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In the later history of this world, if Zhang Jiashi was called by later historians as the founder who could stand side by side with Shang Ying, then among the rulers of the Great Qin Empire after Zhang Jiashi, the reformers who were called to turn the tide were the reforms of Yingyu, Yinglu and Yingchong, which were the most successful and could greatly reverse the unfavorable situation for the Great Qin Empire at that time. Pen ~ fun ~ pavilion www.biquge.info

The reforms of Yingxiu, Yingyu and Yingxiao were more of a policy improvement to maintain the continuation of the Great Qin Empire.

In 17 AD, his elder brother, known as Emperor Qin Yan, died of illness less than a year after his accession to the throne, and Yingxiu, who was enthroned as the new monarch of the Great Qin Empire, began to adjust the official class and the military merit system of the Great Qin Empire again after taking power in 21 AD.

These two adjustments have three modifications:

The three adjustments to the military merit system are:

The first point is to reduce the corresponding tax reduction and exemption degree in terms of the original tax reduction and preferential treatment of the military merit system. However, due to some considerations, Yingxiu has increased the time of the corresponding tax reduction for military meritorious, for example, the adjusted tax reduction method for military merit lords below the fifth level is to reduce the tax reduction by 5 to 10, and the time is uniformly planned for five years.

Other ranks of military merit lords also choose this way to adjust accordingly.

Yingxiu did this, mainly so that the tax revenue of the Great Qin Empire could return to the normal level of revenue and expenditure in a short period of time. Prior to this, although the Great Qin Empire had not fought large-scale wars with other hostile forces, the large amount of income that the Great Qin Empire had been able to obtain was wiped out because of the sharp decline in the influence of the Great Qin Empire in Asia Minor, and even when the Qin army was only able to control some large cities such as Jerusalem and Damascus.

Such a situation triggered a financial crisis during the reign of Yingkang, who was called Emperor Qin Ping by later generations, including Yingxiu and Yingyan's father.

Although the outbreak of the financial crisis this time could not touch the fundamental interests of the ruling interests of the Great Qin Empire, in the heart of Yingxiu, who was called one of the Xingming monarchs in the Great Qin Empire, he had many plans. None of them can get around the premise of a large amount of financial investment.

Therefore, because of this, Yingxiu plans to use this method to increase the financial revenue of the Great Qin Empire to a certain extent in a short period of time to enrich the treasury of the Great Qin Empire.

Of course, before implementing this idea, Yingxiu did not think about increasing the amount of endowment to increase the country's official revenue, but he knew better that this idea was not feasible, and it was a way to kill chickens and eggs.

What is Fu

In the world where Zhang Jiashi was originally located. Later generations often understood what taxes were, but in ancient times. Taxation and taxation are often two different concepts.

Taxation is a general term for land taxation and other taxes. The original taxes in China were for rulers to levy local goods, labor, and other goods from their subordinates. Later, it gradually changed to the collection of military service and military supplies according to Dingkou, which was called "fu", and the collection of property according to land and industrial and commercial operations was called "tax". After the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the private economy continued to develop, the establishment of the land grant system, especially the implementation of the "initial tax per mu" and "initial obstruction of crops", and the state levied in kind from the peasants' land, so the taxes and taxes were gradually mixed. In the Tang and Song dynasties, the levy according to the acres of land was also called field endowment or field rent. In the Qing Dynasty, after "apportioning into mu", the combined collection of enslavement was completed. After the Xinhai Revolution, Caoliang, Luke and Guantian were all called "Tianfu". "Tax" has become a general term for state revenue or other tax collections.

Fu was not a "tax" levied on peasants in ordinary times, but a collection of carts, cattle, or labor levied by the lord on peasants when the country was at war with the outside world. In other words, "fu" is a special tax in wartime. But this was not fixed, and in many ways it became one of the main sources of private income for the monarch, as in ancient China. Fiscal revenue is also divided into two concepts: the emperor and the state. Under normal circumstances, it would be transferred to the emperor's private treasury to maintain the royal income.

In the Lu Ding Ji, the monk Fu Lin proposed to Xuan Ye the concept of never increasing taxes, not that the national tax would never be raised, but that the peasants and some major tax payers at that time would not be allowed to pay taxes. Increasing the pressure on this aspect.

At that time, in history, the Qing Dynasty in 1712 in the joke of "prosperous Ziding, never add endowment", although it was said that Kangxi did not increase the apportionment of the endowment, but for the entire Qing Dynasty, the tax became more and more onerous, which also led to the Qianlong Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty. Several peasant uprisings led by the White Lotus sect broke out.

Yingxiu knows very well that the essence of tax increases and tax increases are the same, and there is no substantial difference between them, as a monarch who wants to do something big, Yingxiu doesn't want her backyard to catch fire first.

