readx;

Among the hundred schools of thought, later generations have a fundamental study of some schools, and among these studies, the "Treatise on the Essence of the Six Schools" is one of the beginnings in this regard:

The contents of the "Treatise on the Essence of the Six Schools" are as follows:

Yi Da ("Zhou Yi? Department of Dictionaries") said: "The world is the same and worried, and the same is different." Pen & Fun & Pavilion www.biquge.info "Husband Yin and Yang, Confucianism, ink, name, law, morality, this matter is also for the ruler, straight from the words of the different way, there is no province to save the ear." Taste the art of stealing yin and yang, auspicious and taboo, so that people are restrained and fearful; Confucianism is a man who is broad but has few important things, and he works hard but does not do much, but it is not easy to follow the order of the courtesy of the father and son of the monarch and the minister, and the difference between the elder and the youngest of the husband and wife. The ink is thrifty and difficult to follow, because it cannot be followed, but it is strong and cannot be abolished.

The Legalists are strict and less gracious, but the distinction between the monarch and the subordinate cannot be changed. Famous people make people thrifty and good and distorted; Taoism makes people spiritually single-minded, moving and invisible, and supporting all things. It is also a technique, because of the great shun of yin and yang, the goodness of Confucianism and ink, the key to the naming law, the migration of time, the change of things, the establishment of customs, everything is appropriate, the appointment is easy to operate, and there are few things and more work. Not so with the Confucians. I think that people are the appearance of the world, the Lord advocates and the ministers are peaceful, and the Lord is the first to follow.

In this way, the Lord will work hard and be subordinate. As for the key to the avenue, go to Jianxian, be clever, and let it go. If the husband and god are used, they will be exhausted, and if they are great, they will be exhausted. The form and spirit are in turmoil, and they want to be with heaven and earth for a long time, which is unheard of.

The husband yin and yang four times, eight, twelve degrees, twenty-four verses each have a decree, the one who goes along with it prospers, and the one who goes against it does not die or dies, and it is not necessarily also, so it is said that "it makes people restrained and fearful". Fu spring is born and summer is long, autumn harvest and winter are hidden, this heavenly way of the great scripture also, Fu Shun is not the world discipline, so it is said that "the four times of the great shun, can not be lost".

The Confucianism is based on the six laws. The six scriptures are passed down to tens of millions, and they can't learn from them for generations, and they can't be investigated back then. Therefore, it is said that "the broad but the little, the hard work and the little work". The gift of the father and son of the monarch and the minister, the difference between the eldest and the youngest, although a hundred families can be easy.

The ink scholar also said Yao Shun Dao, saying that his virtue said: "The hall is three feet high, the soil steps are three grades, and the mouth is not strong." The rafters are not scraped.

Eat the soil, sip the soil and punish it. The food of sorghum, the soup of quinoa. Ge Yi in summer, deer fur in winter. "He was sent to death, and the coffin was three inches, and his voice was not full of mourning.

Teach funerals, and it will be the rate of all peoples. If the law of the world is like this, then there is no difference between respect and inferiority. The world has changed over time, and the career does not have to be the same, so it is said that "thrifty and difficult to follow". It is necessary to use this section strongly. Then people give the way to the family.

The director of this Mozi, although a hundred schools of thought can be abolished.

Legalists do not have to be close to each other, they are not very noble and low, and once they are cut off from the law, they will be deprived of the grace of respecting and respecting. It can be used for a while, but not for a long time, so it is said that "strict and less graceful". If the lord is humble. The clear division of duties must not be exceeded, although hundreds of schools of thought can be changed.

Taoism does nothing, and it is said that there is nothing to do, in fact, it is easy to do, and its words are difficult to know. Its technique is based on nothingness and is used according to the law. There is no success. Impermanence, so it can investigate the feelings of all things. Not for things first, not for things after, so can be the master of all things. There is no law, because the time is karma, there is a degree without a degree, because of the combination of things. Therefore, it is said that "the saint is immortal, and the time changes is kept." The way of the void is also constant. "Compendium of the Cause" also. The ministers came together, so that they were clear. In fact, those who are in the sound are called the end, and those who are not in the voice are called the end. If you don't listen to your words, you won't be born, you will not be virtuous, and you will be white and black. Whatever you want with your ears, nothing can be done.

