In Zhang Jiashi's mind, the reform of the system is inevitable for the recovery of the country's national strength.

However, rash changes in the state system are undoubtedly poison. Because judging from the current situation of the Qin Empire, it is a kind of "self-defeating" thing to be too strict with the system of later generations.

As the saying goes, there is no best, only the most suitable.

Zhang Jiashi knew this very well, so what he thought of many times was to use the system of the Qin Empire as the basis and tinker with some aspects.

And all along, Zhang Jiashi and the current central level of the Qin Empire have also made their own efforts in this regard.

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The system of the Qin Dynasty has been tempered by the Warring States period and the unification of the Qin Empire for more than ten years, and in fact has been able to prove to be a relatively efficient system.

If this were not the case, the later Han Empire would not have been regarded by later generations as another great unified dynasty that inherited the Qin system as the main body.

During the Qin Dynasty, the state governance system was a centralized system with the county system as the main body.

In terms of official positions, the county system of the Qin Empire was mainly divided in this regard:

The county has a county warden, a county lieutenant and a superintendent of the imperial history, who are in charge of government affairs, military affairs and supervision respectively.

The county guard - also known as the Taishou, is the head of a county, directly appointed and dismissed by the monarch; the border areas are mostly military generals, and the inland is mostly appointed by Lang officials, with silver seals and green ribbons, and a rank of 2,000 stones. In the Qin Dynasty, the county guards had very large powers, except for the county magistrates who were directly appointed and dismissed by the imperial court, the supervisors who were responsible for supervising the county governance, and the county lieutenants who were responsible for commanding the garrison and managing public security, and other county officials were appointed and dismissed by the county guards themselves.

Juncheng, the deputy official of the county, assists the county to guard the county government, and has a bronze seal and black ribbon, and a rank of 600 stones. When the county warden is absent or unable to serve as a director, the county officer shall act as the county warden.

The subordinate officials have a history of death, a master book, a priest's order, etc.

The counties of Biansai have a long history, manage the military and political affairs of soldiers and horses, and have the same rank as the counties.

The county lieutenant, in charge of the county garrison, is in charge of public security, detects thieves, and has a silver seal and blue ribbon, and a rank ratio of 2,000 stones. The county lieutenant was directly under the imperial court and fought against the county guard.

The subordinate officials of the county lieutenant have a cheng, and the inland counties have one cheng, and the large counties have two cheng. For every 100 li of the border counties, there is one lieutenant, two of whom are in charge of the history of the soldiers and two of the lieutenants, who are in charge of the garrison of the border fortresses. It can be seen that the lieutenant has two duties: one is to assist the county guard in managing the first soldiers, and the other is to be in charge of arresting thieves.

The Imperial Supervisor, also known as the County Supervisor, is subordinate to the Imperial Historian and is responsible for supervising the county guard and other officials.

The prefectural commanders and governors were appointed by the imperial court. Cheng helped to do things, unified the county soldiers, and arrested thieves. Cheng, Wei is the chief official of a county, and he is called a young official in the fight and the history of Zuo. There are also subordinate officials: the chief official, also known as Gong Cao, who is in charge of selecting the county's young officials and evaluating performance.

The county was the lowest administrative place in the Qin Dynasty, and the Qin Dynasty set the county magistrate according to the population of the county, and the county magistrate was placed in the county below the county according to the population of the county. The county order is printed with black ribbons, with a rank of 1,000 stones to 600 stones, and the county magistrate is sealed with a yellow ribbon and a rank of 600 stones to 500 stones.

The county is the deputy official of the county, and the position is higher than that of the county, with a copper seal and a yellow ribbon and a rank of 400 stones.

The county lieutenant is in charge of public order and the arrest of thieves, and is in charge of the military affairs of a county, and is in charge of the first soldiers and military service of a county. The duties of the county lieutenant are twofold: one is to assist the county guard in managing the first soldiers, and the other is to be in charge of apprehending thieves. 4. Gong Cao, the performance ranking of the county officials is raised and lowered.

Lingshi, management of clerical files.

Prison Peng, warden of the county jail, jailer, jailer of the county jail.

Wen is harmless, the so-called fair officer, who is in charge of inspecting prisons and reviewing case files to prevent wrongful imprisonment.

The stable, in charge of the carriage and horse affairs of a county, is also called the stable.

The storekeeper, in charge of storage, is the prefect of the county treasury - in charge of weapons warehouses, granaries, etc.

Sashi - a subordinate official of the order, a low-level official, and a low-level official who assists the cang.

The county is below the township, the township is below the pavilion, and the pavilion is placed below. These are all people's self-governing organizations with clans as the core. The county order manages the subordinate townships, and the countryside consists of You, Sanlao, Sifu (managing large townships), and Youzhi (managing small townships).

The three elders, a township of high morality and respect, in charge of education, there is a so-called filial piety, benevolence and righteousness of the family can be declared to the county for commendation, and can recommend excellent children to serve as county officials.

In townships with a population of 5,000 people, the county shall appoint one person as a ranker, and in townships with less than 5,000 people, the county shall appoint one person as a husband. Both have the same responsibilities, both mediating neighborhood disputes, helping the government collect taxes, and arranging forced labor. 14. Itinerant is a kind of forced servitude, in charge of patrolling places and arresting thieves.