Therefore, Yingxiu will make adjustments in this regard.

And Yingxiu believes that in some books left by her ancestor Zhang Jiashi, a concept put forward can more effectively improve the predicament of the Great Qin Empire in this regard, and this concept is the "war dividend".

What is the war dividend

In ancient wars, the expansion of a dynasty's territory is undoubtedly the biggest dividend. It has expanded the living space of a nation to an unprecedented extent and ensured the land and resources needed for the transmission of the family and the reproduction of the descendants.

In Chinese history, a country's conquest is more of a reflection of the focus of war dividends. Especially in troubled times, many countries will only fight stronger and stronger, because in some cases, the dividends of war can effectively compensate for the losses in this area, and even gain more than they lose.

Although the Great Qin Empire once again consolidated the defense of the Great Wall, judging from the results of its Battle of Yinshan in Hetao, the capture of Henan was a kind of war dividend seeking in some aspects, such as the horse farm of high-quality war horses and the acquisition of a broader buffer area for the Xianyang region, which was one of the war dividends obtained by the Great Qin Empire at that time.

The weakening of the strength of the Xiongnu can also be seen as an additional war dividend for the Great Qin Empire.

After all, because of the disastrous defeat of Touman Danyu in the Battle of Yinshan in Hetao, the strength of the Xiongnu was greatly weakened, and they were unable to launch a large-scale offensive on the border of the Great Qin Empire again in a short period of time, which is enough to show that this situation can be regarded as a very rich war dividend.

Yingxiu, with its other two aspects of military reform, made women an auxiliary soldier, improved the ability of the Great Qin Emperor's first-aid system, and vigorously developed firearms and equipment that Zhang Jiashi could not develop on a large scale, which became a decisive victory and provided a solid foundation for Yingxiu to deal with the Western enemy mainly Rome.

In 37 A.D. The fierce battle between the Great Qin Empire and the Roman coalition outside Damascus, with the superior play of firearms, severely damaged the Roman coalition army, which was more than twice the number of the Qin army, and won the bloody battle of Damascus.

In the aftermath of this war, Rome and some of the countries and tribes that depended on the Romans were unable to recover in a short period of time, and their military system suffered a serious blow. It became the biggest positive factor for the Great Qin Empire to invade Rome and recover the Kingdom of Egypt again.

Dividing line

And in contrast to military reforms. Yingxiu's reform of the government affairs system can be said to be drastic.

Its most prominent manifestation is that the Great Qin Empire, under Yingxiu's tough attitude, changed from the system of three princes and nine secretaries to the system of three provinces and six ministries.

This system of three provinces and six ministries is not an advanced idea that Yingxiu came up with by herself, but a version that has been revised accordingly based on the corresponding manuscript left by Zhang Jiashi.

In the world where Zhang Jiashi originally lived, the system of three provinces and six ministries was a set of well-organized central bureaucracy in ancient Chinese feudal society. It was established in the Sui Dynasty and thereafter until the end of the Qing Dynasty. The six-part system has basically remained unchanged; for the three-province system, Shangshu Province was formed in the Eastern Han Dynasty and called Shangshutai, and Zhongshu Province and Menxia Province were formed in the Three Kingdoms period, with the purpose of dividing and limiting the power of Shangshu Province.

In the process of development, the organizational form and power evolved, and it was not until the Sui Dynasty that it was neatly organized into three provinces and six ministries, which were mainly responsible for the formulation, review and implementation of central decrees and policies. The rulers of different periods made some adjustments and additions that were conducive to strengthening the centralization of power.

Emperor Wen of Sui set up three divisions, three dukes, five provincial scholars, subordinates, internal histories, secretaries and internal servants in the central government. The Third Division and the Third Duke are just a kind of honorary titles. Among the five provinces. Only the three provinces of Shangshu, Menxia, and Neishi are the real central organs of power, and the secretaries are in charge of books and classics, and their duties are relatively light; Each of the three provinces has a clear division of labor.

The province of internal history was later changed to Zhongshu Province and Zhongshu Province, and the ancient official signed it. Wei Caopi was established as an agency in charge of confidential information and issuing government decrees. Along to the Sui and Tang dynasties, it became the center of national government affairs. In the Sui Dynasty, it was changed to "Inner History Province". The province of Zhongshu holds the administrative power. Together with the Privy Council, which is in charge of military power, it is called the "Second House". In the Yuan Dynasty, the Governor General of Zhongshu Province was in charge of the three powers: government, military and supervision. The two provinces of Menxia and Shangshu were abolished, so the province of Zhongshu was particularly important compared with the previous generation. A part of the local administration is also in the hands of the Ministry of Central Books. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Hongwu abolished Zhongshu Province in the thirteenth year, and the emperor directly led the six departments. Emperor Yongle of the Ming Dynasty set up a cabinet. Confidential responsibilities began to be placed in the "Cabinet". Responsible for drafting the edicts.

