is one of his prominent ones. Since Tao Yuanming's famous sentence of "picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, and then seeing Nanshan" came out, chrysanthemums have formed an indissoluble bond with the lonely and proud masters and hermits, and have almost become a symbol of the lonely and vulgar spirit of feudal people. Huang Chao's chrysanthemum poems completely break away from the clichés of similar works, showing a new ideological realm and artistic style. The first sentence is written that the chrysanthemums in the courtyard are blooming in the autumn wind. "West Wind" points to the festival and teases the next sentence; "Full of hospitals" is extremely much. Saying "planting" instead of "opening" is to avoid re-rhyming with the last sentence, and at the same time, the word "planting" itself also gives people a sense of standing upright and strong. Write chrysanthemums to open in the wind and frost to show their strength, which is not difficult to see in people's chrysanthemum poems; However, "full courtyard planting" is obviously different from the image of chrysanthemums. Whether it is to express the feeling of "lonely and proud of the world", the state of "lonely and vulgar" or the feeling of "lonely and unaccompanied", it is often inseparable from the word "lonely". Huang Chao's poem says that "the courtyard is planted" because in his mind, this chrysanthemum is a symbol of the toiling public, and has nothing to do with the word "lonely". The chrysanthemum blooms in the wind and frost, although it shows its strength, but it is a great regret that it is a great pity that "the cold fragrance and cold butterfly are difficult to come". In the sassy autumn wind, the chrysanthemums seem to carry the cold, exuding a cold and subtle fragrance, not like the flowers that open in the spring when the wind and the sun are beautiful, and the fragrance is competing, so the butterflies are rare to fly to collect the fragrance of the chrysanthemums. In the writings of the old people, this fact usually always gave rise to two feelings: lonely self-admiration and lonely arrogance. The author's feelings are different from this. In his opinion, "the chrysanthemum is cold and fragrant" is because the chrysanthemum blooms in the cold season, and he can't help but regret and cry out for the chrysanthemum not blooming at the right time. The third and fourth sentences are the natural development of the above feelings, revealing the coldness of the environment and the unfairness of the fate of chrysanthemums. The author imagines that one day he will become the "Green Emperor" (the god of spring), and he will let the chrysanthemums and peach blossoms bloom together in the spring. This imagination, imbued with a strong romantic passion, expresses the author's grand ambitions. Looking at the whole poem, the implication is relatively obvious. The chrysanthemum of poetry is the embodiment of thousands of people at the bottom of the society at that time. The author not only admires their tenacious vitality in the face of wind and frost and openness, but also deeply indignant at their environment and fate, and is determined to change it completely. The so-called "for the Green Emperor" can be regarded as a figurative expression of the establishment of a peasant revolutionary regime. The author imagines that when that day comes, the masses will be able to live in a warm spring. It is worth noting that the simple concept of equality of the peasants is also reflected here. Because in the author's view, chrysanthemums and peach blossoms are one of the hundred flowers, and they deserve the same treatment. Therefore, he was determined to let the chrysanthemums enjoy the warmth of spring like the peach blossoms. There is also the question of who will change the fate. Is it to pray for the sympathy and mercy of the Heavenly Father, or "I am the Green Emperor" and replace him? There is a distinction between being a slave of destiny and being a master of destiny. The author of the poem said: "I am the Green Emperor", and this heroic language embodies the determination and confidence of the leaders of the peasant class to overthrow the old regime. The thoughts and feelings expressed in this poem are very heroic, and it dwarfs all the bold words of people living in feudal society to express their aspirations. But it's not coarse, it's still subtle. This is because the poem successfully uses the technique of metaphor, and the metaphor itself integrates the author's unique feelings and understanding of life.

