During the Three Kingdoms period, Xu Quan's "Three or Five Calendars" absorbed the legend of "Pangu" or "Pangu" among the ethnic minorities in the south, and added the philosophical elements in the ancient classics and his own imagination to create a groundbreaking Pangu, which filled a gap in the Hongmeng era and became the common ancestor of our Chinese people: heaven and earth are chaotic like chickens, and Pangu was born in it. 18,000 years old, heaven and earth are opened, yang is clear for the sky, and yin is turbidity for the earth. Pangu is among them, nine changes in one day, God is in the sky, and the saint is in the earth. The sun is one zhang high, and the earth is one zhang thicker. So 18,000 years old, the number of days is extremely high, the number of places is extremely deep, and Pangu is extremely long. There are three emperors in the future. The number starts from one, stands in three, becomes five, flourishes in seven, and is in nine, so the heavens go to the earth for 90,000 miles. The first born Pangu, the dying incarnation, the air is the wind and clouds, the sound is the thunder, the left eye is the sun, the right eye is the moon, the limbs and five bodies are the four poles and five mountains, the blood is the rivers, the muscles are the earth, the muscles are the soil, the hair is the stars, the fur is the grass and trees, the teeth and bones are the gold and stone, the essence is the pearl and jade, the sweat is the rain, and the insects of the body are felt by the wind and turned into Li Gang. The death of the Xipangu clan is also, the head is the four mountains, the eyes are the sun and the moon, the fat is the river and the sea, and the hair is grass and trees. As the saying goes, the head of the Pangu clan is Dongyue, the abdomen is Zhongyue, the left arm is Nanyue, the right arm is Beiyue, and the foot is Xiyue. Confucianism said: Pangu weeps for rivers, air for wind, sound for thunder, and pupils for electricity. The ancient saying: Pangu's joy is sunny, and anger is yin. Wu Chujian said: Pangu husband and wife, the beginning of yin and yang. There is a tomb of Pangu in the South China Sea today, more than 300 miles, and the descendants of the vulgar cloud are also buried with the soul of Pangu. There is a Pangu temple in Guilin, and people worship it today. There is a country of Pangu in the South China Sea, and people today take Pangu as their surname. (Japanese) case: Pangu, the ancestor of all things in heaven and earth, but living things began with Pangu. Heaven and earth are chaotic like chickens, and Pangu is born in them. 18,000 years old, heaven and earth are opened, yang is clear for the sky, and yin is turbidity for the earth. Pangu is in it, nine changes a day, God is in the sky, and the saint is in the earth. The sky is one zhang high, the earth is one zhang thick, and Pangu is one zhang long. So 18,000 years old, the number of days is extremely high, the number of places is extremely deep, and Pangu is extremely long. There are three emperors (1). The number starts at one, stands at three, precepts at five, flourishes at seven, and places at nine, so heaven and earth go to ninety thousand miles. The first volume of "Art and Literature Gathering" cites the "Three Five Calendars" (1) Three Emperors: the Emperor of Heaven, the Emperor of the Earth, and the Emperor of People. During the Three Kingdoms, Wu Guoxu's "Five Fortunes Calendar Chronicles" recorded a story of Pangu opening the world - the first life, Pangu was dying and incarnated, qi became wind and clouds, the sound was thunder and lightning, the left eye was the sun, the right eye was the moon, the limbs and five bodies were the four poles, the blood was the rivers, the muscles were the geography, the muscles were the fields, the hair was the stars, the fur was the grass and trees, the teeth and bones were the essence of gold and jade, the sweat was the rain, the insects in the body were touched by the wind, and they became Li Yu (people)

Where did our human ancestors come from? Before the opening of heaven and earth, the universe was nothing but a chaotic mass of air, with no light and no sound in it.

At this time, a Pangu clan came out and split the chaos with a big axe. When the light and clear qi rises upward, it becomes the sky, and when the heavy turbid qi sinks downward, it becomes the earth. After that, the sky was one zhang higher every day, the earth was thickened one zhang every day, and Pangu himself grew one zhang taller every day. After 18,000 years, the heavens were very high, the earth was very thick, and of course the Pangu clan became a giant who stood on top of the heavens and the earth.

