readx;?? The history of tea in China is a very special case that Zhang Jiashi believes is a commodity. Pen & Fun & Pavilion www.biquge.info∵ Eight ∵ Eight ∵ Read ∵ Books, .↗.▲o

Even at this time, tea is basically not widely cultivated in other regions, and it is far less than tea in later generations to become a large proportion of crops in China's planting industry.

And now the tea is mainly from Shu County, Qianzhong County and even the ancient Dian Kingdom of the crops.

Zhang Jiashi is very interested in the existence of the Ancient Dian Kingdom, but judging from the current situation, even if he travels west from Qianzhong County, crosses the Wumeng Mountains, which are actually similar to no man's land, and enters the Ancient Dian Kingdom, I am afraid that he will have to pay a very heavy price.

This is also the main reason why the First Emperor has never had any thoughts about the ancient Dian Kingdom: it's not that he doesn't want to, but it's too difficult.

Zhang Jiashi did not think about one point, that is, along the river, upstream, and the way of water transportation was correspondingly connected with the ancient Dian Kingdom. But the reality is that this is basically not possible, because it is likely that the price to be paid by going upstream through the river will be more severe than the price of crossing the southern Sichuan region or even crossing the Umeng Mountains.

Zhang Jiashi is very helpless about this, because even the ancient tea horse road, which is quite famous in Chinese history, may not have formed a corresponding scale or even the most basic development at present.

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The Ancient Tea Horse Road refers to the non-governmental international trade channel that exists in southwest China and uses horse gangs as the main means of transportation, and is a corridor for ethnic economic and cultural exchanges in southwest China.

The Ancient Tea Horse Road originated from the tea and horse market in the ancient southwest frontier, flourished in the Tang and Song dynasties, flourished in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and was the most prosperous in the middle and late stages of World War II. The Ancient Tea Horse Road is divided into Shaanxi-Gansu, Shaanxi-Kang-Tibet, and Yunnan-Tibet, connecting Sichuan, Yunnan, and Tibet, extending into Bhutan, Sikkim, Nepal, and India, until it reaches the Red Sea coast of West Asia and West Africa.

There are three ancient Chinese tea horse roads:

The first is the Shaanxi-Gansu Tea Horse Ancient Road, which is the main road for tea from Chinese mainland to travel west and exchange back for horses.

The second is the Shaanxi-Kang-Tibetan Tea Horse Ancient Road (Ancient Road), which was mainly opened up by Shaanxi people. "Ming Taizu Records" (volume 251) recorded: "The tea of Qin Shu is used for more than 5,000 miles from Diaomen, Li, Ya to Duogan, and Wusizang. The people of the land shall not live without it for a day. It is enough to show that the demand for tea at that time was large and the scope was wide;

The third Yunnan-Tibet Ancient Tea Horse Road:

The Shaanxi-Gansu Tea Horse Ancient Road is one of the main routes of the ancient Silk Road. "The New Tang Dynasty Book, The Biography of Lu Yu" contains: "(In the Tang Dynasty), when he returned to the dynasty, he began to drive the horse market tea. "The main means of transport is camels. Tea and horses refer to the sale of tea for horses (tea and horses here are both commodities).

The Ancient Tea Horse Road of Shaanxi Kang-Tibet - The Ancient Tea Horse Road, which began in the Tang Dynasty, was formed by the tea and horse markets of Shaanxi merchants and the ancient southwest frontier. Due to the government control of tea sales in the Ming and Qing dynasties, tea sales are divided into regions, among which the most prosperous tea and horse trading market is in Kangding, called --- Ancient Road. Tea source: First, southern Shaanxi tea, southern Shaanxi belongs to the Hanshui Basin, is the ancient Bashu tea area.

According to the Huayang National Chronicles, more than 3,000 years ago, the Ba people in southern Shaanxi planted tea trees, drank tea, and paid tribute to the imperial court, which is the birthplace of Chinese tea and the birthplace of tea culture. The second is southern tea, which is purchased in Anhua, Hunan and other places, transported to Jingyang, and processed into brick tea that is easy to transport.

The Sichuan-Tibet Ancient Tea Horse Road is a part of the Shaanxi-Kang-Tibet Ancient Tea Horse Road, which starts from Ya'an, the tea producing area of Yazhou in the east, passes through the Dajian furnace (now Kangding), reaches Lhasa, Tibet in the west, and finally leads to Bhutan, Nepal and India, with a total length of nearly 4,000 kilometers, with a history of more than 1,300 years, with profound historical accumulation and cultural heritage, and is an indispensable bridge and link between ancient Tibet and the hinterland.