Not the first after the chrysanthemum (Yongdai)

Wait until the eighth day of the autumn month, and I will kill a hundred flowers after the flowers bloom. The heavenly incense array penetrates Chang'an, and the city is full of golden armor. Appreciation: This poem is the work of Huang Chao in the heyday of his life, and it is also his most popular poem. No, director Zhang Yimou borrowed a sentence from him as the title of the film. In fact, he is leading hundreds of thousands of peasant rebels to besiege Chang'an, the poetry is prosperous, by the chrysanthemum to describe the unstoppable power of the rebel army, this poem is wonderful, although it is a chrysanthemum, but the whole poem does not see a "chrysanthemum" word, and, through the blooming yellow chrysanthemum, as if people see the majestic and majestic golden ironclad army, about to break through the majestic momentum of Chang'an. The realm of this "Chrysanthemum" poem is more majestic and heroic than the previous one, and the poet uses metaphors to give the chrysanthemum the heroic style and noble character of the peasant rebel army. The first sentence "Wait until the eighth day of the autumn month" means that the Double Ninth Festival has not arrived, and the poet will write poems to celebrate it. Wait until the word "burst out abruptly", "suddenly sound like firecrackers", with a sharp, agitated rhyme and a promising affirmative meaning. On the day before the Chung Yeung Festival, from the perspective of the turbulent flow of poetry, the poet wrote "the eighth day of the month" instead of "month", not only for the sake of rhyme, but also revealed a kind of impatience calling for the early arrival of the revolutionary storm. The second sentence "I kill a hundred flowers after the flowers bloom", on the one hand, shows the reader an irresistible natural law, with the strong contrast caused by the blooming of the golden chrysanthemum and the withering of the flowers in the frost, showing the vigorous and tenacious vitality of the chrysanthemum, on the other hand, it implies that once the storm of the peasant revolution comes, the corrupt Tang Dynasty will immediately become a withered branch like the "hundred flowers" meet the frost. The third and fourth sentences of "the incense array penetrates Chang'an, and the city is full of golden armor", which is the foresight and longing for the prospect of chrysanthemum victory. The word "cupola" in the third sentence writes the extraordinary momentum of the chrysanthemum fragrance and the sky; The word "incense array" shows that when Jin Ju wins, it is not a single branch, but a group that is prosperous, which contains a simple and profound concept of peace in the world; The word "through" shows the fragrance of chrysanthemums refreshing, fragrant and all-encompassing. The words "full" and "exhausted" in the fourth sentence imitate the spectacle of chrysanthemums when they won the world - the Double Ninth Festival, chrysanthemums are in full bloom, and the whole Chang'an has become a world of chrysanthemums, which fully demonstrates the victory prospect of the peasant revolutionary storm destroying the old and renewing and dominating everything. Chrysanthemum has always been regarded as the national flower of China, and those who sing chrysanthemums and cannot write the soul of the country are all inferior. Huang Chao's poem supports the words and aspirations, borrowing the chrysanthemum to express ambitions, the realm is magnificent, the spirit is magnificent, the style is strong and majestic, extraordinary, and successfully creates the lyrical protagonist who is wearing armor, holding a long sword, and the heroic image of the heroes of the ages, such as "I kill a hundred flowers after the flowers bloom", "The city is full of golden armor" and other sentences, the tone is cut off, the momentum is fierce, these poems that break the earth and go to thunder and lightning, like clusters of flames that flicker with the spirit of resistance, flickering in the hearts of the people who have resisted the authority in the past generations. The movie is full of golden armor, from the late Tang Dynasty Huang Chao's poem "Fu Ju", and the story is also set in this era.

