Remember [Wulin ♂ ÷ in the text☆.] in one second, update fast, no pop-ups, free to read!

Europe, on the eve of the birth of science, is a world in which people's hearts fluctuate.

The horror of the Black Death made people more and more rational. Realizing that bloodletting, smoking, and even killing Jews without bathing and doing anything could not stop the unbridled spread of this demon, more and more people began to think about the meaning of religion. On the other hand, the Crusader Wars broadened the horizons of Europeans. Later, the decline of the Byzantine Empire, the rightful successor to the Roman Empire, the rise of Ottoman Turkey, and the advent of the Age of Discovery, made them even more uncertain.

After all, compared to other civilizations in the Old World, Europe at this time did not have much advantage. In particular, the spread and collision of different ideas made the mainstream Christian culture in Europe feel both a crisis and an opportunity.

Levi had even heard a saying.

To the effect that in the embryonic stage of science, Christianity did not suppress this new thing much. The Church turned a blind eye to the major figures of the time, such as Copernicus. As for Bruno, who was burned to death, it is a big misunderstanding, because this thing is not a scientist, but a cultist who worships the god of the sun. And why do Christian churches do this, because they need to prove the greatness of God.

At that time, Europe was neither rich nor powerful compared to the Ming Empire and Ottoman Turkey during the same period. If you want to open up this market, only ideas are pressed from the culture. Otherwise, how can the glory of God be spread? Thus the scientific method of understanding the world was taken into account by the Church in this current of thought. Early scientists, and even many were clergy.

Levi thinks this is indeed possible.

After understanding "what science is", this contradictory thing is actually easy to explain.

What is science?

This is a way for human beings to perceive the world and perceive the world.

However, it has several distinctive features compared to other methods.

The first is that it needs to be realistic, to see with your own eyes, to listen with your ears, rather than following the crowd, or if you can't figure out any problems, you can directly ask God to worship the Buddha. This is positivism.

But pure singular positivism is not enough.

You have to get up every day and record everything in every detail until you go to bed at night and close your eyes, so that you can get a lot of facts and confirm the confirmation. But it doesn't help you understand the world well, and it's hard to generate any scientific knowledge.

Scientific observation has a certain procedure and structure.

It is often driven by theory, which requires a bunch of verified knowledge such as mathematics, and even needs the aid of some equipment, such as telescopes and microscopes, because the human senses have limitations after all. Thus, the first characteristic is "systematic positivism".

It requires you not only to see with your eyes, but also to know how to see, the steps to see, and what to use to help you see.

But if there are only one or two people watching, even if you look at it carefully, it is easy to have problems.

On this basis, science has evolved a second characteristic, which is public, testable knowledge.

Things that only one person can master are not science at all. Because there's no way to prove if these things are real, or if they're just someone's daydream, wishful thinking.

Science has adopted a reproducibility methodology for this.

It requires that for a discovery to be recognized as science, it must at least be rediscovered by others in the same way. In other words, you can't just see the new thing, but everyone else has to see it the same way. If not, then how can you prove that this new thing is real, or if it was a mistake that you were dazzled by.

When a "repetitive" achievement is completed, it completes a public task. Because since then, this new discovery means that it can be grasped and understood by later generations, and on this basis, it can be criticized, pondered, and continuously improved. Because of this, science can continue to improve and grow. Later, people can explore the foundation of their predecessors until they themselves become a rock on the mountain of science that can be climbed by man.

From this, there is a special system, which is peer review.

In other words, if you have any new discoveries, you can submit them to the scientific community of the same discipline for review. These groups, generally scientific journals.

This is also the most important way to distinguish between pseudoscience and true science.

Those blind folk science and demagogic pseudoscience are directly publishing their so-called achievements through the media, because ordinary people do not have the ability to recognize them. There is no way, the scientific knowledge system is already very large, and no one can be a generalist, which undoubtedly gives them an opportunity to take advantage of. It is precisely because of this that peer review has become the most important threshold to protect our general melon-eating masses.

So, I've seen people who claim that their findings are so important that they're being persecuted by science, and it's recommended to report them to the police, which is spreading pseudoscience.

