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The cavalry of the Great Qin Empire against the Huns mainly relied on strong bows and crossbows to suppress the range of the Huns' horse bows, so that the Huns could try the power of arrow rain one step faster. Pen fun and pavilion www.biquge.info

Of course, one thing Zhang Jiashi didn't expect was that after the old Shangshan Yu, that is, the Xiongnu prince Ji Congee, who was not born at the moment, expelled the Dayue clan, he developed a large area of influence of the Xiongnu in the Western Regions.

In the period of Lao Shangdanyu, the Xiongnu relied on the Central Plains Dynasty to take advantage of the productivity brought by the peace and proximity, and officially let the Xiongnu also enter the stage of a great power.

Although there is a premise for this, that is, the population of the Xiongnu is not too much in fact, and a large county in the Han Dynasty may surpass the total population of the Xiongnu in terms of population in the comparison between Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu in the same period.

However, it is undeniable that although the population of the Xiongnu in the old Shangdanyu period was not large, it did enter the period when the territory was the most extensive.

The weapon technology of the Huns at that time, in addition to absorbing a certain advanced technology of the Central Plains Dynasty, even integrated the Western smelting technology obtained from the Western Roman Empire or the Sethisi Kingdom from the Western Regions.

is like the Xiongnu sword in the TV series "Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty", which is likely to be forged using the smelting technology of the Sethisi scimitar at that time.

From this period, the smelting technology of the Xiongnu people developed a new system under the integration of Xiongnu craftsmen. This new system can be said to have created a precedent for the integration of East and West in weapons technology.

Of course, in such a period at present, it is undoubtedly relatively nonsense to talk about such a thing. After all, Lao Shangdan Yu Ji Congee has not yet been born, and the overall scientific and technological level of the Huns is still much behind that of the Central Plains countries.

Therefore, although the Xiongnu invaded the interior of the Great Wall from time to time during the Qin and Han dynasties, or broke through some border fortress cities to plunder the population, there is no doubt that even the Xiongnu were reluctant to directly attack those strong Han Dynasty cities.

And the harmony of the Han Dynasty, although it brought about the leakage of technology. However, compared with the tribute of the two Song Dynasty, the relative supply of the Xiongnu in the Han Dynasty was much less.

This can be regarded as one of the important reasons why the Xiongnu continued to plunder the border fortresses of the Han Dynasty from time to time after making peace. Because the Huns did not get much from the Han family.

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After the Great Qin Empire's bow and crossbow annexed Korea, the bow and crossbow making technology of Jinhan obtained can be said to be a higher level of relative bow and crossbow.

At present, the standard bows and crossbows installed by many troops of the Great Qin Empire are at the level of bow and crossbow production in the Qin Dynasty. A lot of later technologies have been added, both in power and range.

This is also one of the biggest reliance on Su Jiao's courage to defend against the impact of 50,000 Hun riders in the wilderness.

The military power of the Great Qin Empire developed. It has already put the Huns at a backward level, but the military strength of the Great Qin Empire gradually implemented corresponding improvements after Zhang Jiashi dominated the military and political affairs of a place, which made the Xiongnu's scientific and technological system even more backward.

Zhang Jiashi knows one thing very well, that is, if you fall behind, you will be beaten. Although in terms of attack ability, on the whole, the Huns still exploded a few streets of the Great Qin Empire, but in terms of defensive means, he was fearless.

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The soldiers of Liaoning County under Su Jiao and some of the knights and crossbow chariot troops transferred from Shang County. It became the source of the composition of the troops under Su Jiao's command this time.

Although Su Jiao also felt that something was not going well for the command of the Shang County troops, at the moment, he did not need to give too complicated orders. And before leaving, Su Jiao knew that Yu Jian had already issued the corresponding troops that originally belonged to Shang County, and obeyed Su Jiao's orders.

There is no way to do this, Su Jiao can't lead too many knights and chariot troops through the mountains and forests. Go to the north-central region of Jilin Province in later generations, which is the last base area of the Donghu people. After all, marching through the mountains and forests, the large number of knights and light chariot troops made the speed even slower.

Of course, it is clear that even if the Huns want to use another force to cross the mountains and attack the nest of the Donghu people, the Huns are almost all troops with horseback as the main mode of combat. They wanted to climb over the seemingly more uninterrupted mountain forest, which would only slow down the march of the army.

Therefore, in addition to letting some carriages transport grain and corresponding equipment as the main force of the baggage team, more, Su Jiao led a large number of Shangjun infantry over the mountains and mountains.

