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In contrast to the arrows fired by the Hun riders, the powerful crossbows shot by the crossbowmen of the Qin army were undoubtedly more powerful and more penetrating. Pen | fun | pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 ｉｎｆｏ

The arrows fired by many Huns could not penetrate too deep even with the wooden shields erected in the outer chariot arrays, not to mention that they had enough penetrating power in this regard, and after penetrating the shields, they would then bring a lethal effect to the crossbowmen of the Qin army.

This situation is more limited by the level of scientific and technological strength of the Huns.

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The scientific and technological level of the Xiongnu has basically been abandoned by the various countries that were the agricultural system of the Central Plains and the Great Qin Empire.

Although the current Xiongnu people have gradually transitioned to the level of iron production, for more Xiongnu people, most of the equipment they use is more made of bronze. Therefore, the Xiongnu are still in a relatively prosperous bronze instrument age.

The Xiongnu people gradually made great progress in science and technology, and greatly narrowed the overall scientific and technological gap between the Central Plains Dynasty, such as the Qin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty, mainly because of the two stages of development during the war period at the end of Qin and the Han-Hun peace relationship.

The former mainly lost a considerable number of officers and soldiers or prisoners who were originally used as garrison frontiers, and gave the Huns the first relatively large improvement in scientific and technological level.

After all, these officers and soldiers are even prisoners, and there are no lack of people who have a skill in the corresponding skills, but there are relatively few such personnel, and for the Huns, what such a scientific and technological improvement lacks is a systematic, so for the Huns, the overall improvement effect of this scientific and technological level is not too great.

Although it is said that during the siege of Baishan Mountain, Maudun, who had tasted considerable benefits, plundered many civilians in the surrounding areas and returned to the Xiongnu, and even in the many subsequent invasions, it was partly due to the behavior of plundering the population. The main purpose is to reduce the gap between the overall scientific and technological level of the Xiongnu and the Central Plains Dynasty.

After all, it was because of this gap that Mao Dun's father paid a very heavy price in the battle of Yinshan in the Qin-Hun Hetao.

This is also the reason why in the chaotic times at the end of the Qin Dynasty, although the Xiongnu did not go south on a large scale, they plundered the border areas on a large scale.

Merely. Compared with this relatively fragmented scientific and technological improvement personnel, what really made the Xiongnu people leapfrog in the level of science and technology was the peaceful measures adopted by the Han Dynasty for border peace.

During the Han Dynasty, there were quite a lot of peace with the Xiongnu: 200 years ago, the daughter of the ancestor of Han Gao married the Xiongnu Mao Dun Shan Yu, in 192 BC, the daughter of the Han Hui Emperor married the Xiongnu Mao Dun Shan Yu, and in 176 BC, the daughter of the Han Wen Emperor married the Xiongnu Mao Dun Shan Yu. In 174 BC, the daughter of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty married the old Shangshan Yu of the Huns. In 162 BC, Emperor Wen of Han married the daughter of the Xiongnu Lao Shangdan, in 160 BC, the daughter of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty married the Xiongnu military minister Shan Yu, in 156 BC, the daughter of Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty married the Xiongnu military minister Shan Yu, in 155 BC, the daughter of Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty married the Xiongnu military minister Shan Yu, 152 BC. Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty married the Xiongnu military minister Shan Yu, and in 140 BC, the daughter of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty married the Xiongnu military minister Shan Yu.

In the end, there is another Zhaojun out of the plug, so I won't say too much.

In the history of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty before 140 BC alone, the number of Han-Hun peace relations reached as many as ten times. The monarchs of the Han Dynasty should not have thought that it would be so difficult to attack the Xiongnu during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, mainly because of the seeds they planted.

"Han-Hungarian peace and pro". In the early stage, it can be regarded as a product of the Western Han government's policy of Gou An and restraint against the Xiongnu, which has a far-reaching impact.