"Menxia Province" is the name of the official office. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was a waiter, the rank was more than 2,000 stones, it belonged to the Shaofu, and the position was to serve the emperor around, praise and guide the people, and the adviser should deal with it, and the emperor went out, then the attendant participated. Menxia Province was originally the emperor's chamberlain, but during the Northern and Southern Dynasties, its power gradually expanded, and the Northern Dynasty became the center of gravity of the central government. During the Sui and Tang dynasties, he and Zhongshu Province were in charge of the same secrets, discussed national affairs, and were responsible for reviewing edicts, signing seals, and having the right to refute them. Its prefect is called Shizhong, or Nayan, Zuo Xiang, and Huangmen Supervisor, all of which vary from time to time. Under it, there are officials such as the Yellow Gate Squire, the Servant of the Giving Affairs, the Loose Cavalry Attendant, the Counselor Doctor, and the Living Lang.

Shangshu Province, named after the Southern Song Dynasty, was formerly known as "Shangshutai". It was developed from Shangshu, the secretarial organ of the emperor of the Han Dynasty. It is the highest government decree body of the central government from the Wei, Jin and Song dynasties, and is one of the highest power organs of the central government. The organizational structure of the "Shangshu Province" was finalized in the Sui Dynasty.

The decentralization of power among the three provinces will inevitably lead to such drawbacks as mutual conflict and low efficiency. In order to coordinate the actions of the three provinces, the heads of the three provinces regularly meet in the government hall of the province of Menxia. Since the beginning of the Wude period, the Zhongshu and the door have been assembled in the political hall, and the political hall is located in the province of Menxia.

Take the Tang Dynasty system as an example: there are six departments, including the Ministry of Officials, the Ministry of Rites, the Ministry of War, the Ministry of Crime, the Ministry of Civil Affairs, and the Ministry of Industry, and there are 24 divisions under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Officials and the Lord. The six Shangshu are all named after the "department" where they are located, while the Lang official is named after the "division" where they are located. Responsible for the execution of the edict.

The Ministry of Officials is in charge of the appointment and dismissal, examination, promotion, and transfer of officials across the country. There are four divisions: the Ming and Qing dynasties are the Wenxuan Qing Officials Division, the Seal Inspection Division, the Auditing Division and the Examination Division. The chief of the division is Langzhong, and the deputy chief is the outer officer, and his subordinate officials have the principal, the history of the order, the history of the book, etc. The Department of Selecting Officials is in charge of examining the grade of the clerical and listing, awarding, selecting, promoting, and handling monthly selection. The sealing department is in charge of the affairs of knighthood, secular office, grace, difficulty, invitation, and donation. The Department of Auditing and Honors is in charge of civil servants' system, lifelong maintenance, and handling the succession, naturalization, and reinstatement of officials. The Examination Department is in charge of the division and discussion of civil officials, and handles the Beijing inspection and general plans.

Hubu, signed by an ancient Chinese official. As the organ in charge of household registration and finance, one of the six departments, the chief is the head of the household department Shangshu, once called the local official, the big Situ, the prime minister, the big Si Nong, etc. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the household department was in charge of the territory, land, household registration, taxation, salaries and all financial matters of the country. Its internal handling of government affairs is divided into divisions according to the regional division of labor. In addition to being in charge of the money and food saved, each department is also in charge of some of the general affairs of other yamen, and their responsibilities are often overlapping.

The Ministry of Rites, the north and south are facing the north and the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty. The Sui and Tang dynasties were one of the six. Passed through the ages. The prefect is the secretary of the Ministry of Rites. It is used for the five ceremonies of Kaoji, Jia, Military, Guest, and Murderer, and manages the affairs of the national schools, the imperial examinations, and the affairs of the vassals and foreign countries. There are four divisions under the Ministry of Rites. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, they all were: the ceremonial system of the Qing Officials Division, the Jiajia ceremony, the military etiquette and the management of academic affairs, the imperial examination, and the ancestral sacrifice of the Qing Officials Division. In charge of auspicious rites and fierce ceremonies, the Department of Host and Guest Cleaners, the Department of Guest Rites and the reception of foreign guests, and the Department of Fine Dining and Cleansing Officials, in charge of the affairs of feasts and sacrifices.