At this time, Su Jiao faced the Hun riders who came from both wings, and he chose not to hold the troops in place, but to use the peripheral defense system composed of crossbow chariot troops located on both flanks of the battle formation. to block the raid path of these Hun knights.

And at the rear of this military formation, Su Jiao arranged the knight troops of Su Ling and Chen Heng.

The main purpose of this battle formation was to prevent the Huns from breaking through from the rear and responding to the onslaught from the north, and the Hun cavalry was besieging from all sides, and attacking his troops.

The crossbow chariot unit also paid a part of the losses and casualties of officers and soldiers in the previous operations, and under such a premise, it was obviously beyond the power of all the crossbow chariots to be used as the outer part of the outer defense of the flanks and rear.

In such a situation, Su Jiao naturally did not think about the kind of defense system that was leaky on all sides, but used the crossbow chariot troops to strengthen the defense capabilities of the two wings, and let the knight troops resist the Huns who came from the south.

Whether this kind of defense system can withstand this large-scale onslaught of the Huns, to be honest, Su Jiao does not have a certainty, because for Su Jiao, this kind of battle formation seems to be the first to be used by him.

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During the Shang Dynasty, the corresponding prototype of the battle array had already appeared.

"Divination" has such an introduction: "Wang is the third teacher, right, center, and left. ”

This rudimentary battle formation gradually evolved into the formation of the upper, middle, and lower armies in the Spring and Autumn Period.

The battle formation of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period was mainly based on the formation of chariot impact, and the initial chariot formation was a dense horizontal phalanx, which was arranged horizontally by each "multiplication". The "multiplication" was the basic unit of the army at that time, consisting of a combat vehicle and subordinate infantry. The chariot was driven by four horses, each carrying three armorers, arranged in left, center and right. The armorer on the left holds a bow and shoots the main shot, and ten is the commander of the one multiplier. The ancients called the head of the chariot or the left of the chariot; the armor on the right side holds the spear, the main stab, and is responsible for removing obstacles for the chariot, the ancients called it "the right of the chariot", and the middle is the driver of the chariot.

After King Wuling of Zhao implemented the "Hufu Cavalry Shooting", the battle formations of the Central Plains began to gradually increase the number of knight troops, but in general, the chariot formation was still one of the main combat methods at that time.

In siege operations. Although the importance of the chariot formation is not as important as that of the infantry battle formation, it is when it comes to clearing the defensive system on the perimeter of the city. The car formation is still playing a very dominant role.

In the Battle of Yanying, Bai Qi used the battle method of car formations to defeat several Chu armies that came to reinforce many times, and finally allowed the infantry troops to calmly attack these two fortified cities, as well as a large number of cities captured by the Qin State in this decisive battle between Qin and Chu.

There is no doubt that the vehicle formation still played a very important role in the field operations at that time.

In the Battle of Changping, although Bai Qi used the knight army to cut off Zhao Kuo's connection with the rear, forcing Zhao Kuo to have a desperate breakthrough battle with the Qin army. But there is no doubt that whether it is Zhao Kuo or Bai Qi, the duel on the battlefield mainly relies on the impact of the chariot to fight with the other party.

The chariot was fast and had a strong impact, especially when fighting in open areas, and had the advantage that infantry could not easily resist. So after self-business. In particular, during the two-week period, the chariot unit and the method of vehicle warfare had developed by leaps and bounds, and the charioteer gradually became the main branch of the army. At that time, the charioteers were equivalent to today's mechanized troops, representing the most advanced military armament of a country. The military strength of each vassal state was often judged by the number of chariots.

At that time, a country's military strength and even national strength were not measured by the size of its population. Rather, it is the so-called country of a thousand times or a country of ten thousand times to distinguish and measure.

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The most famous is the corresponding record in the "Zuo Chuan": "The five formations are separated from each other: two in the front, two in the rear, for the right corner, and the front is rejected." ”

This record was named Wei Shu's battle array by later generations: in 541 BC, Wu Huadi of Jin Xun adopted Wei Shu's suggestion to destroy the car. Five phalanxes were formed with different forces, with a total of 23,250 people, including the front rejection, two in the front, and the rear in the rear, the right corner as the specialty, and the left corner as the staff.

The characteristics of the Wei Shu battle array were mainly that the rear army was used as the main force and reserve forces, while the troops fighting in the front were gradually strengthened.

This kind of battle formation can improve the continuous combat ability of the battle formation, but once the front formation is defeated or even eliminated too quickly, this kind of battle formation is prone to the overall collapse of the situation.

