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Zhang Jiashi seems to have seen some novels that describe the implementation of a constitutional monarchy or even the separation of powers in ancient China......

Well, for this situation, Zhang Jiashi can really only say heheda. Pen %Fun %Pavilion www.biquge.info please search and see the most complete!

After coming to the Great Qin Empire for more than ten years, Zhang Jiashi knows one thing very clearly, that is, whether there is a need for a system to exist, in addition to the basic improvement of productivity, there is also a very important point, that is, whether the corresponding mainstream ideas support the continued existence of the system.

In other words, China's feudal system can be inherited for more than 2,000 years, and it is not something that can be changed overnight.

In a sense, Confucianism provided the most important cultural and ideological foundation for the inheritance of the feudal system after it became the mainstream thought.

Therefore, in order to achieve a system that is different from the combination of feudalism and Confucianism, it is necessary to weaken the foundation of the combination of the two.

In fact, the demise of China's feudal system is really thanks to the Western ideas that gradually introduced to China after the First Opium War.

Because it was precisely the introduction of this Western thought, and the era when the feudal system could not support the leap forward of the productive forces, there would be "great changes unseen in a thousand years".

And Li Hongzhang, who said this, probably did not expect that the Westernization Movement led by him happened to play a role in fueling the demise of the feudal system and the fall of the Qing Empire.

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"Great changes unseen in a millennium" come from:

"In the past dynasties, most of them were in the northwest. Its strength and weakness, the shape of the host and the object, are all suitable, and there are still boundaries between China and foreign countries. Today, the southeast sea frontier is more than 10,000 miles, and all countries trade and preach, come and go freely, gather the hinterland of Beijing and the provinces, in the name of reconciliation and harmony, and have a plan to devour it, and one country has made trouble, and several countries have instigated, which is really a change that has not been seen in thousands of years!" Li Hongzhang planned for coastal defense in the first year of Guangxu because of the Taiwan incident; "In the past 100 years, the European countries have invaded the hinterland of the border from India to the South Seas, from the South Seas to China. My emperor is like the degree of the sky, and he has made a contract to trade, and he is in a cage, and he is 90,000 miles away from the east and west of the earth, and he is gathered in China, which has changed a lot in more than 3,000 years. ”

In this respect, the Westernization Movement happened to be based on the "Chinese ideological rule" that combined the feudal system with the degenerated Confucianism.

It is true that the Westernization Movement was a "self-improvement" and "wealth-seeking" movement carried out by the Westernists in the 60~90s of the 19th century to introduce Western military equipment, machine production and science and technology to maintain feudal rule.

But there is one thing that cannot be ignored, that is, a new class of members derived from the Westernization Movement has become one of the most direct gravediggers of the feudal system.

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The course of the Westernization Movement is roughly as follows:

On the first day of December in the tenth year of Xianfeng, Prince Gong Yixun, together with Gui Liang and Wen Xiang, launched a Westernization movement with the goal of enriching the country and strengthening the army.

After the coup d'état in 1861, Cixi, who had conflicts with the original conservative forces, ascended to the center of the rule, and in order to be able to sit in a dominant position, she adopted a policy of supporting the Westernists, and after the Westernists entered the political arena of the Qing Dynasty, they introduced advanced Western science and technology on a large scale, and set up modern military industries and civilian enterprises, and China's modernization movement was rapidly launched.

In the early stage of the Westernization Movement, the Westernists took "self-improvement" as the banner and adopted advanced Western production technology to establish a number of modern military industries. Under the auspices of Li Hongzhang and others, a number of large-scale modern military industries, such as the Jiangnan Machinery Manufacturing Bureau, the Jinling Manufacturing Bureau, the Fuzhou Shipbuilding Bureau, and the Tianjin Machinery Bureau, came out one after another. In just a few years, China has already possessed the capability of casting iron, making steel, and machines to produce all kinds of military products, including artillery, firearms, ammunition, mines, steamships, and other new weapons, and equipping some armed forces.

The establishment of the Beiyang Navy was one of the highest achievements of the Westernization Movement in military affairs. Although the Beiyang Navy failed in the end, it was once China's advanced military force that could deter the sea, occupied a place in the history of the world's navies, and in the process of cultivating the Beiyang Navy, it also led to a series of modern career developments.