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I remember that when the grass was flying, the iron clothes were full of monk's clothes. No one knows on the Tianjin Bridge, leaning on the railing alone to watch the sunset. Appreciation: Compared with the first two poems, this poem is not so widely circulated. There are even many people who wonder if this poem is the work of Huang Chao himself? Because, it is said that Huang Chao himself later died in battle, but judging from this poem, not only did he not die in battle, but later he cut his hair and became a monk. But I prefer to believe that this poem was written by Huang Chao himself, and in my opinion, whether it is Huang Chao or Li Zicheng, it is better for these powerful peasant leaders not to simply die on the battlefield. If they escape into the empty door, their life will definitely be beyond the reach of ordinary people. For example, like the first two sentences of this poem, "I remember that the grass flew back then, and the iron clothes were all over the monk's clothes", which not only shows the extraordinary years of Rong Ma that Huang Chao has experienced, but also shows his later career as a monk who is as quiet as water, and its stark contrast is emotional! In particular, the sentence "no one knows on the Tianjin Bridge" vividly describes the helpless desolation and sorrow of the hero's twilight, which makes people sigh! But with a turn of the pen, the sentence "leaning on the column to watch the sunset" depicts a kind of artistic conception of "life is short, and the river is long", which is evocative.

Edit this paragraph of the legend of the Yellow Nest

The legend of the red light on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month