Nahe avenue, mixed with the dark. Glorious in the world, reversible and nameless. The gods who are born of mortals are also the forms of those who are entrusted. If God is used greatly, he will be exhausted, if he is great, he will die. The dead cannot be resurrected, and the departed cannot be restored, so the saint is important. From the view, the essence of the life of the god is also, and the form is also the body of the life. Why don't you first determine the god *[form]*, but say, "I have to rule the world"?

......

Although the situation of the Miscellaneous School is not directly described in the "Treatise on the Essence of the Six Schools", there is no doubt that in Sima Tan's understanding, the Miscellaneous School is a school that integrates the arguments of Yin and Yang, Confucianism, Mo, Name, Law, and Morality (mainly the Huang Lao School) to develop.

The late Qing Dynasty scholar Jiang Ying mentioned the miscellaneous family in the "Reading Zi Dialect": "If it obtains the true transmission of Taoism, and what it obtains from Taoism is more than that of other families, it is only a miscellaneous family." Those who cover miscellaneous families are the sons of Taoism, and all families are side branches of Taoism. However, although his learning is based on Taoism, it is also a comprehensive and comprehensive way, and it also adopts the name of Confucianism and Mo. This is just to adopt the sayings of all schools to dredge its stream, in order to see that the royal road is pervasive, and its fate is still in Taoism. ”

Later generations believed that the arguments between Lao Tzu and Zhuangzi could not be discussed together:

Lao Tzu's positive thought is embodied in his thought of great unification and other thoughts, and the Taoist idea of great unification is broad and profound, which is a clear sign of the maturity of the historical trend of the unification of the world in the field of ********.

The concentration of Taoism's idea of great unification is also reflected in Lao Tzu in the original, original, and concise way. Because Lao Tzu and Taoism were built on a relatively complete philosophical system, they strongly penetrated into the realm of consciousness and became an important part of the Chinese nation's world outlook and social outlook at that time and later, and played a major and far-reaching role in Chinese history.

The so-called great unification of Lao Tzu's thought refers to Lao Tzu's cognitive system of understanding from the "Tao" (Heavenly Dao) of "nature" to the "Dao" (humanity) of man and society under the guidance of his Taoist philosophy. "Dao" is the core, and everything is unified in "Dao", and evolves and develops under the norms of "Dao". Lao Tzu's Taoism advocates wholeness, harmony and unity in the way of thinking; In terms of social and political thought, he focuses on the politics and ethics of Chinese naturalism, explores the fundamental principles for resolving social contradictions and antagonisms, and hopes to return the "world" full of contradictions and antagonisms to the state of "Taoist governance" through persuasion and reform that returns to simplicity and antagonism.

When Zhuangzi was still in the seclusion of the Song Kingdom, he was still publishing his lofty theories of escapism, travel, and birth, and epoch-making changes were taking place in the Qi and Chu states in the east, and Taoism was undergoing epoch-making changes; the ideological genes of Laozi's philosophy of actively joining the WTO had absorbed the nourishment of the hundreds of schools of thought, and had grown and developed into the Huang Lao School, which was extremely "aggressive," and would lead the way on the stage of Chinese history for thousands of years in the future. Between Taoism and Zhuangzi, which became another peak of Taoist development, a new school was formed at the same time as Zhuangzi and earlier Taoism, that is, the study of Huang Lao. Judging from the existing literature, the spread of Taoism can be roughly divided into two major aspects: the north and the south. The northern side is divided into the Wenzi branch of the land of the Three Jin Dynasty and the Huang Lao school of the Qi State, and their common feature is to rebuild the humanistic world based on the "Tao", and has an obvious tendency to "join the WTO". The southern first line is represented by Zhuangzi, who developed the theory of "desire" in Laozi, and then reversed the orientation of "longevity and long-term vision" into spiritual freedom, that is, "leisure", showing an obvious tendency of "birth".