With the establishment of the military industry, the Westernists realized that a strong national defense foundation lies in the development of the entire national economy, and required energy, steel and other industries to support it. At the same time, in order to safeguard the interests of the nation, it is also necessary to develop the national economy and "fight for profit" with foreigners. As a result, they put forward the slogan of seeking wealth, and civilian industry and new transportation industries also developed.

In the later period of the Westernization Movement, in order to solve the difficulties in the military industry's funds, fuel, transportation, etc., the Westernists set up a number of civilian industries under the banner of "seeking wealth." In 1872, Li Hongzhang established the China Merchants Steamship Bureau in Shanghai. This was the first civilian enterprise founded by the Westernists. In just three years since its establishment, China Merchants has recovered more than 13 million taels of silver for the Qing government, and has also developed its business to foreign countries, breaking the monopoly of foreign shipping companies.

Later, China's modern mining, telegraph, postal, railway and other industries appeared one after another. Light industry was also vigorously developed during the Westernization Movement. In 1880, Zuo Zongtang founded Lanzhou Weaving Bureau, which became the originator of China's modern textile industry. China's modern textile industry, waterworks, power plants, machine silk reeling, ginning, papermaking, printing, pharmaceuticals, glass manufacturing, etc., were all established in the seventies and eighties of the nineteenth century. Under the impetus of the Westernization Movement, China's civilian industry has developed rapidly, laying the foundation for China's modern chemical industry.

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Before the Westernization Movement, there was a foundation, that is, the quiet rise of a concept, that is, "mastering the skills of the master to control the country".

Mastering the art of mastering Yi to control Yi is a famous proposition put forward by Wei Yuan in his works.

Published in 1842, the author Wei Yuan pointed out the purpose of the book in the book: "How can a book be written? The so-called "Shiyi" mainly refers to learning a set of strengths of Western capitalist countries in military technology, and "the three skills of Yi: one warship, two firearms, and three methods of raising and training soldiers." ”

Wei Yuan not only advocated the purchase of ship guns from the West, but also emphasized the introduction of advanced industrial technology from the West and the manufacture of ship guns by himself. The so-called "subjugation" means resisting aggression and defeating the enemy.

In this proposition, Shiyi is the means, and the control is the goal. Through the proposition of "mastering the "long skills of the Western countries to control the foreign invaders," Wei Yuan clearly raised the understanding of whether or not to learn the "long skills" of the Western countries to the level of whether they could defeat the foreign invaders.

This proposition shows a brilliant patriotic ideology and puts forward a new topic of "learning from the West" to the Chinese in the midst of great changes. This thought later became the source of learning from the West, and occupies a very important position in the history of modern Chinese thought, and in a practical sense, it is the precursor of all the reform movements such as the Westernization Movement and even the Reform and Reform of the Law and the Xinhai Revolution.

The idea of mastering the art of mastering and controlling the Yi has also derived an ideological development policy that can be said to be the most fatal to Confucianism - the use of Chinese style and Western use.

Chinese and Western use is an abbreviation of "middle school for body, Western learning for use". It was the guiding ideology of the Westernists who learned from the West after the 60s of the 19th century. "Middle school" refers to the Confucian doctrine with the three outlines and eight objectives, namely, Mingde, Xinmin, and Zhizhi, and the core of Gewu, Zhizhi, sincerity, righteousness, self-cultivation, Qi family, governing the country, and leveling the world, while "Western learning" refers to the natural sciences and social sciences such as commerce, education, foreign trade, and international public law that were introduced to China in modern times. On the basis of maintaining the feudal rule of the Qing Dynasty, it advocated the adoption of specific methods in natural science and technology, as well as culture and education, such as building ships and cannons, building railways, opening mines, and erecting electric wires, to save the crisis of rule.

After the failure of the Wuxu Reform, the controversy between middle schools and Western studies did not stop, and almost the entire Chinese intellectual, ideological, and academic circles participated in this great controversy at that time. Zhang Zhidong, an official of the Qing Dynasty, proposed that "middle school is the body, and Western learning is for use". The slogan was popular, but it came at a time when the traditional Manchu system was no longer sustainable, and its purpose was to consolidate the territory of the middle school in order to maintain the legitimacy of the middle school, that is, the feudal system. This is completely different from the original Feng Guifen's proposal of "middle school as the mainstay, Western learning as a supplement", which is to occupy a little territory for Western learning, rather than let middle schools monopolize the purpose.