At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Huang Chao led the rebel army north and attacked Huncheng. The siege of the city could not be taken down for three days, Huang Chao was angry, pointed to the city tower and scolded, threatening to break through the city, and kill a chicken and dog. At this time, it was almost the New Year, there was a heavy snowfall, the weather was very cold, most of the soldiers had not changed into winter clothes, Huang Chao knew that the hard attack would suffer losses, so he had to pull the team to the mountains first, and wait for the New Year to fight. The New Year passed quickly, and everyone was pushing rice and grinding noodles, making rice balls, and celebrating the Shangyuan Festival. Huang Chao thought, the book of soldiers said: "Knowing oneself and knowing one's opponent will not be defeated in a hundred battles." "Why don't I take advantage of the festival when people are celebrating the festival to go into the city to feel the reality of the enemy army, and then decide on a siege strategy. Thinking of this, he immediately summoned all the brothers to discuss, handed over the righteous army to his junior brother, picked up the rice balls and picked out the big camp, and walked straight to Huncheng. Huang Chao entered the city gate and ran all the way to West Street. After walking a short distance, I saw a group of people in front of the cross street pointing and pointing at something. Just now, at this time, an old man selling vinegar came on the opposite side, wearing a torn cotton jacket and cotton pants, and kept knocking on the bang in his hand. Huang Chao stepped forward and said, "May I ask the old man, what happened in front?" The old man looked at Huang Chao, looked left and right, pulled him to the side of the road, and whispered: "Two days ago, Huang Chao led his troops to attack the city, and he went to the mountains, and he will come in a few days." The official family posted a notice asking the people to provide food and people, alas! It's going to be a big battle. The two people were talking, suddenly heard a sound of horses' hooves, Huang Chao looked up, a team of people and horses galloped over, and the soldiers shouted while running: "Listen to the people, Huang Chao has entered the city, and now the four doors are closed, and they can't run. Those who don't report it will be exterminated! Huang Chao knew that the army had become a traitor and revealed the news, so he threw down his pick and ran eastward, and hurried into an alley. I entered a courtyard and hid behind the door. Wait for the horse team to pass, and then come out and run north. He hadn't gone far, when he heard the sound of horses' hooves, and knew that the horse team was back, so he turned and went into a small courtyard. Huang Chao inserted the door and was about to enter the house, when he saw an old man coming out of the house, it was the old man who was talking to him on the cross street, and hurriedly walked over and said. "Okay, old man, hide me." The old man was stunned for a moment when he saw Huang Chao, then nodded and agreed. At this moment, there was a rush of horses' hooves in the street, and then someone knocked on the door. The old man was so anxious that he couldn't say anything, so he hurriedly led Huang Chao to the backyard, came to the vinegar tank, lifted the cylinder cover and let him get in, and said, "Guest officer, let's be wronged first!" The old man was just about to sweep the floor with a broom, when the gate slammed open, and more than a dozen officers and soldiers broke in and surrounded the old man. The leader of the officers and soldiers said: "In broad daylight, why do you cut the door? The old man said, "I'm afraid that a thief will come in and steal." The leader asked, "There is a big man, where are you hiding?" The old man said, "The door of my house is open, and no one comes in!" One of the leaders scolded: "Nonsense! He's clearly here. You don't want to live anymore! The old man said, "Official, if you don't believe it, please search it." ”。 The leader ordered a search, and more than a dozen officers and soldiers immediately entered the house, rummaged through the boxes and cabinets, there was a chaotic sound of ping-pong, things were smashed, and the vinegar jar was also broken twice, and the vinegar flowed all over the courtyard, but fortunately they did not continue to turn over. When the officers and soldiers left, Huang Chao crawled out of the tank, and saw that the courtyard was full of broken cylinders, and the old man wept regretfully in front of the tank. He hurriedly walked over and comforted him: "Don't cry, old man, I'll compensate you a few mouthfuls in two days." The old man stood up and said, "Guest, go quickly, they have gone ahead, and they will come back if they can't find anyone." Huang Chao asked: "Old man, it's not dark yet, there are officers and soldiers everywhere, where do I get out of the city?" The old man said, "You go out of this alley, go into the opposite courtyard, and go out from the back is the Tianqi Temple, you hide in the temple first." After dark, go south along the city wall, and there is a gap in more than two feet, and you can go out from there. Huang Chao saw that the old man was kind and honest, so he further inquired: "Old man, what is the beauty of this city, Huang Chao's 100,000 army has been attacking for three days and cannot be broken?" The old man said, "The guest officer does not know that this city was built in the time of the First Emperor, and the walls are high and thick, with rolling logs, and archers are hidden on both sides. Huang Chao asked, "Is that impossible?" The old man said, "If you want to fight the city, you can't enter through the city gate, but you have to enter through the gap in the Tianqi Temple." Huang Chao was very happy to hear this, turned around to leave, and turned around and asked, "Old man, do you know who I am?" The old man hesitated for a moment and said, "You are General Huang." Huang Chao said: "Tang Bing scolded me for killing people like hemp, eating people without spitting out bones, aren't you afraid of me?" The old man said, "That's what the official family said, can the official family have good words?" We, the poor people, are looking forward to you. Huang Chao was very moved when he heard this, and he couldn't imagine that the people respected him so much, so he said: "Old man, do you have red paper in your house?" The old man said, "There are no ready-made ones, but they can be bought in the store." Huang Chao said, "You buy a few pieces of red paper, tie a lantern, and hang it on the eaves on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month." After Huang Chao left, the old man passed the news to his neighbors, one spread ten, ten spread hundreds, and soon the poor people in the city knew about it, and every family bought red paper to tie lanterns. Huang Chao returned to the camp, immediately convened the soldiers to discuss, and on the night of the fifteenth day of the first month of the summer calendar, with five thousand elite soldiers, touched the moat, and quietly entered the city according to the road pointed out by the old man. At this time, red lights were hung in front of the poor people's homes, and the whole city was brightly lit. All the gates that hang red on the river will not be entered by the rebels; If they didn't hang a red light, the rebel army rushed in to grab the stolen officials and old money, and killed all the corrupt officials and local tyrants and gentry in just one night. The next day, Huang Chao opened a warehouse to distribute grain, and sent someone to send two hundred taels of silver to the old man. Since then, every fifteenth day of the first lunar month, red lights have been hung in every household. This custom has been passed down.

The origin of the Dragon Boat Festival "wormwood".

