In the education that Zhang Jiashi received in later generations, the concept of military government was closely related to dictatorship. Pen "Fun" Pavilion www.biquge.info

But strictly speaking, after crossing over to the Great Qin Empire, Zhang Jiashi knew one thing very clearly, that is, the Great Qin Empire in this period also had the concept of military and political integration.

In the arrangement of the duties of the county guards in the border areas, the integration of the military and the government is the most obvious symbol.

In fact, if the military and political system of the Qin Empire's frontiers corresponds to the corresponding historical terms of the later Chinese dynasties, the models are relatively close to those of the feudal towns and the Jiedu envoys.

The border county guards of the Qin Empire, because of the environment in which they are located, lead to the integration of military and government, and the government and military orders are also concentrated on the county guard.

In fact, in the turbulent times at the end of the Qin Dynasty, due to the advent of war, the military power of the county commanders of the inland counties was also restored. Among them, the most famous is the situation when Li You, the county guard of Sanchuan County, led his army to defend against the invasion of Sanchuan County by the rebel army, and finally died in defeat.

Normally, the county warden of Mikawa County was only responsible for civil affairs, while the county lieutenant was responsible for military arrangements.

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The feudal town was an inevitable product of the military system of the Tang Dynasty.

Among the corresponding concepts of later generations, the military system of the Tang Dynasty was notably inherited from the previous dynasty and set up governorships in important places. During the time of Ruizong, he set up ambassadors for festivals, and Xuanzong began to expand the powers of ambassadors for festivals, and set up ten ambassadors on the border, collectively referred to as "feudal towns". As a result, the so-called feudal towns were formed.

The reason why the Tang Dynasty has been glorious for thousands of years is that it is inclusive, accommodating many different races and treating them equally. This was already obvious in the early Tang Dynasty.

However, there is no one-size-fits-all approach. Since there are foreigners who are willing to be attached, there must be people who have wolf ambitions. This is also the reason why although the Turks were no longer in the climate during the time of Taizong and Gaozong, the northern plague was still serious.

There is a remnant of the Turks, and the Khitan is also rising. In the southwest, although he had a great effect on the harmony of Tibet, it still could not stop his ambition to continue to grow strong and expand.

The buffer zone between Tang and Tibet, Tuyuhun, has been wiped out by Tang. So the two will inevitably collide hard. The Ming Emperor was so happy that the border generals all expanded the territory to seal the official wealth. As a result, there is no will to settle on either side of the border. Therefore, it can be said that talking about peace at that time was pure nonsense.

Preparing for war can be said to be one after another. On the other hand, during the period of Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the military system of the government had been completely destroyed, and the recruitment system began to be implemented, which would inevitably cause the soldiers to go with the generals and the generals to support the troops with their own respect. In fact, the conditions for the formation of feudal towns have been provided. The vicious development of the conscription system formed the division of feudal towns.

On the one hand, the Tang Dynasty can carry out the war with the Great Food in Central Asia, but it also has to guard against the invasion of foreign tribes around it. The Ming Emperor's large-scale expansion of garrison towns and towns and the control of local military power by the feudal towns were the needs of the Tang government to carry out military defense against the nomadic cavalry; the control of the local financial power by the feudal towns and towns was the need of the Tang government to relieve the financial pressure and solve the logistical supply of the border garrisons; and the feudal towns and towns had the administrative power of several prefectures under their jurisdiction, which was the need to carry out the military defense tasks more effectively.

In short, the feudal envoys were the product of the Tang Dynasty's military strategic reform.

At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the Dao was equivalent to a modern military region, and the governor was the governor of the capital (called the general governor when he went out in wartime), and the border army subdivisions of different levels were guarded, armed, city, and town, and their commanders were called "envoys", and sometimes some of the governors took office as Qin chasers.

In the second year of Ruizong Jingyun, when he replaced the "envoy" with the fixed official position of the Jiedu envoy, he still only had the right to command the army.

When Xuanzong set up nine sections of envoys and a slight envoy for a town along the border with several states, the feudal town both refers to the envoy and the army, and the chief is served by the important ministers, giving double festivals and double festivals, and taking the military and political power.

The ten towns have a total of 4,869oo soldiers: the Anxi Jiedu envoy manages the Western Regions, with a strength of about 24ooo.

Beiting Jiedu made Turpan defend against Tuqi Shi and Jiankun, with a strength of about 2oooo.