From these two characteristics, you can see the characteristic of science - rigor.

In fact, science can indeed be said to be the most rigorous discipline of mankind at present.

Even in pursuit of rigor and correctness, science does a third thing - it only studies empirical questions that can be tested and falsified.

The questions of scientific research are always simple, clear and concrete, and can lead to definite answers.

Questions such as "what is the meaning of life", "what is the truth of death", and "whether human nature is inherently good or evil" have been directly excluded from the scope of scientific research.

And what is the problem that science solves?

"What effect does tomatoes have on their growth due to 24-hour bright light" and "The digestion process of apples in the stomach" are the questions that science needs to study.

Because they can be answered.

And the steps that science takes to answer them are also obsessive.

It is usually a prediction made in advance, and then in the course of the experiment, to see if the prediction is accurate. This is also one aspect of what distinguishes scientists from the gods. Divine sticks are often hindsight, and whatever moth appears, they can use that set of theories to explain the circle to you. But when he is asked to make predictions about the future, he often fails to do so. Scientists are different, and that's what people play.

It is precisely because everything pays attention to such falsifiability that the conclusion drawn is reliable.

After knowing this, Levi has always felt that science is the most reliable thing invented by human beings. Although it has limitations, it is not something that a dog can threaten.

I believe that the Christian church at the beginning, in the face of the rigor of science to a certain extent, will probably believe that it can prove how great its own lord is. That's why there are so many weird scenes, the most famous of which is Newton's belief in God in the late period. In fact, all the scientists of that era believed in God. Because science was in its infancy at that time, the accumulation of sound knowledge did not reach the level of denying religion.

But by Darwin's time, the relationship between science and religion had changed for a long time, and it was becoming incompatible. Darwin used a bunch of correlated evidence, such as botany, paleontology, and so on, to de facto disprove the Bible's account.

The Bible makes it clear that God created birds on the fifth day and insects on the sixth day, which is in fact impossible. Complex birds never appear before simple insects.

In Einstein's time, the two were already distinct. Although there are many fools, it is rumored that this great god also believes in Christ. But in fact, people have already stated in their autobiographies that they do not believe in any personified God at all.

As for the 21st century, surveys by the National Academy of Sciences show that the percentage of scientists who believe in religion is negligible.

In fact, with the popularization of education and the spread of knowledge, the status of religion has long been scientific. In specialized statistics, a clear trend has been shown - the richer the country, the more atheistic the people. Although there are two freaks in it, Zhong Xiu and US imperialism. (Although the GDP is in the sixties and seventies, the proportion of atheism in this dynasty is basically in the same range as the richest countries such as Germany.) And US imperialism is worthy of the shame of developed countries, taking the place that China should have. ）

In fact, even now, science has not solved God's problem.

After all, this thing is not a simple, testable problem, it is outside the scope of scientific research.

The current science only means that all the religions on the earth today have a wrong understanding of the concept of "God", which is currently unfalsifiable. But if God really exists, then science is the religion that truly spreads its glory.

You know, because of the public character, science is constantly moving forward. More and more unexplainable questions have been dragged into the realm of science. For example, the complex concept of love, which now involves dozens of psychological and thinking mysteries, has escalated to a problem that can be studied.

Although in the process of growing up, science is also constantly denying itself. But once it is included in the realm of science, there is absolutely no room for the rest of the learning. It can be said that even if so-and-so scientific knowledge is wrong in the end, it is definitely the one that is closest to the truth at that time.

There is a passage about science climbing to the top of the mountain, only to find that philosophy has been waiting for it for a long time.

In reality, however, the army of science is coming to the top of an unknown mountain, and when it finally sets foot here, nothing else will have a place to stand.

(It's still a lot of science, but it can't be helped, this concept is too important.) I have always felt that one of the biggest problems of education in the Celestial Empire is that we only say that we should believe in science, but never explain why we should believe in science. This concept is classified as the focus of the high school entrance examination and the college entrance examination, which is completely deserved. But in fact, not to mention middle school students, high school students, many college students don't seem to know much about it。。。。。 ）