Pavilion chief, official position, is also a kind of servitude, Han Gaozu served in the Qin Dynasty. Palm with the husband. The head of the pavilion is the father of the pavilion and the two pawns of the thief, the former is responsible for cleaning the pavilion, and the latter is responsible for chasing the thief.

Each county has an arsenal, which is managed by the county commander, and the direct management is the post of "Kuqifu" in each county, who is in charge of the manufacture and supply of weapons, and military uniforms such as weapons and armor are also kept in the arsenal in peacetime, uniformly distributed to the soldiers who have been conscripted in wartime, and collected and continued to be kept and maintained after the battle.

First of all, the horses equipped by the army, in the era of cold weapons warfare, horses can be said to be one of the most important military materials

One. Each county also has an official in charge of the "military horse", the stable priest.

In this way, if a conscripted soldier fails to be on duty at the corresponding post for a long time, and the relevant officials such as the commander and the servant shoot are derelict in their duties and do not report according to the regulations, the corresponding officials will be punished with financial penalties for the purchase of a shield for the army.

On the one hand, this kind of Shiwu organization implemented the Shang Dynasty's system of joint sitting, and on the other hand, the common people were organized in the form of military organization, and in peacetime they were used as units to organize production, and they could be conscripted to form an army at any time in wartime.

Officials at all levels who manage village communities in peacetime are officers at all levels of military organizations in wartime. Every Qin person of appropriate age is a "reservist" of the state, and when the war is born, all of them must unconditionally obey the arrangements of the state, or go to the front line to fight, or fully support the soldiers participating in the war.

The place where the people live is called ri, just like the current "settlement".

Confucius said, "Benevolence is beauty." "It's the neighborhood. The number of residents varies from one mile to another. Rishiri is positive. There are ten families under the Lord, and five families of the Lord of Wu. Wu has Wu Lao, to check the phase. The rate is ten miles and one pavilion, the pavilion is long, ten pavilions and one township, the township has three elders, there is rank, Sifu, and wandering. "The three elders, in charge of the education of a township, those who have loyalty, filial piety, and righteousness can set an example for the people.

Generally speaking, the establishment of infantry is divided into six levels, namely: five people are a team, with one captain, the second army is a soldier, and one is a chief, and the fifth is a tun, and a commander is a canton, and the second canton, and one is a hundred, and one is a hundred generals, and a 500 person, and one is a 500 master, and a thousand people, and one is a 2,500 master. Among them, the "two or five hundred masters" are also called "thousand people", and they are already middle-level officers.

Judging from the terracotta warriors and horses unearthed from the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang, it is likely that it is a group of four horses, three groups of one column, nine columns of one hundred and eight horses as a team, and can belong to six chariots. This is roughly similar to the establishment of "five cavalry and one commander, ten cavalry and one official, one hundred cavalry and one rate, and two hundred cavalry and one general" mentioned in the chapter "Six Tao?

The establishment of chariot soldiers, from the Terracotta Warriors unearthed from the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang, when there is no infantry cooperation, every eight times is one deviation (that is, one line), two deviations and sixteen times are a group, and four groups of sixty-four times are a team.

This is quite close to the establishment of "five cars and one chief, ten cars and one official, fifty cars and one rate, and one hundred cars and one general" mentioned in the chapter of "Six Tao?

When there is an infantry subordinate, it is a grass-roots unit with one military vehicle, three armor soldiers, and eight foot soldiers, six vehicles as a group, and eighteen vehicles plus one command vehicle as a team. This is very different from the establishment of as many as 72 people per year of military chariot infantry in the Spring and Autumn Period, and the reason for this lies in the exhibition of the military branches and the separation of chariots and infantry.

The Spring and Autumn Period is the heyday of car warfare, with the car as the mainstay, the car and the foot are compiled, with the needs of the war and the expansion of the soldiers, the car belongs to the infantry by ten people, thirty people...... It grew to seventy-two.

After entering the Warring States period, the infantry became an independent branch of the army, and replaced the chariot soldiers and occupied the dominant position, and the chariots, infantry, and cavalry were gradually organized separately according to the arms, so the chariot infantry became less and less. By the Qin Dynasty, the car, infantry, and cavalry divisions had become customized, and the coordination in combat was the coordination of the arms rather than the mixture of the establishment. Therefore, the phenomenon of combining cars and steps is rare. The number of foot soldiers per ride was reduced to eight.

The wartime organization of the Qin Dynasty army was formed into large-scale combat units on the basis of peacetime establishment, which was generally called the trilogy system. The specific method of organization is as follows: First, the total strength of the troops is determined according to the situation of the combat object and other aspects.