The Ministry of War, one of the six departments of the Sui Dynasty, is in charge of the selection of military attachés and military registrations, ordnance, military orders, etc. Originated from the Five Soldiers of the Three Kingdoms and Wei. Cao Wei began to place five soldiers in the middle, outside, cavalry, farewell, and capital books, and there were also relevant military driving departments, car departments, and treasury departments. Each Cao Shilang. The Sui Dynasty was combined into the military department, with Shangshu as the main officer and Shilang as the deputy official. Until the end of the Qing Dynasty. It has been passed down from generation to generation, but the functions and powers are different. The military departments of the Song, Liao, Jin, and Yuan did not have jurisdiction over military administration. The Ming Dynasty military department is still called "this soldier", the most important power, all the military guards and military selection and concise, are their palms. In 1906, the 32nd Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty abolished the Ministry of War and reorganized the Ministry of the Army.

Penal Department. Emperor Wen of Sui established a six-part system, at the beginning of the northern Qi Dynasty, the capital official was placed in the north, the chief official was Shangshu, and the second official, Emperor Yang was designated as the squire. Later generations are in charge of the legal prison with the Criminal Department, which is parallel to the Dali Temple of the Supreme Court. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the Criminal Department served as the agency in charge of the national criminal decree and the examination of criminal names. The final trial and review of major cases with the Inspectorate and the Dali Temple are in charge of the "three law system". The specific duties of the Criminal Department are: to examine and approve various laws, to review criminal cases sent to the Ministry in various localities, to hear death penalty cases "pending in prison" in conjunction with Jiuqing, and to directly try cases in Gyeonggi Prefecture and above.

The Ministry of Works, the organ in charge of construction projects, is one of the six departments, and the chief is the secretary of the Ministry of Works. He was once called the Winter Official, the Great Sikong, etc. The Ministry of Industry originated from the winter officials in the official system of the Zhou Dynasty, and Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty placed five Shangshu, three of whom were called Mincao. In the Later Han Dynasty, the people and Cao were also the main repairs, meritorious works, salt ponds, and gardens. After the Western Jin Dynasty, Cao Zhangtuntian was placed in the field, and there was a ministry in charge of the project, and the water department was in charge of navigation and water conservancy. After Zhou according to the Zhou official, the winter official mansion was placed, and the chief was the big secretary. In the second year of the opening of the Sui Dynasty, the Ministry of Industry was set up to be in charge of various projects, craftsmen, tuntian, and water conservancy.

At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, there was no Zhongshu order, and the six departments of the province were still unified by Zhongshu, and the chief was called the prime minister. In the thirteenth year of Taizu Hongwu, Hu Weiyong was punished, the prime minister was abolished, the Zhongshu Province was abolished, and the six ministries were directly responsible to the emperor. At this point, the three provinces of the three-province six-ministry system were completely abolished.

Among the classics left by Zhang Jiashi, Yingxiu saw a more efficient official system than the Three Princes and Nine Secretaries system. But Yingxiu is not too reckless people, because the three princes and nine kings in this period have formed a system of vested interest groups, and if they act recklessly, it will naturally cause great trauma to the official system of the Great Qin Empire, and may even touch the foundation of the Great Qin Empire.

And in many ways, Yingxiu doesn't think it's a good thing to promote her friend to such a high-ranking official all at once. In the handling of government affairs, the role played by experienced veterans is obviously even greater.

So after thinking about it, Yingxiu decided to hold a comprehensive consultation on this matter at the court meeting in 27 AD.

But what Yingxiu didn't expect was that after he put forward his revision plan for the three provinces and six ministries, he actually got a situation in which half of the officials agreed with it and half of the officials strongly opposed it.

This made him overjoyed. Because in his expectation, the resistance he encountered would not be too small. And the emergence of such a situation obviously made Yingxiu find a way to solve this problem quickly.

That is, he focuses on co-opting these officials who agree with his ideas, and then suppresses those who oppose them.

In 30 AD, after the official promulgation of the edict on the system of three provinces and six ministries of the Great Qin Empire, Yingxiu determined the first batch of officials of the three provinces and six ministries.

Wang Feng, the chief official of Menxia Province, Fu Teng, the chief official of Shangshu Province, Zhao Mao, the chief officer of the Ministry of Military Affairs, Xia Houdian, the chief officer of the Ministry of Officials, Zheng Shu, the chief officer of the Ministry of Households, Kong Wen, the chief officer of the Ministry of Agriculture, Deng Yang, the chief officer of the Ministry of Industry, Gao Hang, the chief officer of the Criminal Department, and Zhang You, the chief official of the Ministry of Rites.

Among them, except for Zhang You, who was a classmate of Yingxiu and was born in the Zhang family in Xianyang, the others were mainly promoted from the officials who supported him.

In a sense, Yingxiu's system of three provinces and six ministries also laid the foundation for the subsequent victory of the war.

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