The Yunnan-Tibet Tea Horse Road was formed in the late sixth century AD, starting from Yiwu and Pu'er cities in Xishuangbanna, the main tea-producing areas of Yunnan in the south, and passing through today's Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture and Lijiang City and Shangri-La into Tibet and reaching Lhasa directly. Some of them were also re-exported from Tibet to India and Nepal, which was an important trade route between China and South Asia in ancient times. Pu'er is a unique and advantageous cargo production and transit distribution center on the Ancient Tea Horse Road, with a long history.

Later generations believed that the history of the development of the Ancient Tea Horse Road was roughly as follows:

In 138 B.C., Zhang Qian was ordered by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to send an envoy to the Western Regions, the Great Yue Clan, and saw bamboo and kapok cloth in Bactria and learned that there was a trade route in West Asia leading to Yunnan and Sichuan through Shenfu (India).

After ten years of imprisonment, Zhang Qian returned to the Han Dynasty and reported to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty about the situation of the Western Regions, and told him that Yunnan and Sichuan in the Han region had trade with India and Persia.

Zhang Qian's speculation that the Shu Poison Road (the ancient road from Yunnan and Sichuan to India) was called the "Southern Silk Road" by some scholars in later generations, and this road is likely to be the predecessor of the Ancient Tea Horse Road.

According to historical records, Chinese tea was first spread overseas, dating back to the Northern and Southern Dynasties. At that time, Chinese merchants exported tea to the Eastern Roman Empire or Arabia at the time by bartering tea on the border with foreign peoples.

During the Sui and Tang dynasties, with the development and growth of the border trade market and the opening of the Silk Road, Chinese tea was transported to West Asia, North Asia and Arabia through the Hui and Western Regions in the form of tea and horse trade, and finally arrived in Russia and European countries through Siberia.

From the Tang Dynasty onwards, successive rulers actively adopted the means of controlling the tea and horse trade. From the first year of Emperor Suzong of Tang Dynasty to the first year of the millennium (756 AD), he drove the horse tea market in the Hui region of Mongolia, creating a precedent for tea and horse trading.

During the Northern Song Dynasty, tea and horse trading was mainly in Shaanxi and Gansu, and Yima's tea was taken from Sichuan and Shu on the spot, and tea and horses were purchased in Chengdu and Qinzhou (now Tianshui, Gansu).

During the Yuan Dynasty, the government abolished the policy of governing the borders of tea and horses in the Song Dynasty.

In the Ming Dynasty, the tea and horse policy was restored, and it was intensified, using this policy as an important means of ruling the people of all ethnic groups in the northwest region. During the Hongwu period of Ming Taizu, a high-class horse was exchanged for a maximum of 120 catties of tea. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, it was set that the top horse was exchanged for tea for thirty grates, the middle twenty, and the lower fifteen. Tang Xianzu, a writer in the Ming Dynasty, wrote in the poem "Tea Horse": "Black tea is beautiful, and Qiang and horses are so special." "Qiang horse and yellow tea, Huma asks for gold beads. This shows the prosperity and prosperity of the tea and horse trading market at that time.

In the Qing Dynasty, the policy of governing the border of tea and horses was relaxed, and there were more private tea merchants, and in the tea and horse trade, they spent more tea and less horses. In the thirteenth year of Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty, the government-run tea and horse trading system was terminated.

From the Sui and Tang dynasties to the Qing Dynasty, the tea and horse trading border system has gone through nearly a thousand years of vicissitudes. During the long years of trading in the tea and horse market, Chinese merchants used their own feet to step out of a rugged and stretching ancient tea horse road in the northwest and southwest borders.

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Judging from the situation of the Ancient Tea Horse Road, the scale of tea planting in the ancient Dian Kingdom should not be too large at present, but this situation does not mean that there is no tea cultivation in the ancient Dian Kingdom.

On the contrary, the Ancient Tea Horse Road is likely to be a distribution and transportation route for many types of tea, and the section of the road in the ancient Dian region is most obviously used as a production area for Pu'er tea.

Of course, it is very likely that Zhuang Ji defeated many Pu people to occupy the corresponding domain of the ancient Dian Kingdom.

As the earliest tribe to grow tea, it is said that during the period of King Wu of Zhou, the Pu people offered tea to King Wu of Zhou for worship.