Huang Lao became another type of Taoist school formed in the pre-Qin Taoism that was different from the Zhuangzi school, so he was often called Neo-Taoism. The Huang Lao school inherited and carried forward Lao Tzu's ideas of active inaction, the same governance of the body and the country, and the great unification and applied them to the humanistic world, with Taoism as the keynote, and the way of governing the hundred schools of thought was omniscient. It is eclectic to all the sons, but it is a little too complicated, so it is also called a miscellaneous family. Throughout the whole book of "Lü's Spring and Autumn Period" and "Huainanzi" and the "Huang Lao Silk Book" of Huang Lao's Taoist thought are obviously in the same line, which is another major development of Huang Lao's Taoist thought after "The Four Classics of the Yellow Emperor" and "Guanzi", which promotes the Huang Lao school's thought to further mature.

......

If the above arguments are used as a basis for the miscellaneous family, then "Huainanzi" can also be regarded as a kind of work of the miscellaneous family.

"Huainanzi" was co-authored by Liu An, the king of Huainan, and his guests. However, history says that the king of Huainan "attracted thousands of people who invited guests to practice magic", and these people could not all be the authors of "Huainanzi". Which of the guests of the King of Huainan participated in the writing of "Huainanzi". So there is a more clear statement, that it is Liu An, the king of Huainan, "and Su Fei, Li Shang, Zuo Wu, Tian You, Lei Quilt, Mao Quilt, Wu Quilt, Jin Chang and other eight people." and the disciples of the Confucian mountains and the small mountains, who talked about morality and the benevolence and righteousness of the president, and wrote this book. ”

"Huainanzi" contains twenty-one articles, thirty-three articles, the inner part discusses the Tao, and the outer part is miscellaneous. There are twenty-one of them in the present deposit. It is mainly based on Taoist thought, blending Confucianism, Yin and Yang, etc., and generally lists "Huainanzi" as a miscellaneous family. As a matter of fact. The book is guided by Taoist thought, absorbing the hundred schools of thought, and integrating them, and is a representative work of the theoretical system of Huang Lao from the Warring States Period to the early Han Dynasty. When "Huainanzi" expounded the philosophy, it involved strange things, ghosts, gods and spirits, and preserved some mythological materials, such as "Nuwa mends the sky", "Houyi shoots the sun", "Gonggong angrily touches the Zhou Mountain", "Chang'e runs to the moon", "Dayu controls the water", "Saiong loses his horse" and other ancient myths. It is mainly through this book that it has been circulated.

As for saying that "Huainanzi" is more of a school work of miscellaneous schools, it is mainly its quotation content, which in many ways conforms to the fundamental principle of "quoting the strengths of a hundred schools" of miscellaneous schools:

"Huainanzi" analyzes the reasons for the emergence of "Guanzi": "Huan Gong is worried about the troubles of China, suffers from the rebellion of Di, and wants to survive and die, and worship the position of the Son of Heaven." Guangwen and martial arts. Liu Xiang also believes: "Where the "Guanzi Book" is to enrich the country and secure the people, the Tao is about what it says, and it can be understood and the scriptures and meanings. ”

"Huainanzi" quoted the words of "Guanzi" in "Dao Yingxun", and the book "Guanzi" focuses on Taoism to encompass hundreds of schools. The ideas of "qi" and "rule of law" in "Huainanzi" can be found in the work "Guanzi" by Huang Lao.

"Lao Tzu" is the most directly cited classic of "Huainanzi", "Tao Yingxun" is actually to explain the meaning of "Lao Tzu" with historical stories, fables and legends, etc., only this one, involving "Lao Tzu" 41 chapters in 56 words, it is the same as "Han Feizi" "Xie Lao", "Yu Lao", are about "Lao Tzu" earlier annotations, which shows that the author of "Huainanzi" attaches great importance to "Lao Tzu". The most obvious influence of "Huainanzi" by "Laozi" is to take the Tao as the guiding purpose of the whole book, and make a more detailed description and regulation of the "Tao", among which "The Original Dao Training", Yang Shuda believes: "This article is full of the purpose of Lao Tzu, so it is famous for the "Original Dao". ”

There is only one direct explanation of the quotation from the "Zhuangzi" in "Huainanzi", which can be found in "Dao Yingxun": Therefore, "Zhuangzi" day: "The small year is not as good as the big year, and the small knowledge is not as good as the big knowledge." The fungus does not know the obscurity, and the cockroach does not know the spring and autumn. This sentence is from "Getaway", but in a slightly different order. However, "the allusion to the Zhuangzi is all over the place." There are thirty-three chapters of this "Zhuangzi", but the text of "Speaking of the Sword" is not found in Huainan. The remaining thirty-two articles are all cited".

