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c_t; Zhang Jiashi held this court meeting, in addition to the corresponding inevitability, there is also the corresponding purpose that Zhang Jiashi himself thinks needs to be achieved. Pen & Fun & Pavilion www.biquge.info (Advertisement)

For example, official transfers, evaluations, promotions and even punishments.

Such a purpose is that Zhang Jiashi tried to make small-scale adjustments.

Of course, Zhang Jiashi also hopes to try one thing, that is, to implement the probation system on a small scale.

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In the world where Zhang Jiashi originally lived, the inspection system was a system for selecting officials in ancient China, and it was established in the first year of Emperor Yuanguang of the Han Dynasty (134 BC). The main feature of the probationary examination system is that the local governor inspects and selects talents at any time in the area under his jurisdiction, and recommends them to the higher authorities or the central government, and then appoints officials after probationary examinations.

In the Han Dynasty, the number of subjects was constantly increased from a small number to a large number of subjects, especially special subjects, which were established in accordance with the need for specialized personnel. These subjects were uniformly determined by the emperor. According to the classification of the lifting period, the subjects of probation can be divided into two categories: regular subjects (age subjects) and special subjects. There are four elements of filial piety, Maocai (Xiucai), Chalian (incorruptible officials), and Guanglu; Among the above-mentioned subjects, the subject of age is the first, and the subject of filial piety is the most important. In the special department, the virtuous and square is the most important. Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty required to be virtuous and square, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty required to be filial piety and honesty, which are all signs in the history of inspection. If we classify according to the standard of the four subjects, there are filial piety, filial piety and honesty, filial piety and honesty, filial piety, and generosity, etc., which are mainly based on grammar, and there are special and different subjects such as special and strange, drama, brave and brave knowledge of war, Ming yin and yang, and Taoism. However, in all subjects, virtue comes first, and Confucianism is the main thing in learning.

It can be seen that the probationary system was tried by Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, but due to the influence of some aspects, the attempt of the probationary system during the period of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty suffered failure.

Its iconic influence is represented by the rise and fall of the famous scholar Jia Yi.

An important feature of the Han Dynasty inspection system is that there is no separation between jushi (selecting talents) and juguan (promoting officials). Moreover, there is no distinction between elections and examinations. The targets of the inspection are both those who have not entered the official position (those who have no official position) and those who have entered the official position (current officials). The electoral subjects are also part of the examination for incumbent officials. In general, examinations (examinations) are auxiliary forms and do not occupy a major position. This shows that the evaluation of talents and officials in the Han Dynasty has not been institutionalized and strict.

By the time of Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty, he began to conduct examinations for the selection and promotion of objects, that is, to conduct tests on writing, including strategies, scriptures, and notes (chapter style). At first, some subjects are infiltrated, and then all subjects are infiltrated, indicating that the examination process has become more and more important.

In the eighth year of Emperor Zhang's founding (83 AD), he edicted four subjects, and the so-called four subjects are not specific subjects, but four standards related to inspection. As early as the first year of Emperor Yuanguang of the Han Dynasty (134 BC), Dong Zhongshu put forward the concept of four branches in a countermeasure. The content presented in these two periods is also largely the same.

In the first year of Emperor Shun Yangjia (132 AD), Zuo Xiong, who was the Shangshu Ling at the time, proposed to change the system of inspection, the main contents of which were:

(1) The age limit is 40 years or more;

(2) The Confucian examination of scriptures and the examination of scribes, including the provisions of age and the content of the examination; Reading the full text of the latest chapter, it also proposes the method of first examining the government, dividing the examination into two levels, first in the central government, and then re-examining by the province of Shangshu. This is a major reform of the examination link in the probation system, and it is a progress in the selection and use of talents.

In the Han Dynasty probationary system, there were different regulations on the age of the person being lifted in different periods and in different subjects. Here is a brief description of the regulations of the Eastern Han Dynasty.

In the first year of Emperor Yangjia of the Eastern Han Dynasty (132 AD), the edict stipulated: filial piety is not allowed to be raised before 40 years, and it is stipulated that filial piety must be over 40 years old. However, it also stipulates that those who have talents and talents can be relaxed, regardless of this example, that is, the restrictions can be relaxed for those with special talents. The above provisions originated from the opinion of Shang Shuling Zuoxiong. Zuo Xiong proposed in his proposal on the reform of the inspection system that the limit should be more than 40, but for those such as Yan Hui and Ziqi, regardless of age, that is, people with particularly high knowledge and talent, there is no age limit. There were people in the court who opposed Zuo Xiong's opinion, but Emperor Shun was very supportive of Zuo Xiong's reforms and finally issued an edict.