It is very likely that during the reign of Qin Shi Huang, Qin Shi Huang planned to attack the ancient Dian kingdom, because the roads were rugged and difficult, and the ancient Dian kingdom had been holding the dangerous place for a long time, and finally abandoned such an operation.

Thinking of this, Zhang Jiashi had no choice but to give up his plan to communicate with the ancient Dian Kingdom.

In fact, Zhang Jiashi did not think that there was any practical benefit to conquering the ancient Dian Kingdom, and the price he paid may be more heavy than the opening up of the three southern counties during the initial emperor's period.

Therefore, for the large-scale production of tea, Zhang Jiashi believes that the current is not the best opportunity.

At least before it can be sold domestically, Zhang Jiashi does not think that large-scale tea planting will have any profits at all, and if you want to do this, it is obviously not possible to change it in a short time.

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In addition to tea, the Great Qin Empire also has porcelain now.

Any utensils made of porcelain clay are called porcelain. However, there is no consensus on the specific definition of porcelain.

It is generally believed that the following must be present in order to be called porcelain: First, the fetal material of porcelain must be porcelain clay. The composition of porcelain clay is mainly kaolin and cosmetic clay, and contains feldspar, quartz and mullite components, and it is low in iron. After high temperature firing, the tire color is white, transparent or translucent, and the carcass water absorption rate is less than 1%, or no water absorption.

Second, the carcass of porcelain must be roasted at a high temperature of 1200C~1300C before it has the physical properties of porcelain. The porcelain clay is different in different places, and the firing temperature is also different, so the sintering shall prevail.

Third, the glaze applied to the surface of the porcelain must be a vitreous glaze fired together with the porcelain at high temperatures.

The invention of porcelain is the great contribution of the Han nation to world civilization, and "porcelain" is the same word as China in English.

Around the middle of the Shang Dynasty in the 16th century BC, early porcelain appeared in China. Because it is still rough on the carcass and in the firing process of the glaze layer, the firing temperature is also low, showing primitiveness and transition, so it is generally called "primitive porcelain".

Chinese porcelain evolved from pottery, and the original porcelain originated more than 3,000 years ago. By the time of the Song Dynasty, the famous porcelain kilns had spread throughout most of China, and it was the most prosperous period of the porcelain industry. At that time, Ru kiln, Guan kiln, Ge kiln, Jun kiln and Ding kiln were called the five famous kilns of the Song Dynasty, and the more famous firewood kiln and Jianyao kiln were at that time. The blue and white porcelain produced in Jingdezhen, Jiangxi, known as the porcelain capital, in the Yuan Dynasty has become a representative of porcelain. The blue and white porcelain enamel is as transparent as water, the fetal body is thin and lightweight, and the white porcelain body is coated with blue ornamentation, which is elegant and fresh, full of vitality. Blue and white porcelain became popular as soon as it appeared, and became the crown of traditional porcelain in Jingdezhen. Together with blue and white porcelain, there are also blue and white exquisite porcelain, pastel porcelain and color glazed porcelain. In addition, there are sculpture porcelain, thin porcelain, colorful porcelain, etc., all of which are very exquisite, each with its own characteristics.

Colorful porcelain is one of the great inventions of ancient China, and "porcelain" and "China" are the same word in English, which fully shows that the exquisite Chinese porcelain can be used as a representative of China. High-grade porcelain has a much higher production process difficulty than ordinary porcelain, so there is no shortage of fine porcelain collections in the ancient royal family.

In China, the word "porcelain" was first used in Xu Shen's Shuowen Jie Zi. The word "porcelain" referred to "pottery" before the Han Dynasty, and Xu Shen's "Shuowen Jie Zi" explained that "porcelain" was: "pottery, from the tile." ”。 "Book of Sui" He Chou Biography recorded that "the craftsman did not take the clear intention, and the thick green porcelain was used for it". The green porcelain of that time was supposed to include certain glazed glass-like products that we would call celadon today.