Hexi Jiedu made the isolation of Tibet and Turks, with a strength of about 73ooo.

Shuofang Jiedu made the defense of the Turks, with a strength of about 647oo.

Longyou Jiedu made the defense of Tibet, with a strength of about 75ooo.

Jiannan Jiedu made the defense of Tubo and appeasement of Nanyi, with a strength of about 39ooo.

The five prefectures of Lingnan were slightly envoys to appease Nanyi, with a strength of about 154oo.

Hedong Jiedu made present-day Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, defend against the Turks, with a strength of about 55ooo.

Fan Yang Jiedu made Beijing defend Khitan and Xi, with a strength of about 914oo.

Pinglu Jiedu made Jinzhou, Liaoning Province to recruit Fu Murwei and Yan Ya, with a strength of about 375oo.

According to the source of soldiers, the army of the feudal towns was divided into the athletes who had served in different parts in the past, the united soldiers who were newly formed after the regimental training of the prefectures, and the local township soldiers; according to the composition, there were soldiers from other towns who were only collared, soldiers from counties under the prefectures, and soldiers from the inner courtyard who were stationed in the inner mansions of the marshals of the feudal towns; and the most important was the tooth soldiers, also known as the yabing, the most pro-soldiers of the feudal towns, extremely elite, responsible for defending the yacheng and the feudal marshals, and were the core force of the feudal town army.

The festival degree makes the authority too large, and there are also those who are also in several towns, which eventually leads to the Anshi Rebellion. After the rebellion, there were many feudal towns that had been newly established and attached to the rebellion, and the military generals had been in one town for a long time, which led to the hereditary phenomenon of the festival and the tail was too big to be lost, and the imperial court was unable to control it, and some feudal towns loyal to the king were also greatly restrained due to the constraints of eunuchs and the supervision of the army, and the untimely supply of grain and straw to the state.

After the Anshi Rebellion, the Tang Dynasty fell into a situation of separating feudal towns. The power of the central government weakened, and the feudal towns became stronger and stronger, almost in concert against the central government. The feudal towns that rushed to the front were called "Heshuo Three Towns", and these three feudal towns were the Chengde Army, Wei Bo Army, and Lu Longjun. In order to envelop Hebei generals, the Tang Dynasty successively appointed Zhang Zhongzhi as the envoy of the Chengde Army, gave the name Li Baochen, unified Heng, Zhao, and Wuzhou, and soon added Jizhou and stationed in Hengzhou, and Tian Chengsi was the defense envoy of Wei and Bodu. Li Huaixian is the envoy of the Lulong Festival in Youzhou, and he is stationed in Youzhou, Ying, Ping, Ji, Fu, Tan, and Mo. These rebel generals, who originally belonged to Anshi, nominally submitted to the imperial court, but in fact did not obey the central government, and set up their own generals and officials, each holding tens of thousands of strong soldiers, and the rent was not available, forming a local separatist force. The court was powerless to ask. Since these three towns are all in Hebei Province in the Tang Dynasty, they are called the Three Towns of Hebei, also known as the Three Towns of Heshuo.

The succession of the envoys of the Three Towns was not appointed by the imperial court, but by their own sons and nephews, or by their subordinates. In the third year of the Great Calendar of Daizong, Li Huaixian was killed by his subordinates Zhu Xicai, Zhu Zhu, Zhu Tao, etc., and the three Zhu successively became the envoys of the festival. In the fourteenth year, Tian Chenghei died, his nephew Tian Yue inherited, and Daizong recognized it.

In the first month of the second year of the establishment of Dezong, Li Baochen died, and his son Weiyue sought succession. When Dezong was newly enthroned, he wanted to change this situation and rejected this request, so Li Weiyue and Tian Yue joined forces with Li Zhengji, the envoy of Ziqing Jiedu, who occupied the present-day Shandong region, and Liang Chongyi, the envoy of Dongdao Jiedu in Shannan, which was located in the northwest of present-day Hubei.