The Dragon Boat Festival was originally a festival to commemorate Qu Yuan. When the Tang Huangchao uprising, the Huangchao rebels attacked the original area, and it was the Dragon Boat Festival. The local official then released a rumor: "Huangchao shook the knife across the mountain, and the head fell to the ground!" "Mobilizing people to flee their homes is to get rid of the Yellow Nest. In fact, it was to make it impossible for the rebels to contact the people, so as to restrain the growing trend of the rebels. In a family in the original area, the men have gone out, and there is only one woman and two children in the family, one child is her own child, and the other child is her sister-in-law's orphan. Her own child was just able to walk, and her sister-in-law's orphan was a year older than her own child. The woman fled with her two children, carrying her sister-in-law's orphan on her back, but leaving her child, who was barely able to walk, walk, but lagging behind. After walking a short distance, I met a man in yellow and asked, "Why doesn't my sister-in-law let the big children walk, but let the small children walk?" The woman told the truth, and the man in yellow was very moved after hearing it, and said: "Your loyalty and righteousness in danger have broken the knife of the Yellow Nest, and the Yellow Nest can no longer take your head, in fact, you only need to insert wormwood at the door of the house, indicating that your home is a loyal family, and the Yellow Nest will have no choice but to do you." "I didn't see what I said. The woman thought that it was the immortal's guidance, so she went home and did what she said, and along the way asked the fleeing people to insert wormwood to break the knife of the yellow nest. Therefore, the woman is usually kind and does many good deeds, and many people believe that according to the words, there is no need to "walk the yellow nest" by inserting wormwood at the door of the house, and the Dragon Boat Festival is celebrated at home. Sure enough, when the rebels crossed the border, they saw the homes of those who had wormwood in their homes, but no one disturbed them, and the doctors who accompanied the army also saw the people and asked about their suffering. For a while, the news of the woman's encounter with the guidance of the immortals spread in various places, and the commoners' homes no longer "walked the yellow nest", but planted wormwood for the Dragon Boat Festival, and did loyal things to the woman. In fact, the man in yellow is the forward strategist of the Yellow Nest Righteous Army, and his martial arts are strong. Everywhere the rebels went, there were uninhabited villages, and the rebels had no one to support them, and they became lonely. The strategist knew that something was wrong, turned into plain clothes, and searched for the reason alone, and met a woman. Suddenly he disappeared, but jumped up on the tree and hidden. The strategist gave a plan, not only breaking the government's: "Huangchao shook the knife across the mountain, and the head fell to the ground!" Rumors, for the righteous army to gain public support, but also to make the people accumulate virtue and do good, the world then inherited this tradition, become today's Dragon Boat Festival "wormwood" custom. The people of Luhe are Hakka people, and most of them originally migrated to Luhe. Most of them have maintained the custom of "walking the yellow nest" and "planting wormwood".

Edit this paragraph about cannibalism

Huang Chao is a Confucian student, born in a wealthy family that made a fortune by trafficking in illicit salt