Liu An is familiar with and deeply studied the Zhuangzi, and he has also done annotation work on the Zhuangzi. "Selected Writings" Xie Lingyun "Entering Huazigang is the Third Valley of Mayuan", Tao Yuanming's "Notes on Returning to the Past", Ren Yansheng's "Qi Jingling Wenxuan Wang's Behavior" Li Shan's Note and quoted Huainan Wang's "Zhuangzi Yaolu" cloud: "The people of the rivers and seas, the people of the valley, light the world, all things, and those who go alone." Zhang Jingyang's "Seven Lives" notes the cloud of Huainan Wang's "Zhuangzi Later Explanation": "Geng Shizi, the sage has no desire." There are people who fight for money, Geng Shizi destroys jade in the middle, and the fighter stops. According to this, it can be seen that Liu An, the king of Huainan, once had "Zhuangzi Essentials" and "Zhuangzi Later Explanation", but unfortunately they have been lost.

It is difficult to judge the relationship between "Huainanzi" and "Wenzi", and the content of "Wenzi" is the same as that of "Huainanzi", and the lawsuit between the two has been fought for thousands of years. The Hejaz contains: "Nine articles of Wenzi. Ban Gu self-note: "Lao Tzu's disciple, when he was with Confucius, was called King Zhou Ping. ”。 However, in 1973, the bamboo slips unearthed from the tomb of Liu Xiu, King Huai of Zhongshan in the Western Han Dynasty in Dingzhou, Hebei Province, contained "Wenzi", which provided a new opportunity to understand "Wenzi". The bamboo slip "Wenzi" and the present "Wenzi" have the same content, and there are also the inscriptions that are not found in the present book, indicating that the "Wenzi" has a origin, which is a pre-Qin ancient book that already existed in the Western Han Dynasty, and its relationship with "Huainanzi" is by no means a simple question of who copied whom.

The myth of "Gonggong Fury Cannot Touch Zhou Mountain" in "Liezi" and Liezi's exclamation that "if heaven and earth become a leaf in three years, there will be few leaves in all things", both of which appear in both books, and there is obviously some kind of inheritance relationship. The "Eight Chapters of Liezi" recorded in the "Hejaz" was compiled by Liu Xiang, and there may be elements mixed in by later generations in the process of circulation, but it is by no means a "fake book", and most of its content is credible. "Corpse" said: "Lie Zi is expensive. ("Guangze Chapter") Liu Xiang thought: "Its learning is based on the Yellow Emperor Laozi, known as the Taoist of the day." Taoists, adhere to the fundamentals, clear nothingness, and their governance of the body, do not compete, and conform to the Six Classics...... Emperor Xiaojing was a noble Huang Laoshu, and this book was quite popular in the world. ("Liezi Shulu") 2 "Liezi", which was very popular in the time of Emperor Jing, must be seen by Liu An, and "Huainanzi" also has a noble "virtual" side, and it cannot be said that there is no influence of "Liezi".

...................................................... Dividing Line................................................

For "Huainanzi", which has no shadow at the moment, Zhang Shixin's idea of supporting the miscellaneous family, or what he wants to do, is actually very simple, that is, at the right time, it is enough to announce the lifting of the ban on the content of "Lu's Spring and Autumn".

Because of Lü Buwei, the Great Qin Empire's "Lü's Spring and Autumn" was actually not widely circulated, and if you want to vigorously support the miscellaneous family, lifting the ban on "Lü's Spring and Autumn" is undoubtedly a very effective thing.

(To be continued.) )

This book is from //.html