Later, Pangu died, his left eye became the sun, his right eye became the moon, his hair and beard became stars, the last breath from his mouth became wind and mist, his voice became thunder and lightning, the flesh on his body became the earth, his limbs became mountains, and his blood became rivers.

"The Classic of Mountains and Seas" (2) The ancestor of the goddess Nuwa, who made people from mud and made up the sky by refining stones

When Nuwa mended the heavens and "Huainanzi: Reading the Underworld" in ancient times, the four poles were wasted, Kyushu was divided, the sky was not restored, and the earth was not circumferential. The fire is not extinguished, the water is vast and the ocean is endless, the beasts of prey eat the people, and the vulture birds grab the old and the weak. So Nuwa refined the five-colored stone to make up for the sky, and the broken ao was enough to set up the four poles, kill the black dragon to help Jizhou, and accumulate ashes to stop**. The sky is replenished, the four poles are positive, ** is dry, Jizhou is flat, the cunning insect is dead, and the people's livelihood is lost. In ancient times, the earth underwent great changes, the four pillars supporting the sky were broken, the earth was cracked, the sky could not cover the world, the earth could not carry all things, there were fires and floods everywhere, wild beasts ate people, and evil birds took away the old and weak. So, Nuwa refined five-colored stones to fill the gaps in the sky, broke the feet of the giant turtle to support the four poles, killed the black dragon to save the people of the Central Plains, and burned the reed grass to ashes and piled it up to cure the flood. In this way, the heavens have been mended, the four poles have been supported, the flood has dried up, the Central Plains has been safe, the evil beasts have died, and the people have been able to live a good life. This myth should have arisen in the matrilineal society, through Nuwa, the ancient people sang the praises of the heroine's incomparable courage in conquering natural disasters and their heartfelt respect for her.

Nuwa is the mother of human beings in Chinese legend

preface

When it comes to mythology, people immediately think of ancient Greece and Rome, Athena and Apollo, Venus and Cupid. In fact, China also has myths and legends that are not inferior to any part of the world, either magnificent or tragic, or strange or lingering, and most of the stories of these gods and divine heroes are concentrated in the book "The Classic of Mountains and Seas".

In the "Classic of Mountains and Seas: The Great Wilderness of the West", it is said that in the Liguang Wilderness of the Western Wilderness, there are ten gods guarding the middle of the road, and they are the intestines of Nuwa, named Nuwa's intestines. Nuwa is the mother of human beings in Chinese legend. When the universe gradually clears from chaos, light and clear matter rises, and heavy and turbid matter falls, there is only the sun and moon in the sky, and there are only grass, trees, mountains and rivers on the earth, and the world is silent and desolate. Time passed for an unknown number of years and generations, and the great goddess Nuwa woke up from eternity.

She walked between heaven and earth, feeling lonely and bored. When she came to the sparkling lake, she saw the figure swaying in the lake, and her heart moved, knelt down, reached out and picked up the yellow mud with water, and kneaded small things in imitation of her own appearance. As soon as the little things hit the ground, they jumped and frolicked around her. Nuwa pinched and kneaded without stopping, tired and dizzy, impatient, and pulled up a towering wisteria on the edge of the mountain, pressed it hard, and the vine was on the ground, dipped in the mud, and then waved her hand, the wisteria turned over with the mud, splashing the stars on the ground, and it turned into the small things she had made before, but most of them were dumbfounded, fat and thin.

On a whim, Nuwa danced the rattan quickly, and mud splashed from the vine like a torrential rain, and the little things were scattered all over the place, crying and laughing, running all over the world. Nuwa and the things that are made of muddy water and sprinkled with wisteria are human beings, and they have men and women, multiplying and multiplying from generation to generation.