The act of harmony in Chinese history first began in the Western Han Dynasty. It was developed on the basis of the beauty scheme. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the Liu Han Dynasty had just been established, and after the peasant war at the end of the Qin Dynasty and several years of conflict between Chu and Han, the social economy was severely damaged. The people are crying out, and the treasury is empty. At this time, the military strength of the Xiongnu in the north became stronger and stronger, and they continued to send troops south to the Han border to plunder and harass. In the seventh year of Gaozu of the Han Dynasty (200 years ago), Liu Bangqin led an army of 330,000 to attack the Xiongnu in the north, but was besieged in Baidenda for 7 days and 7 nights. Liu Bang and the soldiers had nothing to do, and finally Chen Ping used a beauty plan and wanted to offer a beauty to the Xiongnu Shan Yu. The Xiongnu clan was afraid that the Han beauties would compete with them for favor, so they persuaded Mao Dunshan to withdraw his troops, and the "siege of Baideng" was freed. However, the stark contrast between the powerful Xiongnu and the weak power of the Western Han did not make the Western Han rulers feel much less threatened.

In this social context, Lou Jing put forward the idea of making peace with the Xiongnu to Liu Bang in view of the utility of the beauty scheme. He explained: If the princess of the Han Dynasty marries Mao Dunshan Yu of the Xiongnu, and accompanies the dowry, the Xiongnu will inevitably admire the Han money and establish the Han princess as the Yan family. In this way, the son will be the prince and succeed Shan Yu.

It can be said that Lou Jing is a very important culprit of the Han-Hungarian peace affair.

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The evaluation and description of Lou Jing in the "Historical Records" is not bad, and Sima Qian and Ban Gu, two historians, also position Lou Jing as a person with great resourcefulness.

When Liu Jing returned from the Xiongnu, he said, "The Xiongnu in Henan, Baiyang and Loufu, the two tribes, are only 700 miles away from Chang'an, and the lightly armed cavalry can reach the Guanzhong area in one day and one night." The Guanzhong region has just been war-torn and sparsely populated, while the land is fertile and can be greatly enriched. At the beginning, when the princes of various places raised troops, if it were not for the participation of the Tian clans of the Qi State and the three major clans of the Zhao Dynasty, Qu and Jing of the Chu State, it would not have been able to prosper. Although His Majesty has built the capital in Guanzhong, there is actually a lack of population. The north side is close to the Xiongnu enemy, and there are the old nobles of the Six Kingdoms in the east, and the clan power is very strong, once there is any change, Your Majesty will not be able to sit back and relax. I hope that Your Majesty will move the Tian clans of the Qi State, the three major clans of Zhao, Qu and Jing of the Chu State, the descendants of the Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei and other countries, as well as the wealthy and famous families to live in Guanzhong. The country is safe and sound, and can guard against the Xiongnu, and if anything happens to the princes and kings of the feuds, they can also lead them eastward to crusade. This is a strategy to strengthen the power of the central government and weaken the power of the local governments. ”

Liu Bang said: "It's very good. So he sent Liu Jing to move more than 100,000 people to Guanzhong according to his own opinions.

Sima Qian: The saying goes, "The fur of a thousand gold, not the armpit of a fox; the pavilion of Taixie, not the branch of a tree; and the wisdom of a scholar on the occasion of three generations." Believe it! Fu Gaozu started from the smallest, fixed the sea, and planned to use troops, which can be said to be exhaustive. However, Liu Jingtuo said that to build the peace of eternity, how can wisdom be exclusive to evil! Uncle and grandson Tongxi are in charge of affairs, advance and retreat in the system of rites, and change with the times. He died as a Confucian sect of the Han family. "If you are straight, you will be a snake", what does it mean?

Bangu: Gaozu determined the world by conquest, and the disciples of the gentry hired him to know and argue, and became a great cause. The saying goes: "The branches of the Lang Temple are the wood of a wood, and the merit of the emperor is not a soldier's strategy." Liu Jing took off his hand and built the peace of the golden city. Uncle and grandson set up a king's ceremony with a drum, and when it happened. Li Sheng hid himself in prison. When the Lord comes out, he can't help but be in a wok. Zhu Jian's name is honest and straightforward, not only from Biyang, but also to die. Lu Jia is the doctor, to Shi Zhulu, not to be blamed, calmly between peace and Bo, and the association will strengthen the society. The best of all the best!