"Middle school is the body, Western learning is the application" is the guiding ideology of the Westernist school, and Zhang Zhidong comprehensively expounded this idea in his works. In order to reconcile the contradictions between the diehards of the ruling class and the reformists, Zhang Zhidong systematically summed up his own practice of Westernization, and summed up the ideas of his predecessors as the slogan of "learning from the Middle School as the body, and Western learning as the application", which became the ideological weapon of the Westernists. Zhang Zhidong's comprehensive exposition of the idea of "middle school as the body, Western learning as the application". "Zhongti" refers to Confucianism with the Tao of Confucius and Mencius as the core, and "Western Studies" refers to the advanced science and technology of the modern West. "Western Studies" serves "Chinese Sports".

It is the product of the combination of feudal culture and Western capitalist culture, and has had a great influence on modern Chinese political thought. In the early days, it played an active role in breaking through the obstruction of feudal diehards, introducing Western natural sciences, and promoting the modernization of China's industry and military and the emergence of new education, and later became the ideological weapon of the Qing rulers against the bourgeois restoration and bourgeois revolution.

Later generations believed that there were three positive aspects and four negative aspects of Chinese and Western thought:

On the positive side, there are three points:

First, the use of Chinese and Western ideas has played a role in emancipating the mind.

The legalization of "Chinese sports and Western use" broke the dominance of middle schools and changed the backward, closed, and rigid situation in China. With the continuous expansion of the scope of Western studies, the idea of using Western studies for use is no longer regarded as deviant, and "using Yi to change Xia" is no longer the main issue of debate in Chinese ideological circles, whether or not some changes should be made to China's feudal political system and its ideological "body" to adapt to the development of capitalist economic factors has become the main issue that people are concerned about.

Therefore, with the development of the Westernization Movement, while learning Western artifacts, it also occasionally infiltrated the content of the Western political system and legal system, which made learning from the West develop from a low level to a high level.

Zhang Zhidong, the master of "Chinese style and Western use", developed the "theory of Chinese style and Western use" into "rectifying Chinese and Western methods and imitating Western law", and proposed that "mainly imitating Western law" and the bourgeois reformers represented by Kang Liang developed "Chinese style and Western use" into a reform of the law, and demanded the implementation of a constitutional monarchy; The bourgeois revolutionaries represented by Sun Yat-sen were also influenced by the "theory of using Chinese style and Western style" and began to learn from the West and seek a strategy for saving the country and the people.

However, they broke through the framework of the theory of Chinese style and Western use, and their ideological understanding underwent a qualitative change, advocating to emulate the bourgeois revolutions in Europe and the United States, and to overthrow the Manchu dynasty and establish a bourgeois republic with violent revolution.

Second, the use of Chinese and Western ideas has played a role in strengthening the integration of the nation. Under the impact of the frenzy of colonialist aggression, if a nation does not want to become a colony, it must strengthen its own cohesion and enhance the degree of national integration.

Only in this way can a foundation be established by which to develop and renew. At that time, the Chinese consciousness contained in the principles of Chinese and Western application was the banner of unity and patriotism, which called on people to strengthen national unity, resist aggression, and defend China.

Looking at the relevant remarks of the advanced people at that time, it is not difficult to find that although a small number of people had doubts about the correctness of the cultural principle of using Chinese style and Western style as a whole, no one ever raised doubts about the national character contained in it. On the contrary, whenever it comes to China's fate and China's place in the world, people inevitably mention the use of China and the West. For example, it is difficult to say that the slogan of Kang Youwei and others about "protecting the species, protecting the country and protecting the religion" has no historical connection with the use of Chinese and Western sports. Without the Chinese body as a link, Chinese culture is difficult to sustain.

Third, the use of Chinese and Western styles has given new enlightenment to people's thinking, that is, to learn foreign things, we must combine them with the reality of our own country. The original meaning of Chinese and Western use does not have this content, but its thinking logic has objectively enlightened people. After the Westernization Movement, the blind xenophobic ideas that refused to learn from foreign countries certainly had no market, and the **** proposition was also denied by most people. Learning foreign things in combination with the actual situation of the country has gradually become a rule for people to follow.

While advocating a constitutional monarchy, the reformers also put forward the slogan of "protecting the country, protecting the species, and protecting the religion." On the one hand, Sun Yat-sen's Three People's Principles absorbed Western political theories, and on the other hand, combined with the reality of China at that time, he put forward the people's livelihood doctrine

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