Nuwa mends the sky

After Nuwa created a man, she has always been peaceful. Suddenly, the heavens and the earth collided, and then the heavens and the earth were destroyed, and the four Tianzhu Mountains that supported the four corners of the vast heavenly dome in the southeast, north, and west were broken, and a huge crack opened in the sky, and the ground also burst and collapsed, and flames burst out from the center of the earth, burning the forest; floods gushed from the bottom of the abyss and drifted away from the mountains; demons, monsters, evil birds and beasts of prey took the opportunity to wreak havoc; and hundreds of millions of people were plunged into misery.

When Nuwa heard the voice of the people of the world calling for help from the heavens, she made a great wish to kill the water demon black dragon to quell the flood, break the four legs of the giant ao to rebuild the heavenly pillar, and then carry out a great project to mend the sky. Nuwa went to the four directions to pull out the reed firewood, and carried it to the bottom of the crack in the sky, piled up like a mountain, as high as the sky; then went to look for the bluestone that was the same color as the sky, because there were not so many on the ground, she had to pick up some white stones, yellow stones, red stones, and black stones, and put them on the firewood; while the fire in the ancient forest of Kunlun Mountain had not been extinguished, she pulled out a big tree with fire from there and lit the reed firewood, and the flames suddenly rose up, illuminating the entire universe, and the red light on Kunlun Mountain suddenly eclipsed, and the five-colored stones were burned red. Slowly, the stone melted, and the caramel-like juice flowed through the cracks in the sky. When the reeds turn to ashes, look at the sky, green and blue, as if it has never been damaged.

The female calamity felt really tired at this time, she wiped the sweat that flowed like a waterfall, and without taking a break, she bent down to hold the ashes and fill them in the big ditch and ravine that was cracked in the ground. The heavens were repaired, the earth was filled, and the woman used all her strength, and she lay down, under the sun, moon and stars, on the green mountains and green waters, and never got up again.

This article is excerpted from "The Classic of Mountains and Seas - Modern Edition" (Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House--Zhang Xing)

The Classic of Mountains and Seas (3) The Yan Emperor of the God of Agriculture, the God of Commerce, and the God of Medicine

After mending the sky, there have been countless spring and autumn cold and summer, in an ordinary dusk in the long river of history, the remnant sun in the west is like blood, the crystal full moon in the east has quietly climbed the willow tops, Shaodian's bride Ren Ji married to Youqiao's family is still hesitating on the shore of Jiangshui, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign, young and beautiful, sentimental women are the same, their minds no one can guess.

Suddenly, a red light shot out from the depths of the blue waves, and Ren Ji shook her head violently, and saw a red-haired divine dragon rising into the air, and her eyes emitted two divine lights, meeting her gaze. In an instant, Ren Xi only felt a throbbing in her heart, as if she felt something, she wiped her eyes with her hand, fixed her mind, and then looked at it, but saw that the twilight was gradually closing, the sky and the river water, all black and secluded, how could there be any dragon! The dragon saw the head but did not see the tail, but Ren Xi became pregnant, and gave birth to a son at term, the head of the cow and the human body, that is, the surname of Jiang Shui's ginger. This son is the emperor of the southern fire, so he is called the Yan Emperor.

Emperor Yan is a very merciful and loving god. When he saw that the population was becoming more and more numerous and natural resources were becoming scarce, he suddenly became anxious, and how could the natural growth of birds, beasts, and fruits keep up with the rapid growth of human reproduction? Once the wild animals and plants were exhausted, should the people of the world not starve to death? Emperor Yan was sorrowful, thought about it, and thought about it for 9,981 days and nights, and finally suddenly came to his senses: Why not teach the people to plant and exchange the sweat of labor for the materials necessary for survival? As soon as he thought of this, countless millet, millet, hemp, wheat, and beans fell from the sky. Emperor Yan collected these grain seeds, named them five grains, and instructed the people to sow seeds in the reclaimed soil in the spring season, wait for them to emerge, transplant them in a damp place, and then fertilize and nourish them, and pull out the turnips, and then they will be able to obtain a bumper harvest; The people puffed up their bellies and sang, thanking Emperor Yan for his merits, and respectfully calling him "Shennong".