However, judging from Lou Jing's words and deeds, his strategy, especially for the Xiongnu and his relatives, lacked foresight. Moreover, the relocation of the wealthy and powerful in the eastern part of the country to enrich the Guanzhong was a national policy that the first emperor began to implement.

Lou Jing was on the issue of the Huns, although Liu Bang took corresponding strategies. But let's not talk about whether Lou Jing has any different intentions. Just like this, it can be seen that Lou Jing is not a wise and far-reaching person:

"Marry the princess of the Han Dynasty to the Xiongnu's Mao Dunshan Yu, and accompany the dowry, the Xiongnu will inevitably admire the Han money and set up the Han princess as the Yan family. In this way, the son will be the prince and succeed Shan Yu. ”

Such a sentence. While exposing the weakness of the Han Dynasty itself, it is also ironic that Lou Jing takes it for granted.

Especially the Han clan daughters, there are really no one who has become the Yan family, and whether the children they give birth to even have enough evidence to prove their existence is a problem, not to mention that the children of these clan girls will succeed to Shan Yu.

Did Lou Jing take his own thinking too seriously, or did Lou Jing deserve to be a stupid person?

It's clear that Maudon is not stupid. Because his next Shan Yu is an out-and-out Huns.

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Moreover, Lou Jing really didn't expect that among the marrying personnel, some of them did systematically improve the scientific and technological level of the Huns by several levels.

If Lou Jing knew this, would he regret his original suggestion?

Drawing on the corresponding description of Princess Wencheng and his relatives:

The craftsmen who followed the princess into Tibet introduced the production techniques of agricultural tool manufacturing, textile, silk reeling, construction, papermaking, winemaking, pottery, milling, and metallurgy from the Central Plains to Tibet. Originally, the agricultural technology of Tibet was relatively sparse, the land was not leveled, there was no furrowing, there was no Qianmo, and the water and soil were easy to evaporate. After the introduction of Han agricultural technology, the working people of Tibet began to dig furrows, and the fields were criss-crossed, which greatly increased the yield. The water mill brought by the princess was very popular with the working people, and the princess and her maids also taught the weaving and embroidery techniques to the Tibetan women.

It can be seen that the corresponding improvement in the scientific and technological strength of the Xiongnu at the time of the Han and Hungarian peace was really not a star.

And what's even worse is that these improvements are systematic.

In contrast to this situation, it was in this context that the Han Dynasty eunuch Zhongxingshuo, known as China's first traitor, emerged.

In the "Historical Records Volume 110: The Fiftieth Biography of the Huns", there is a corresponding description of the Bank of China:

The old Shangji porridge was established at the beginning, and Emperor Wen reinstated the princess of the clan as Shan Yu's family, so that the eunuch Yanren Zhongxing said that Fu Weng was the master. Say no, Han Qiang made it. He said, "I must also be a Han patient." "The Bank of China said that it has arrived, because of the reduction of the order, and the love is lucky. After the old man was singled to death, the sub-military minister was single, and the Bank of China said that it would be a matter of resumption.

At the beginning, the Xiongnu were good at the Han Dynasty, and the Bank of China said: "The Huns can't be one of the Han counties, but the strong ones are different in food and clothing, and they don't look up to the Han people." Today, it is only a vulgar and good Han thing, and the Han thing is only tithe, and the Huns are all returned to the Han Dynasty. It has to be Han silk, in order to gallop grass thorns, the hakama is torn, in order to show that it is not as perfect as the fur. The food of the Han Dynasty is gone, in order to show that it is not as good as the cheese. So the preaching order was sparse on the left and right, so as to calculate the number of people and animals.

