[Shield]

A hand-held defense weapon in ancient times. At first, it was made of wood, bamboo, leather, and later copper and iron. The shape is mostly rectangular, round or trapezoidal. The surface is painted with color and pattern. There is a handle to hold on the back, and it is usually used in conjunction with weapons such as knives and swords. Ancient Oriental, Greek, and Roman countries used shields extensively. After the appearance of copper in the second millennium BC, iron shields later appeared. In the center of the outer surface of the wooden shield are usually fixed a metal plate -------- iron gauntlets with a protruding block. The shield has one or more layers of leather that protect against arrows, spears, and swords. In battle, the shield can be tied to one arm with a belt or held by the handle; When marching, the belt on the inside of the shield is hung behind the back. The face of the shield is usually painted with various colorful patterns, emblems, coats of arms, etc. In the 9th and 13th centuries, wooden shields in the shape of almonds, triangles, and round with iron gauntlets were widely used in Western and Eastern Europe. By the middle of the 13th century, with the development of cold weapons and the improvement of armor, the height of the infantry almond shield was reduced from 1,7 m to 0·75 m, and the diameter of the cavalry round shield was also reduced to 0·75 m. In the 15th and 16th centuries, round iron shields with a diameter of about 0.5 meters began to dominate. In China's primitive society, there was a simple shield, and later the types and shapes became more and more complete, also known as "dry", "brand", and the name, shape, and size of the shield were also different. For example, the "Interpretation of Names" records that the shield from the large and flat land of Wu is called "Wu Kui", and the shield that rises from the ridge of Shu is called "Dian Shield", and then the infantry uses a shield to weigh the foot, the car is called "Zi Shield" with a shield, and the cavalry is called with a shield. Pan Liu" and so on. The Ming Dynasty also invented some shields used in conjunction with firearms, which contained firearms or arrows, which could be issued when approaching the enemy, not only to cover oneself, but also to kill and injure the enemy. With the development of firearms, shields were gradually abandoned. However, among some peoples in Central Africa, South America and the islands of Oceania, the shield is still used today.

[Chinese Shield]

The ancient Chinese shield is also known as "dry and bingjia". Occupy people to fight, with a shield in the left hand to defend themselves, and a blade in the hand to kill the enemy. The shield is generally no more than three feet long, and is mostly rectangular or trapezoidal, but also round. The larger shield is called "Wu Kui", or Wu Ke. The shield used by the chariot is smaller, which is called a contradiction. There are handles on the back of the shield for easy hand-held combat. The large shield is called. Peng Pai", about eight feet high, the card length can cover the body, the gun wood leans on the ground, for the city guard, water warfare, the large shield used in the camp is bitter, it is a defensive weapon. Most of the shields are made of wood, rattan and bamboo, and some are covered with raw cowhide. Due to its heavy weight, copper and iron shields are rarely used on the battlefield except for ceremonial guards. The surface of the shield is painted and painted with dragons and tigers, gods and monsters, birds and beasts. During the Shang period, the shields were equipped with bronze ornaments, which were often made of hideous animal or human faces to intimidate the enemy. After the rectangular wood was popular in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the surface was lacquered and the ornamentation was exquisite. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the shield became the main body protector. The cavalry of the Song Dynasty used small round side cards, and the infantry used rectangular pointed side cards. "In the Ming Dynasty, light shields were mostly used in the army, such as hand cards and rubbing

(Suffer) cards, swallowtail cards, etc. Each side is five feet long, mostly made of poplar and pine, and is about two feet wide. There is also a round rattan woven rattan card, with a diameter of about two feet, and the circumference is slightly high, and after the arrow is shot, it prevents the arrow from slipping and hurting people. After the advent of firearms, shields were gradually phased out.

[Assyrian wicker shield]

This shield is very similar to the shield of the ancient Persians described by Herodotus, who used shields made of thin branches. The length of the wicker shield, whichever is equal to or exceeds the height of a soldier; The width can cover two to three people. The shape of this large shield is somewhat rectangular; Some are squares with a piece protruding backwards at the top, at right angles to the shield; There are also those that start from a certain height (about 2,3) and bend inward and gradually narrow, and finally form a spire-shaped, which is the most common one. When fighting, shield bearers and archers work in pairs. The shield-bearer carries a short sword or spear and stands his shield on the ground to cover the archers; And the archers were able to give full play to their archery under the cover of their shields. This large wicker shield is best suited for siege battles. The spire shield with its upper part curved inwards and the roof-like back of the top protruding from the top were effective in shielding the stones thrown from the castle. When a single person uses this large shield, he leans the spire shield against the wall and hides in it for siege work. The wicker shield is also slightly smaller, about half a person tall. This small wicker shield is intended for cover for one or two people.

[Assyrian round shield]

The round shield was more commonly used among the Assyrians. Charioteers mostly used round backs, but infantry spearmen and the attendants of early emperors also used this shield. Shields are generally made of metal and are therefore relatively small, rarely exceeding 2 feet or 2 and a half feet in diameter. The edge of the round shield curves inward. The metal material of the round shield is made of bronze, iron, and a few are made of gold and silver. The golden shield was made for a few high-ranking figures, such as kings and high-ranking officials. Later, the round metal shield was replaced by a round wicker shield of the same shape, the rim of which was made of hardwood or metal, and sometimes the center of the shield was decorated with a protrusion.

[Assyria convex shield]

The early Assyrian convex shields were generally rectangular in shape, and later ones were often used as well, but they were much larger. Postscript The base of the convex shield is square, while the top is curved. Some of these shields are made of wicker or metal, and the center and edge of the shield are often decorated with a flower or ring pattern. The shield was 4 inches and 5 feet long, so that the soldier could be protected from head to knees. Carried on his back while marching. There are also some convex shields that are oval-shaped, larger, and hung on their backs on marching river crossings or other similar occasions.

[Persian wicker shield]

The shield more commonly used by the Persians. The shield is rectangular in shape, standing on the ground and reaching the chin or nose of a warrior, with a width of 50, 70 cm. The shield is made of tree strips, and the tree maniac is connected to each other through the incisions of the leather slats, and the upper and lower ends are reinforced with horizontal slats. This wicker shield may have been modeled after the wicker shield of the Ada people. During the Greco-Persian War, the Persian infantry used these shields to form a barrier and shoot arrows from behind.

[Persian Oval Shield]

A plaque for the equipment of the Persian king's guard. The size is large, from the shoulder to the middle of the legs, with oval openings on the sides of the shield. The shield is made of wood and upholstered in leather or bronze plates.

[Ancient Roman Shield]

Shields used by the hoplites of the ancient Roman legions. The Romans used small round copper shields in the early days, after the Gallic Wars; It was replaced by the Great Shield and remained in use until the Imperial Age. The shield is semicircular, cylindrical, 1.25 meters high and 0.8 meters wide. The shield is framed in wood, covered in leather, trimmed with iron sheets, and lined with iron plates in the middle. in combat; Sometimes arranged in front of the battle formation. Used on the side, it has a good protective effect.

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