1. Appoint commanders of the three armed forces (i.e., generals, generals, also known as generals);

2. Under the commander-in-chief, according to the needs of the operation and the total number of troops, a number of generals (adjutant generals, general Pi, also commonly known as generals);

3. Each general commands a number of departments, and the commander of the department is called a captain, that is, a department and a school; 4. Each department has a number of songs, and the commander of the song is called the military candidate, that is, a song and a candidate; 5. The following is the establishment of the army, such as 1,000 infantry (2,500 masters), 500 (500 masters), 100 people [100 generals], 50 (tun chiefs), 10 people (chiefs), 5 people (army chiefs), and a small number of chariots and cavalry.

6. Commanders at all levels, from 500 to 500 or more, have their own personal guards, accounting for about one-tenth of the total strength of the troops under their command, such as 50 guards of 500 masters, 100 guards of 2500 masters, 1,000 guards of captains, 4,000 guards of generals, and so on.

7. All the generals and above have an operational command structure, called the shogunate. The shogunate had various command organs and staff members, numbering in the dozens.

8. After the end of the combat operation, the command structure above the level of Qu shall be abolished, the general shall surrender the military authority, the troops shall be restored to their peacetime structure, and the soldiers shall be reconstituted or demobilized respectively.

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The livelihood system of the Qin Empire was roughly as follows:

Land system, household registration system:

Qin's land resources belonged to the state, and because the land was vast and sparsely populated at that time, in order to better exploit the land resources, Qin formulated the following regulations: a large area of land was granted to farmers. In the Book of Shang Jun, it is proposed that each adult peasant shall be granted "500 acres of land" by the state.

According to the "Sayings", "Six feet is a step, and a hundred steps are an acre." Qintian 240 steps for acres" records can be seen that the former is a small mu, and the latter is a large mu.

Based on the idea of strengthening the system of nationalization of land, after the land is granted, a feudal territory is set up, and no private changes are allowed; for example, the amount of land acquired by each peasant household and the taxes paid to the state are equal; for example, those who work hard to cultivate can be exempted from forced labor (labor service and military service). "Records of the First Emperor of the Qin Dynasty" contains: If you pay 1,000 stone of grain to the state, you can get a first-class knighthood. According to the system at that time, those with high titles could become officials.

The state of Qin rewarded the breeding of cultivated cattle. Cattle ploughing was the main symbol of the agricultural productivity exhibition at that time. Qin's "Law of the Stable" stipulates that the ploughing cattle are evaluated in April, July, October and the first month of each year. For cattle raised by the government, if they have excellent grades, they will be rewarded with a pot of wine and ten pieces of dried meat, and those who raise cattle will be exempted from a one-time change. Those with poor grades were reprimanded and punished with two months' hard labor for the cattle herders. The cattle raised by each household are also evaluated. Those with good grades will be rewarded, and those with poor grades will be beaten.

In the Riele family register, information such as the location of the population, family status, place of birth, title, and name is recorded. Within a family, family members are recorded in the order of the head of the household, male, adult, immediate family, female, minor, and collateral relative. Even the master's concubines and private slaves and maids are also included in the master's household register, including the current "floating population", which may also be governed by the strict household registration system.

The hukou system and the law of joint sitting were implemented because there was enough economic interest base to make an exchange, that is, obedience would be profitable, and opposition would not only have no profit at all, but would be punished violently. If obedience leads to no gain, and is a dead end, then these two systems of violence will eventually go bankrupt.

In addition to the organizational management and territorial control of people, the household registration system can also be used to classify and treat people differently. First of all, it is necessary to put the people engaged in commerce into a separate register, and force them to abandon commerce and turn to agriculture by imposing high taxes and limiting prices. If they become agricultural households and do not work hard, resulting in financial constraints, they will be converted into slaves, become government slaves, and be forced to work. For those with a business account, not only should the number of people be strictly restricted, but the intensity of the apportionment of forced labor should also be increased.

In the sixteenth year of the reign of King Qin (231 B.C.), it was stipulated that all men should register their age regardless of whether they were young or not. After Qin Shi Huang unified the six countries, he abolished the feudal system and established the county system and the household registration system, "ten households for one li, ten li for a pavilion, ten pavilions for a township, and several townships for a county".

The Qin and Han laws stipulate that everyone must register for naturalization, and those who conceal the registration should be punished for the crime. All the population registered in the state household register is collectively referred to as "household residents", and the household registration residents are not allowed to move at will, and the state severely punishes outlaws who escape from their household registration. If a person wants to move to a certain place, he must first obtain the approval of the local officials. When the people move to their new place of residence, they must also go to the local area to occupy their nationality. All these regulations are aimed at strictly controlling the household registration, so that no one can leave the nationality and pay taxes and serve the state for a long time.

The household registration of the Shang Dynasty Reform Law was "five families for the family, and ten families for the sake of the family"; children born must be registered, the names of the deceased must be removed, officials must frequently check the household registration, and all registered households must pay taxes to the state, perform military service, maintain local public order, and report and arrest "traitors." "The Qin Dynasty implemented the Zhuan calendar, with October as the year and September as the end of the year, so the population was surveyed in the autumn and August before the end of the year, and the Fu nationality was created.

Some slaves can get married and have children, and the slaves who start a family are called "ministers", and the "family" is calculated, and the history books have slave owners buying and selling and rewarding people "five ministers", "ten ministers" and even "one hundred ministers" and "two hundred ministers".

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