The Tang Dynasty sent Huaixi Jiedu to envoy Li Xilie and others to lead troops to fight. In August, Liang Chongyi committed suicide in defeat. In the first month of the leap year of the following year, Li Weiyue's troops killed Wang Wujun and surrendered to the imperial court, but because they were dissatisfied with the reward of the imperial court, Tian Yue, Wang Wujun and Zhu Tao, who participated in the conquest, colluded with each other and rebelled. Zhu and Wang led troops to rescue Tian to Weizhou, built an altar alliance in November, and made an appointment to be called king: Zhu Tao was called King Ji, Tian Yue was called King of Wei, Wang Wujun was called King Zhao, and Li Na of Ziqing was called King of Qi, so the chaos further expanded. It was not until the first month of the first year of Xingyuan that Tang Dezong issued an edict to condemn himself, reiterating that the three towns of Hebei would be treated as before, and it gradually subsided.

Since then, it has become a common practice for the three towns of Hebei to stand on their own.

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In contrast to the situation in the feudal towns, the power of the festival envoys became larger and larger, and it was eventually difficult to restrict.

From the beginning of Tang Taizong to the last years of Tang Gaozong, the military situation on the Tang border underwent a strategic change. During the reign of Tang Taizong, he adopted the strategic policy of taking the initiative to attack and fighting on the outside line, and took the cavalry to carry out long-distance attacks and attack them unprepared. The reason why Tang Taizong adopted such a strategic policy and tactical principle was mainly to have a cavalry force that was more elite than the nomads.

The "New Tang Dynasty Book of Soldiers" clearly pointed out: "Since the Qin and Han dynasties, the Tang Dynasty and horses have been the most prosperous, and the Son of Heaven has been keen on martial arts, so he has weakened the northwest Tibet." ”

After the death of Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, the military situation around the Tang Dynasty underwent major changes. The cavalry of the Tibetan, Turkic, Xi, Khitan and other ethnic minorities began to raid the Tang border areas. In the face of this new characteristic of the surrounding military situation, it gradually became the consensus of the Tang ruling group to change the military offensive strategy of the Tang Taizong period into a military defensive strategy.

Under the guidance of the idea of changing the military offensive strategy of Tang Taizong into a military defense strategy, the Tang government carried out the following military defense strategic deployment: In the west, in the first year of longevity, the Tang government deployed an army in the four towns of Anxi to control the trade routes leading to Central Asia through Tarim, and to defend against the surprise attacks of Tibet and Turks and the invasion of Arabs.

In the north, the Tang government stationed troops on the northern side of the Tien Shan Mountains on the route to Central Asia through the Ili River valley to defend against Turgish, Tungas, and Northeast Turkic encroachments. On the northern border along the Guanzhong and Hedong provinces, the Tang government established a defensive system of standing armies and permanent fortresses along the northern Yellow River to cope with ****** Mosi's plunder. After ascending the throne, Tang Xuanzong continued to build fortifications on the vulnerable northern and northwestern frontiers, especially in the areas of Longyou, Hedong and northeast. In the fifth year of Kaiyuan, the governor's palace was restored in present-day Yingzhou, Liaodong, and a strong military force was deployed. By the tenth year of Kaiyuan, there were more than 600,000 troops stationed on the frontier.

The opponents defended by the Don were powerful cavalry units of nomadic or semi-nomadic peoples.

In war, they often put in tens of thousands of cavalry skilled in cavalry and archery, and the storm came and went, and they rushed away, suddenly grabbing this and plundering the other, and erratic. In order to take the initiative in such a less protracted war, it is necessary to have a large border army with flexible command and quick response. As a result, the Tang government began to reform the military deployment of countless small towns with hundreds of people controlled by the local government, and important border towns with huge group armies under centralized command came into being.

At first, this type of army group consisted of temporary recruits from the government soldiers who had been subordinate to the various guards, and the commander-in-chief was temporarily appointed from the official officials or the generals of the Jingshi Forbidden Army and their subordinates at the time of the expedition. It will be difficult to form such a large group army in a short period of time.

Because there are many tasks such as mobilization, training, transporting troops to the front, supplying and equipping the army, etc., which take time. By the time these arrangements were ready, the enemy had already looted and fled without a trace. Therefore, only a group army with flexible command, quick response, and a large scale cannot fully meet the needs of the war, and it is also necessary to station a standing army in the border military towns to guard against an invading enemy at all times and everywhere.

In the second year of Yifeng, the Tang government recruited long-serving athletes from Guannei and Hedong Prefectures to garrison Central Asia in the northwest of the Tang-Tibet border to guard against sudden attacks by the Tubo cavalry. In the eleventh year of the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (723), he replaced the soldiers of the Beijing division with the recruited "Long March Guards". In the twenty-fifth year of the Kaiyuan Dynasty, the soldiers who were conscripted on the border were changed to "Long March athletes".