In fact, this is not necessarily the case. For example, when recruiting doctoral talents, the age limit is 50 or more. When he arrived at the time of Emperor Qian, he also ordered the county to raise the people of the Ming Scriptures, and the age limit was above 50 and under 70. From the above examples, it can be seen that the age limit for the lifted in the Eastern Han Dynasty was generally high, which is not necessarily a good phenomenon, because this move is undoubtedly a suppression of the career of young talents.

Zhang Jiashi hoped that the probationary system could be used to refine the selection of the official class of the Great Qin Empire. After all, in Zhang Jiashi's cognition, the probation system can effectively avoid the situation of uneven officials.

There are four main benefits of the probation system:

First, under the probation system, an individual's social background and family background are no longer the only basis for selecting non-commissioned officers and appointing officials. As long as a local scholar has real talent and learning, has a certain degree of social prestige, or has a commendable moral character, he may become the target of inspection and thus ascend to the official career. Many talents from humble backgrounds such as Master Father Yan, Dongfang Shuo, and Sima Xiangru were reused during the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, which was simply impossible under the Shiqing Shilu system. Under the Shiqing Shilu system, official positions were monopolized and hereditary by the aristocracy, and ordinary people were not qualified to become officials at all. The hereditary aristocracy is often extravagant and corrupt, and has no intentions, which is very harmful to the country and the people. At the beginning of the military merit system, as long as there is military merit, no matter what his background is, he can be awarded a knighthood, and if there is no military merit, even if he is born nobility, he cannot get the title. But by the time of the Han Dynasty, there was a distinction between high and low lords, and it was impossible for ordinary people to obtain high lords, in other words, family backgrounds made the titles more and more meaningless at this time, and the people did not care about whether they had titles.

Second, the probation system is conducive to recruiting all kinds of talents. There are many subjects for inspection, including filial piety, show talent, Ming Jing, Ming Law, virtuous and square, outspoken and extremely admonishable, filial piety and strength, and so on, and let the governors of prefectures and counties who are familiar with the local situation personally serve as inspectors, which can take all kinds of talents as the objects of inspection, and select scholars and officials, which is undoubtedly conducive to the rule of the feudal state. The military merit system is not conducive to the selection of officials according to their talents. Under the military merit system, knighthood was based solely on military merit, which deprived many non-able-bodied scholars of their rights. Han Feizi said: "The wisdom of the ruler is also the wisdom of the ruler today, and the courage of the beheader is also added." The official who governs wisdom with the addition of courage is also a medical craftsman with the skill of beheading; "That makes a lot of sense. The Qin Dynasty also implemented the system of "awarding the knighthood of the head", and there were many incidents of killing good people and risking merit (this is contained in the "Bamboo Slips of the Qin Tomb in Hudi"). Stimulated by the demagogy of the military merit system, soldiers slaughtered frantically, killing many people in almost every war, causing great damage to society. The disadvantages of the Shiqing Shilu system that is not conducive to the selection of talents are even more obvious. Under the Shiqing Shilu system, the official position was monopolized and hereditary by the aristocracy, and the small nobles from the background could inherit the positions of their fathers and brothers even if they were mediocre or even idiots. , which clearly does more harm than good,

Third, the probation system is conducive to the centralization of power, which is even more obvious compared with the military merit system. Under the probation system, although the power of probation is delegated to the localities, the power to appoint and dismiss officials is ultimately in the hands of the central government, and the central government can still appoint officials freely. Under the military merit system, it is very easy to appear that the local princes "overshadow the lord with high merit", which poses a threat to the imperial power. At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, almost all the kings with different surnames were the beneficiaries of the military merit system, and as a result, the local kingdoms were powerful and the central government could not control them. The issue of local kingdoms became the biggest threat to the centralization of power in the Western Han Dynasty, which shows that the military merit system is not conducive to the centralization of power.

Fourth, at the beginning of its implementation, the probationary system can generally ensure the "quality" of the person being prosecuted. The person under probation has a one-year term, and only those who are competent can be converted to full officials. If they are not competent, they will be replaced, and the recommender will be punished for it, which makes the examiner dare not recommend a scholar casually. It also used the form of questioning to directly investigate the scholars, and its benefits are self-evident. Emperor Shun of the Eastern Han Dynasty adopted Zuo Xiong's suggestion that the use of talents must go through a strict examination, one is to test the Confucian classics, and the other is to test the documents and performances. "All the students asked, and the scribes had to be selected for the examination. "After the initial examination of the public government, it is necessary to re-examine in Duanmen (Yushitai), so strictly control the selection of talents, it is difficult for "Mr. Nanguo" to pass the test in confusion.

