Knock knock, Fernando in the study heard a gentle knock on the door.

"So early?" Fernando stared at Lucien with slightly cloudy red eyes, and suddenly had a subconscious vigilance and wariness of his abnormality.

Lucien lowered his head and smiled, "It was just time for the sun to rise after writing the paper, so I came straight over." ”

"What paper?" Fernando had a premonition of danger, not from the main planet of fate, but from the "crystallization of wisdom" condensed in the same situation repeatedly, "Is it subversive?"

Lucien thought for a moment and nodded affirmatively: "Yes, but it is only based on the observation of a large number of experimental results, and there is no strict proof, and it is not excluded that it will be overturned or covered by other theories that include these observed phenomena in the future." ”

"Take it. Fernando breathed a sigh of relief, so that no matter how subversive the theory was, he could not blow his head out without a decisive argument to prove it.

Lucien took out a paper and handed it over, and when Fernando looked at the title, his expression immediately turned bad.

"Probability Interpretation of the Wave Function". He read out the title of the paper word by word, and vaguely guessed the contents of it, and the large number of electron scattering and diffraction experiments he had done during this period of time seemed to reveal something, and the reality that Oliver's interpretation of the wave function could not be consistent with some of the experimental results seemed to explain something.

Flipping through the papers, Fernando read them without saying a word, and the atmosphere around him became more and more depressing, as if a real storm was about to come.

Suddenly, he raised his head, having not finished reading his paper. Countless electric flashes flashed in the red eyes, and he said dangerously: "You mean that the wave function is not a wave in the normal sense, but a probability wave?"

Lucien met the teacher's dangerous gaze without fear: "Yes, through the observation of a large number of experimental results, by introducing the content of Chloe's statistics in the field of molecular motion, we can describe the wave function in this way, which represents the probability of an electron appearing at a certain position in space. ”

Fernando seemed to be suppressing great anger: "Then it has a definite position on the acceptance screen, and the probability is 100%!"

There is no doubt about it, every Arcanist has seen the experimental phenomenon of electrons emitted into the sensor screen and causing fluorescent spots, and its location is certain and certain.

Lucien could understand the teacher's feelings. Said very seriously: "For example, in the case of not knowing the external conditions of the Dao. We toss the coin, and in the whole process, we can only say that there is a certain chance that it proves to be face up, but when it falls to the ground. The results are already there. There will be no more changes. The probability is naturally 100 percent, and we are talking about the electrons before the observation, not the electrons that have been determined after the observation. ”

So to speak. Fernando understood better, his mood eased slightly, and he grasped the point: "Before observation, after observation? Then, before we observe, according to your interpretation, it is possible for electrons to appear anywhere in space, but there is a greater probability of appearing in some places?"

He couldn't imagine the existence of electrons at all!

For the coin, Fernando can accept it without hindrance, it is the nose and tail are constantly changing, which is why there are different landing possibilities, but what about the electron, because it describes the probability of spatial position, so it is possible anywhere, doesn't this mean that at the same time, it can be here, it may be there, it is everywhere?

This is more ridiculous and ridiculous than any magic!

At least so far, except for the god-like level where there is no way to know the Dao, no magician has been able to create such a magic and allow himself to exist in a similar state!

Lucien made an analogy: "Before observation, the electron is like an illusory cloud with no substance, it permeates space, it is everywhere, it is all possible superposition, and the thicker place is where it has a higher probability of appearing, but it does not mean that after observation, it will definitely appear here." ”

"Before observation, the electron is something we cannot imagine, a contradictory and unified monster with wave-particle duality, so we cannot imagine its state in the original concept, which is meaningless, and we can only describe it from the results of experiments that we can rigorously verify. ”

Fernando pressed his lips tightly, as if all he could open his mouth was a roar.

Lucien further said: "Actually, teacher, you should have observed through magic experiments that when we improve the magic array and reduce the number of electrons emitted at one time, we can see that the first thing that appears is not a diffraction image, but a chaotic electron-induced light spot, and with the increase in the number of electrons, it gradually constitutes a diffraction image, what is it?"

"This is because it is impossible to accurately know where a single electron appears after diffraction, it is probability, we can only describe that it is more likely to appear here, so a small number of electrons will appear in a chaotic state, but after the number is enough, the whole will conform to the probability distribution, some places have more electrons, and some places have fewer electrons, so light and dark are mixed, and diffraction images appear. ”

"It's like when we toss a coin seven or eight times, we can't accurately guess how many times the coin is facing the coin in front of the coin, but when the number of times the coin is tossed reaches hundreds, thousands, tens of thousands, the number of times the coin is facing the head should be about half!"

"If we could one day improve the magic array to only emit one electron at a time, things would be much clearer. ”

"Probability, probability!" Fernando's expression distorted, as if he was about to eat probability.