[1] He had the conditions to study the Confucian classics hard in order to advance to officialdom, but he repeatedly failed in the imperial examinations. Huang Chao suddenly "anger rises from the heart, evil is born to the side of the gall", and when he left Chang'an, he threw down a poem "Stay until the eighth day of the autumn month, and I will kill a hundred flowers after the flowers bloom." The heavenly incense array penetrates Chang'an, and the city is full of golden armor. "A murderous oath. Huang Chao went home and worked as a smuggler for a few days. During the Tang Dynasty, only state-owned enterprises were allowed to deal in salt, and Huangchao did not have a license to deal in salt, and as a result, their salt was seized and confiscated. coincided with the great drought in the eastern part of the country, and the officials had to urge the payment of taxes and errands, and the people gathered around Huangchao when they were desperate, so they issued a letter to reprimand the officials of the Tang Dynasty for being greedy and heavy, and the rewards and punishments were uneven. The aim was to overthrow the tyranny of the Tang Dynasty and establish a new dynasty that would alleviate the suffering of the peasants and promote a light and modest tax. After Huang Chao became emperor, the soldiers were like robbers with open fires and rods killing people and stealing goods on the streets of Chang'an, competing for beautiful women, beating civilians, and harassing people everywhere. The Yellow Nest can't be stopped. A few months later, there was a food shortage, and the city of Chang'an was in chaos. A small group of Tang troops took advantage of the chaos to attack the city, and Huang Chao was very weak, and immediately fled from the city with a small number of followers. After the Tang army entered the city, it was welcomed by the people of Chang'an. Huang Chao came to the outside of the city to settle down, only to find that the number of Tang troops entering the city was very small, and then counterattacked into the city. Huangchao, who re-entered Chang'an, hated the people's welcome to the Tang Army, and actually ordered the city to be slaughtered. The men in the city were killed, and there was a "nest of angry people to welcome the king's division, killing 80,000 people, and the blood flowed on the road, which was called washing the city", and the blood washed Chang'an City. Later, Tang borrowed Shatuo soldiers to assist in the siege of the city, and more than 10,000 Shatuo soldiers fought against more than 100,000 people in Huangchao, and Huangchao was defeated in a battle, so he had to abandon the city and flee. In April 883, when Huang Chao escaped from Chang'an, he ordered arson. Chang'an was burned to ashes. During the nearly year that Huang Chao besieged Chenzhou on the eve of the defeat, he used mechanized methods to crush living people and use human flesh as military food to supply his besieging troops to ensure the combat effectiveness of his rebel army. Its appalling degree is not only the largest in the country, but also probably the largest in the world. In the place where Huangchao passed, the people were pure, and the land was thousands of miles away. The Book of the Old Tang Dynasty records: Huang Chao led the whole army to besiege Chenzhou for nearly a year, and hundreds (one says 3,000) of huge mills started construction at the same time, becoming a human flesh workshop for supplying military rations, running water operations, day and night. A large number of villagers and captives, regardless of men and women, young and old, are all included in the giant smash, which is instantly ground into minced meat, and called it "Pounding Village". The common people around Chenzhou were eaten up, so they "plundered in all directions, from Henan, Xu, Ru, Tang, Deng, Meng, Zheng, Bian, Cao, Xu, Yan and other dozens of prefectures, salty and poisoned." "The total number of people who died of disease, starvation, and battle death in the march was at least one million or more. Most of the hundreds of thousands of people he brought into Chang'an died of starvation. Later, when Huang Chao abandoned the city and fled to Shandong Wolf and Tiger Valley, there were only more than 1,000 remnants left, and Huang Chao was desperate and had to commit suicide (one said that he was killed by his nephew Lin Yan). Looking at the large-scale behavior of this peasant leader of "eating people without spitting out bones", his barbarism, cruelty, terror, and appalling behavior have led to the reckless rebellion of the peasants of all generations against the cruel tyrannical rulers and the leaders of the rebel army, all of whom are cruel and barbaric, and all of them kill people without calculation. However, the evil act of using human flesh as food for Huang Chao is by no means a battlefield contest in the ordinary sense, but a slaughter of human extermination. The Huangchao rebellion also triggered the feudal towns that supported the army and divided the country, and then entered the period of five dynasties and ten kingdoms.

Edit this paragraph on the mystery of the tomb

There is an ancient acacia tree called "General Tree" in Xianggou Village, Shengjing Township, Laiwu City, Shandong Province, and it is said that the footprints of the Yellow Nest have been left under this tree. According to the old and new Book of Tang, in 884 AD, the Tang government was convinced that Huang Chao had died in the Valley of the Wolf and Tiger. As a result, Tang officials built a stone carving at the place where he died, marking the place where the rebel was buried, in order to alert the world. In the more than 1,000 years since, however, many books have told the story. They believe that Huang Chao did not die in the Valley of the Wolf and Tiger, but escaped and died elsewhere. The Qing Dynasty scholar Nie Jianguang's "Records of Mount Tai Daoli" has such a record: "Huang Chao died in Mount Tai...... There is a large mound in the south of Dingshan, commonly known as the Huangchao tomb. "After expert research, this is the Huangchao tomb recorded in the "Taishan Daoli Record". This place is dozens of kilometers away from the Wolf and Tiger Valley, and if it is really the burial place of Huang Chao's bones, then it proves that Huang Chao really did not die in the Wolf and Tiger Valley.