However, the central government is often not very clear about the exact number of troops needed in each of the important border defense towns, and when the number of troops allocated by the government is insufficient, it is inevitable that the troops will be recruited on their own in various areas. Since the twenty-fifth year of the Kaiyuan Dynasty, the armies under the envoys of various towns have successively become recruits. The sources of recruitment were quite complex, mainly landless peasants and unemployed vagrants, outlaws and desperate or helpless people.

These soldiers are generally in the army for life, with brothers and fathers who have been in the military for generations. Because the feudal envoys held their rights to life and death, rewards and punishments, promotions and promotions, etc., the soldiers were also extremely dependent on the feudal envoys, and they "only knew the grace and power of their generals, but did not know that there was a son of heaven." As a result, the envoys of the feudal towns gradually cultivated a personal army that was only loyal to themselves and had military power.

The logistical supply of the Tang border garrison mainly depends on the government, but it is far from enough to rely on the government alone for the logistical supply of such a large number of border garrisons, and if the logistical supply is to be guaranteed, the logistical supply system must be reformed. The specific method is to use the income from the tuntian to solve part of the supply of the army, so as to reduce the financial pressure on the central government.

In the second year of Yifeng, the Tang government established the Tuntian organization on the border between what is now Gansu and the Tang and Tibet in northwest Sichuan.

According to the "General Dictionary", there are a total of 992 military states and camps in the world. "Every 50 hectares is a tun", which is equivalent to 49,600 acres of land. In the eighth year of Tianbao, the world harvested 1,913,960 stones of grain in Tuntian, and "563,810 stones in the Guannai", ranking the top of all roads. Based on Shuofang's 100,000 troops, with an average of 5.6 stone per person, the supply of military rations for Shuofang's Jiedu envoys was mostly solved through Tuntian.

In the beginning, the grain produced in the tuntian was controlled by the central government's expenditure, such as the "land management affairs" that were both in charge of the central household department. This system made it impossible for the generals of the standing army to solve the logistical supply of the troops in their own defense areas in a timely manner, affected their authority in mobilizing and commanding the troops, and weakened the combat effectiveness of the Tang army.

For example, "the deputy capital of Anxi protects the four towns of Shi Dafu and appeases the envoy" Guo Qianqian "asked 10,000 soldiers to go to Anxi to fight, and they were all given to the public and cooked food". Wei Miao pointed out at the time: "Where you are in Ding Zhuang, the expedition is a little exhausted, how should you be more brave and brave, and the capital is scarce." Another 10,000 people marched 6,000 miles, salty to hand over cooked food, Daocizhou County, how will it be offered. Qinlong's western household registration is gradually decreasing, and in the past in Liangzhou, the sand moraine is leisurely, and how to get help from the other people.

As a result, "the pious man did not have the merit to be defeated." Under these circumstances, the Tang government had no choice but to transfer the financial power of the defense zones to the standing army generals of the defense zones. Later, the Tang government handed over the management of salt resources to the Jiedu envoys. In the fifteenth year of Kaiyuan, Shuofang Jiedu envoy and Guannei salt pond envoy.

According to the "New Tang Book" May Fourth "Food and Goods Journal", Shuofang Jiedu made a total of thirteen pools in Yanzhou, Lingzhou, Huizhou, and Anbei Prefectures. The salt produced in these salt ponds was used to meet the needs of the local garrison, in addition to a part of the tribute to the imperial court.

For example, in addition to "supplying Zhenwu, Tiande and Yingtian water transport officials", the rest of Huluochi was sold to local and foreign people. At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, when the government levied a salt tax, the salt tax became an important fiscal revenue for the Jiedu envoys. In the first year of Tianbao, Pei Kuan was the envoy of Fanyang Festival, and he passed through the Hebei branch and Yingtian, and the Hebei shipping envoy. In this way, the feudal towns and towns had more financial power.

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As the saying goes, the past does not forget the future, but Zhang Jiashi, who was very clear about the dangers of the feudal town from the Qingyu Lingshu, finally chose a political system that was almost military-political integration to govern the Qin Empire.

It's not that he doesn't want to change this way, but he doesn't have a better way to change this situation now, because he knows very well that he has no basis for implementing other better ways at the moment, or the Qin Empire itself.