In addition to Wei Shu's battle formation, there are many other battle formations that are relatively clear to soldiers, they are:

Sun Bin's infantry phalanx: "The method of the phalanx must be thin and thick, and the formation is on the right"

Sun Wu's circular formation: Sun Tzu said: "Chaotic, round and undefeatable." ”

Sun Bin's cone-shaped array: "It may not be sharp, the blade must be thin, and it must be Hong." However, the cone-shaped array can be decisive. ”

Sun Bin's explanation of the conical array: The conical formation is like a steel sword, the sword edge must be sharp, that is, the forward troops must be elite and flexible, and the blade must be thin, that is, the two wing troops must be good at maneuvering, and the sword body must be thick, that is, the follow-up troops must be strong and the impact force should be strong.

Goose Formation: This formation is mainly used for crossbow battles. "The geese travel sharply and backwards, and they stretch diagonally, which is convenient for people to go around." The geese-shaped array can be forward-facing or backward-echeloned.

Sun Bin's hook-shaped array: "The hook-shaped array, the front must be square, and the sum of the left and right must be hooked." As long as the consideration is "so it is easy to deteriorate", that is, the hook-shaped array, the front is the guideline, and the left and right wings are curved like hooks. It is mostly used to change battle formations.

It can be seen that the battle formation of ancient Chinese infantry fighting alone can be said to have been quite mature in the Warring States period. However, there are relatively few countries or battles that mainly use infantry battle formations, and the circular formation of Wu has a corresponding premise, that is, Wu lacks chariots and cannot effectively form a combat array system dominated by the combat capability of chariots, so Sun Wu will choose to take infantry combat arrays as the leading.

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As for the cavalry battle formations in ancient China, they were generally formed in the Western Han Dynasty.

The performance of cavalry was between chariots and infantry. The combat vehicle has a large impact and strong mobility, but it is greatly affected by the terrain and is very inflexible, on the contrary, the infantry is very flexible and almost not limited by the terrain, but the impact and mobility are not as good as the vehicle soldiers. King Wuling of Zhao used cavalry as a basis for development, and cavalry was widely used in battles and gradually flourished.

In 123 BC, the great general Wei Qing led more than 100,000 cavalry, including the lieutenant general Gongsun Ao, the left general Gongsun He, the former general Zhao Xin, the right general Su Jian, the later general Li Guang, and the strong crossbow general Li Fu to attack the Xiongnu army of Shan Yu Maodun. Wei Qing made the army into a formation in the front, left, right and back, which was not only suitable for marching camping, but also convenient for combat, and was both a marching army and a combat formation.

This five-armed combat system is the first battle formation embodiment of the cavalry-led combat system in ancient China.

In contrast, the Huns did not develop their own cavalry battle formation system during this period, although there is still a certain gap in the strength of the Han and Huns in the cavalry, but it is undeniable that it is because the knights of the Han Dynasty have a battle formation to exert the corresponding overall combat strength, so that the Huns will be in the cavalry duel between the two sides many times, and sink into the sand.

Although the cavalry troops of the Han Dynasty won many victories, the losses of the cavalry troops were still very large, and it can be said that the battle array can bring victory, but it cannot make up for the original individual gap between the two sides.

Li Jing, a famous general of the Tang Dynasty, also invented a special battle formation for cavalry: when Li Jing conquered the Turks in the west, he adopted a cavalry formation suitable for rapid mobility and flexibility. It consists of Warhorses, Traps, and Rangers. When attacking an enemy in front, the cavalry is in the front, the trap is in the center, and the ranger is behind, and when attacking the enemy behind, the entire battle formation is turned backwards, the ranger is in front, the cavalry is in the rear, and the trap is divided into two parts. In this way, the formation is adapted to the situation of long-range combat deep into enemy territory and often being attacked by the enemy on the back.

This kind of battle formation can give full play to the mobile combat ability of cavalry units, but it still cannot make up for the individual gap between the knights of the Central Plains Dynasty and the nomadic riders.

And the pinnacle of cavalry tactics is the cavalry scale array invented by Genghis Khan:

This kind of cavalry fish scale formation is also known as the big fish scale formation, because the cavalry needs a larger width of the battlefield, and this kind of echelon formation, when the battle of its forward test the enemy's situation, the advance guard immediately attacked, and then the left and right flanks of the second echelon into the battle, and finally the main force of the third echelon - the army and the apse launched a fierce attack on the enemy. Enemy formations were usually broken through under such an onslaught, and then torn apart, and next, the European soldiers, flanked by the Mongols, quickly collapsed and became trophies of the Mongols.

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Therefore, in this period, not to mention the cavalry battle formations that basically only appeared in later generations, such as the "weird battle formation" of Su Jiao, not to mention the Huns, even he himself has never heard of it...... (To be continued.) )