He didn't need Lucien to explain to him the common sense of probability, which was one of the areas that he knew and excelled in as an authority on thermodynamics, and at this time, it occurred to him that the electron diffraction experiments he had done during this period of time were indeed as Lucian said, and the light spots were chaotic until the number of electrons was not large enough.

Such a clear picture made his hands tremble slightly, and the wind around him blew up, blowing the paper in the study with a rattling sound: "Before observation, electrons are probability clouds that permeate space? After observation, it is a matter with a definite position? What happened in between?"

Lucien turned a blind eye to the wind, calm as a grim reaper announcing the verdict: "The wave function collapsed, and the diffuse cloud of probability collapsed into a small dot that determined its position. The observation causes the wave function to collapse, and before the observation, what exactly the electron is in shape has nothing to do with us, it is meaningless!"

"Observation causes the wave function to collapse?" snap, a bolt of lightning lit up the study, destroying a statue, Fernando jerked to his feet, looking at Lucien menacingly, "Our observation." Let the electrons change their form?"

Lucien nodded, "Teacher." What is the basis of our observations? Seeing things because of the reflected light, hearing sound because of the ripples of the air oscillating. And in the micro realm. Even the slightest means of observation. Photons, for example, are also perturbed by electrons, that is. Our observation of microscopic particles inevitably leads to its alteration. ”

"The interaction of microscopic particles?" Fernando's face was a little better, and he probably understood what observation caused the wave function to collapse, and as for the incomprehensible and unimaginable thing like the probability cloud before, he decided to ignore it for the time being, and went straight to the core of Lucian's probability interpretation," The activity of tossing a coin can strictly know the outcome of each time through the various external conditions of the Dao, so it is not a true probability, it is a pseudo-probability, there is a cause and an effect, and all initial states strictly and uniquely determine the final result, which is the basis of the astral system, and the basis of the entire arcane and magic!"

"The probabilistic nature of electrons is also pseudoprobability, which is affected by external conditions that we have not yet discovered?"

His voice trembled a little, and there were growing signs in the study that a storm was about to begin.

Lucien shook his head firmly: "At least at present, there is no phenomenon that indicates that there is an influence of external conditions, we can only say for the time being, probability waves are the essential property of electrons, the intrinsic property!"

"Say it again!" Fernando finally roared, and lightning and thunder began to appear, creating an apocalyptic scene in the study.

The reason why arcane and magic are fascinating, and the reason why exploring the truth of the world has cost generations of magicians and arcanists their youth, talents, and lives, is because they believe that this world has essential laws, and everything operates strictly under the control of this law, such as the sun rising in the east and setting in the west, such as the movement of celestial bodies, such as wind and rain, such as the growth of living things, such as elemental reactions, such as the mysteries of matter, such as the structure of atoms, and as long as you understand the laws of essence, you can really grasp them!

And now, Lucian's interpretation of probability seems to be mocking this exploration, because the essential law of the world is actually "probability", even if you understand the law of the world and reach the limit of life, you can only predict the maximum probability of the electron appearing here, but cannot accurately describe the location where it will appear.

This is the basis for negating the prophecy of the astral system, and also the basis for the arcane and magical exploration of the laws of the world!

Lucien pointed to the paper and looked at the roaring teacher seriously, due to the crackling of lightning, the elemental skin on his body was naturally stimulated: "There is a relevant explanation in the paper. ”

Fernando lowered his head and looked at one of the paragraphs of the paper:

"In the past, we believed that as long as we knew all the current factors, we could strictly deduce or determine the outcome of things, and that there would be any cause, and that such a process was reversible, that is, there would be a cause for what there was, and the arcanists called this determinism, the law of cause and effect. ”

"I like to define it more strictly, the true law of cause and effect is the law of cause and effect on the timeline, and the cause must precede the effect, so the previous generalized law of cause and effect is best called determinism. ”

And now, I want to make it clear that there may be a problem with determinism here. ”

"There's a problem with determinism, there's a problem with the law of cause and effect?" Fernando said as he looked at Lucien with stormy eyes, roaring loudly in the roar of thunder, "You tell me, is the trajectory of the sun a probability?"

Bang!

"Tell me, is our own existence probability?"

Bang!

"You tell me, even if we have built a magical spell model in our soul and fully grasped every detail of it, and our mental power is in a state of abundance, casting magic is also a process of fighting probability?"

"Ridiculous!

In the midst of thunder and lightning flying wildly, there is a vast universe behind Lucian, the planets inside are composed of protons and neutrons of different colors, and the artificial planets surrounding them are permeated in space, everywhere, but when you look closely, they are sure at one point.

Thundered!

Thunder hell is mixed with the atomic universe, and Lucien looks at his teacher Fernando without flinching:

"At least in the microscopic realm, determinism must die!"

With a bang, a thick bolt of lightning streaked across the sky and spread out the window. (To be continued......)

PS: Change first, then change, return to normal update, ask for recommendation votes~