However, there are two sides to everything, and the probation system has also been replaced by the Jiupin Zhongzheng system because of the shortcomings in many aspects.

The disadvantages of the probation system are also obvious:

First, under the probation system, although there are many subjects for probation, the world is so big that it is impossible to recommend all the sages to the imperial court, and there are still many unknown talents who are buried in the countryside and have not been appointed for life, resulting in the loss and waste of talents. The scholars of the Han Dynasty and the Han Dynasty who became officials through probation accounted for only a very small part of the total number of officials, and there were many villains who took advantage of the opportunity of probation, or bribed or relied on connections to do everything possible to make themselves the targets of probation. In addition, if the person being investigated embarks on a career because of the person who is being examined, he will be grateful to the person who is being prosecuted and serve him, which is very likely to produce sectarian behavior and form a local group.

Second, the examination of the moral character of scholars is the premise of the probationary system, but it is not easy to do well, because it is difficult to make a fair evaluation of people's moral character. A person's moral character can only be evaluated objectively through a long-term examination of his words and deeds, and such words and deeds may be false, or he may be transformed later. The list goes on. For example, in "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty: The Biography of Xu Jing", Xu Wu who hollowed out his mind and sold his reputation and reputation; before Wang Mang usurped the Han Dynasty, he was humble and filial piety, and had a great reputation and prestige, but later he became a ******** of the usurper of the Han Dynasty.

Third, the probation system has been widely implemented, and the local township has a style of evaluation because of it. This bad atmosphere was also left to later generations, especially in the Wei and Jin dynasties. Many of the celebrities and scholars of the "Qing Discussion" were those who "cultivated their affection and relied on Taoism and art to make a price for their reputation", and the Qing Dynasty became the capital for these hypocrites to grab fame and fortune and political benefits. Fourth, in the later stage of the probationary system, the drawbacks became increasingly serious. In the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty, the local suffrage was controlled by a small number of ministers and famous families, and they often recommended the children of prestigious families regardless of their academic quality, so that the scope of inspection became narrower and narrower, and most of the people who were inspected did not live up to the truth. In society, there has been a bureaucratic gate valve group of "four worlds and five dukes", "successive generations of ministers", and "successive generations of classics".

At this time, the probation system has degenerated into a hereditary system in disguise, and has become a tool for those ministers to maintain their power and maintain their privileges. And "a history of China's political system proves that once the bureaucratic system becomes hereditary, it will soon decay." ”

However, there is no doubt that the system that was put in place at the beginning will inevitably achieve certain results and reduce some deterioration of the situation in many respects. This is also the reason why Zhang Jiashi hopes to implement the probation system on a small scale.

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As for the current system of secular officials, Zhang Jiashi believes that it is necessary to adjust. However, the secular system has become an inherent rule, and it would not be a good thing to hastily change this system at this time. Because such a situation would offend the interests of many officials.

The "hereditary official system" refers to the fact that officials are officials from generation to generation, and officials have the privilege of hereditary official positions. The hereditary official system was an important political system implemented in the pre-Qin period in the selection and appointment of officials. "Shiguan", as the name suggests, is a system in which nobles have been officials for generations. As far as the subject of the family is concerned, the family is the foundation of the family officials, and as long as a family does not fall, its members may hold important official positions at any time.

The hereditary system was determined by the specific historical conditions of the time. At the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, in order to expand and consolidate the world, Zhou Tianzi gave the ruling power, land, and people to the same surname, relatives, and meritorious heroes in the form of a large divide, and the feudal princes and princes became the political basis for the rule of the dynasty. The succession of the ruling power, which was divided by layers, that is, the election of officials at all levels, was a major issue concerning the consolidation of dynastic rule.

As a product of certain historical conditions, it is undeniable that the "secular bureaucracy" has played a major role. First of all, the aristocracy, as the ruling of the dynasty, formed a long-term coexistence and co-prosperity relationship with the dynasty under the "hereditary official system", so that the dynasty maintained a normal ruling situation for a considerable period of time. The "hereditary bureaucracy" gave the aristocracy and officials the opportunity to fully share the power, ensuring their allegiance to the dynasty from generation to generation. Second, the "secular system" has promoted the selection of suitable candidates into the ruling institutions at all levels. The aristocratic officials monopolized the accumulation and inheritance of ruling experience because of their monopoly on education and culture, which determined that only the aristocratic officials could be rich in ruling ability and suitable candidates for government.

In a sense, the Jiupin Zhongzheng system in later generations is the improved system of secular officials, which is just like the main reason for the final collapse of the inspection system, once a system forms a hereditary system, it will inevitably lead to the gradual deterioration of this system and finally collapse.

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