The term "magnetic" has long been found in Tang Dynasty documents. At that time, the use of magnetism and porcelain was also relatively clear. Such as "New Tang Dynasty Book. The Geographical Chronicle records: "Tugong Magnetism in Julu County, Xingzhou, and Tugong Porcelain in Huiji County, Yuezhou." ”。

At that time, some kilns in Cizhou would produce until the Tang Dynasty. Then the initial appearance of magnets is likely to have the same meaning as the names of Yueqi and Xingqi, referring to the ceramic magnets produced in Cizhou. Of course, "magnetic" may also refer to the products of the entire southern Hebei region. This type of magnet is definitely different from porcelain in appearance. Therefore, the "New Tang Dynasty Book" is recorded with different titles. In the Book of Tang and the Geographical Chronicles, it is recorded that "Tugong Yanyun Anxi" was under the jurisdiction of Hebei at that time, and it seems that the circumstantial evidence that "Ciqi" also includes Anglu products. In terms of physical materials, the Linshui of Cizhou has found the kiln site of the Tang Dynasty, and many Tang ceramics have been unearthed from the tomb, including celadon, white porcelain and brown glazed porcelain. These can all be included in the "magnetic" range.

Due to the huge output of magnets, not only the marketing scope has expanded to the entire northern part of China, the government and the people have benefited from it, but also many have been exported abroad. As a result, the phenomenon of replacing "porcelain" with "magnetic" appeared in the literature, and the "magnetic culture" with rich connotations was constructed. Since the Song Dynasty, "magnetic" and "porcelain" began to be mixed.

The term "magnetic" was widely used in the ceramic literature of the Yuan Dynasty to refer to ceramic magnetic products with a strong carcass, and the word "porcelain" was no longer used. Yuan scholar Yelu Chucai in "Pei Wenyun Fu" volume 96. 〈Seven Shu bowl off. The Magnetic Bowl says: "The mountain fruit reflects the magnetic bowl, and the thin turbid Miao half a clay pot." "Yuan History" records that Jingdezhen set up the "Fuliang Magnetic Bureau", and the word "magnetic" is also used. (However, in recent years, some scholars in Jingdezhen have arbitrarily rewritten the historical materials of the "Fuliang Magnetic Bureau" set up in the "Yuan History" as the "Fuliang Porcelain Bureau" in their articles.) In Pengcheng unearthed a piece of "Xijiang Moon" in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, Pengcheng Cizhou kiln still retains the title of "kiln". During the Song, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, many place names that produced ceramic magnets in various parts of our country also used the word "magnetic" of magnetics, such as "Cicun kiln" in Shandong, "magnetic kiln" in Fujian, "magnetic peak kiln" in Ningxia, and the term "magnetic" swept the world.

In the Ming Dynasty, with the establishment of the Pengcheng kiln as a ceramic production center in northern China, the records of magnetic ware gradually became richer. The word "magnetic" has been interpreted in various ways and has a specific and definite meaning. The Ming Dynasty scholar Cao Zhongming pointed out in the "Treatise on Gegu": "Ancient magnets come out of Cizhou". It is pointed out that before the Ming Dynasty, the origin of ancient magnets was in Cizhou. The product "is similar to the phase, but there is no class mark." There are also scratches and embroideries, and the price of the vegetarian is higher than that of the fixed vessel." The Ming "Zhangde Mansion Chronicles" recorded as: "Pengcheng, in Fuyuan. The inhabitants are good at pottery poppies, or painted with colors. ”。 It is pointed out that there are also colorful ceramic varieties in Cizhou's ceramics.

In fact, since the Yuan Dynasty, Cizhou kiln ceramics have developed on a large scale, and the product coverage and influence have spread throughout the country, resulting in a large number of "magnetic" instead of "porcelain" phenomena in literature and actual life. The Japanese scholar Chang Quartz Ming proposed that as early as the Song Dynasty, there was a phenomenon of replacing "porcelain" with "magnetic". The Yuan government once set up the "Fuliang Magnetic Bureau" in Fuliang, and even Jingdezhen ceramic products are also called "magnets".

During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, there was a "Ciqikou" street specializing in the sale of ceramic products in the Chongwenmen area of Beijing. Later, there were "Ciqikou" streets in Chongqing and Nanjing. Even literary works, such as "Dream of the Red Chamber" in many literary masterpieces, use "magnetic" rather than "porcelain". The documents of the Qing Palace Archives also use the term "magnetic". During the Republic of China, the famous writer Lu Xun and others often used the word "magnet" in their works and diaries. The meaning of magnetism extends to an astonishing extent.

In later generations, because of the need to carry out the standardization of writing, it was officially stipulated that the title of "porcelain" would be used in the future, and the use of the name "magnetic" was no longer advocated. But the results that have been formed abroad are difficult to change. Today, Japan and South Korea still use the word "magnet" to refer to hard, white ceramics, rather than the word "porcelain." [To be continued.] ]