Emperor Yan is not only the god of agriculture, but also the god of medicine and commerce. He inspected the four directions, saw that the people's faces were yellow and swollen, there were rheumatism, and his heart was very restless, so he immediately walked all over the three mountains and five mountains, collected the world's different grasses, and whipped them one by one with an ochre whip, and the herbs were whipped and whipped out, whether they were poisonous or not, cold or hot, and all kinds of properties would be revealed. He treats patients according to the different properties of the herbs.

In order to further identify the taste and function of the medicine, and to facilitate the rescue of the wounded, Emperor Yan tasted the herbs and tried the medicine himself. He tasted licorice first, which tasted sweet and flat and could relieve fire and detoxify; the second time he chewed black plum, his teeth were sour and astringent; he chewed peppercorns and opened his breath, and when he ate spicy mustard, he wept tears, and so on. On average, he was poisoned twelve times a day, but fortunately, his body was delicate and transparent, and he could see the internal organs clearly from the outside, so he could immediately know the poisoned location and find a way to rescue him. Emperor Yan tried a hundred herbs, put the warm, cold, cold, and hot medicines in one place, and wrote a medical book and prescription according to the righteousness of the monarch and the minister, so as to benefit mankind. The first department of medicine was established at this point.

Yandi also opened up the market, advocated trade, encouraged everyone to communicate with each other, adjusted the surplus and shortage, so as to improve the quality of life, and opened a precedent for doing business.

Emperor Yan's wife is Tingwo, the daughter of the Chishui clan, and the boy she gave birth to to Emperor Yan is named Yanju. Yan Jusheng Festival, Festival and Drama Instrument, Drama Instrument Blessing of Fire God. Zhu Rong was demoted to the Yangtze River basin and gave birth to the water god Gonggong who touched the mountains in anger. The son of the co-worker was born with a strange appearance, and the top of his head was as smooth as a chip, and the other son was called Houtu, the god of the land. Hou Shang gave birth to the time god Cho Ming, who had twelve children, they were the twelve Tai Sui gods such as Ji Dun (Zi Nian), Chi Fen Ruo (Chou Nian), and Setig (Yin Nian). Houtu also has a grandson, who is the father of Kua.

This article is excerpted from "The Classic of Mountains and Seas - Modern Edition" (Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House--Zhang Xing)

The Classic of Mountains and Seas (4) The God of Love and Beauty - Yao Ji

(Photo: Yao Ji)

Emperor Yan's fourth daughter is the most beautiful, most fashionable and most affectionate in the sister group, she is so longing, good to have the pink dream of the flower girl, several dreams, the handsome son has been riding a horse to pick her up, but was repeatedly awakened by the spirit magpie. As the saying goes, the sky is jealous, the beauty is thin, the four girls unprovoked the bed collapsed, suffering from the nameless terminal disease, in the garden, by the river, can no longer hear her silver bell-like laughter. Although Emperor Yan is the god of medicine, medicine can cure diseases, but not life, and the girl finally died. Her body was buried on the flower-filled Guyao Mountain, and the incense turned into fragrant stems and grass. The stems and grasses are tender and yellow in color, the leaves are twinning, and the fruits are like dodder silk. If a woman eats the stem, she will become bright and sexy, and she will be endearing.

The stems and grass are on Guyao Mountain, absorbing the essence of the day during the day, and the moon at night, and after a few years, she cultivates into the goddess of Wushan, whose name is Yaoji. Dayu controlled the water, dug the mountain and dug the river all the way, came to the foot of Wushan, and prepared to repair the canal and discharge the flood. Suddenly, the hurricane storm arose, blowing into darkness, the earth shook the mountains, the sand and rocks were flying, and the flood peaks were cascading like continuous mountains. Yu was caught off guard, evacuated the river bank, and went to ask the goddess Yao Ji of Wushan for help. Yao Ji admired Yu Moding's spirit of letting go of his heels to benefit the world, and took pity on the victims who had left their homes and lost their families, and immediately taught Yu the magic of the gods and ghosts, and the book of heaven to prevent wind and water, and helped him stop the hurricane; The people of Bashu, who had suffered from the floods, were thus saved.

Yu saw Yao Ji