The Han relics are in the book, one inch in size, and the words say, "The emperor respectfully asks the Huns to be safe", and the relics and words are cloudy. The Bank of China said that the order was ordered to be two inches in the Han book, and the seal was made to be long, and he said proudly that "the birthday month of heaven and earth placed the Hun Dashan in the Han Emperor to ask the Han emperor to be safe", so the relics are also cloudy. The Han envoy said: "The Huns are vulgar and cheap." The Bank of China said that the poor Han envoy said: "And the Han customs of those who serve in the army, how can their old relatives not take off their gentleness, fatness, and beauty to send food and drink?" The Han envoy said: "Yes." The Bank of China said: "The Xiongnu Ming to attack the war as a matter, its old and weak can not fight, so with its fat diet and strong people, cover themselves as guards, so that the father and son have to protect each other for a long time, why say that the Huns are light and old?" The Han envoy said: "The Xiongnu father and son are lying in the same dome." When a father dies, his wife is his mother, and when a brother dies, his wife is taken from his wife. The ornament without a crown and belt, the gift of the court. The Bank of China said: "The custom of the Xiongnu is that people eat animal meat, drink their juice, and wear their skins; animals eat grass and drink water, and they can be transferred at any time." Therefore, if it is urgent, people will learn to ride and shoot, and if it is wide, people will be happy and have nothing to do, and its constraints will be light and easy to do. The monarch and the minister are simple, and the government of a country is still the same. When a father or son or brother dies, his wife and wife are taken, and the evil caste is lost. Therefore, although the Xiongnu are chaotic, they will establish a sect. Although China does not take the wives of his father and brother in detail, his relatives kill each other, and even change his surname, all from this category. And the etiquette and righteousness are not good, and the upper and lower sides are resentful, and the room is extreme, and the vitality will be bent. The husband cultivates the mulberry in order to obtain food and clothing, and builds the city to prepare himself, so the people are in a hurry and do not practice military exploits, and if they are slow, they will stop working. After that, the Han envoy wanted to debate, and the Bank of China said: "The Han envoy has nothing to say, and the Xiongnu rice dumplings that Gu Han has lost, so that in the quantity, it will be good and beautiful, and what is given is good; "Teaching day and night is at stake.

It can be seen that the harmony brought to the Han Dynasty was more of an unspeakable disaster. After all, if it were not for the implementation of the policy of peace and pro-country, I am afraid that the strength of the Xiongnu faced by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty would definitely not require the Han Empire to confront it with a lose-lose effort.

It can be said that the policy of harmony in the early Han Dynasty led to many problems.

Of course, it is no coincidence that the corresponding disadvantages of peace and proximity during the Tang Dynasty, such as the military fiasco brought to the Tang Dynasty by Tubo after obtaining the advanced technology brought by Heqin:

In the first year of Gaozong Xianheng (670), Tubo captured the Eighteen Prefectures of the Western Regions, and then united with Khotan (present-day Hotan, Xinjiang) to capture the city of Qiuci (present-day Kucha, Xinjiang) (present-day Aksu, Xinjiang); Tang Gaozong appointed Ashina Zhong as the chief of the march of the Western Regions and set out for the Western Regions, and appointed Xue Rengui as the chief of the march of the Luosa (present-day Lhasa, Tibet) road to attack Tubo and send Tuyuhun back to his hometown. In this battle, the Tang army dispatched more than 50,000 people, wanting to drive straight into Tibet and defeat Tibet in one fell swoop. After the Tang army advanced to Dafeichuan (now southwest of Qinghai Republic), Xue Rengui took the lead in advancing lightly and repelled the Tubo army at the mouth of the Jishi River, garrisoning Wuhai (now southwest of Xinghai, Qinghai) and waiting for the arrival of the main force of the Tang army. The main force of the Tang army failed to advance lightly, moved slowly, and was attacked by 200,000 Tubo troops before reaching Wuhai, and retreated in defeat, and lost all its baggage. Xue Rengui retreated to Dafeichuan. Tubo Xiangyan Qinling led an army of more than 400,000 to attack the Tang army. The Tang army suffered casualties, and Xue Rengui was forced to make an agreement with Tubo and retreat.

This is the famous Battle of Dafeichuan, if it weren't for the fact that Tubo had integrated a lot of advanced technology of the Tang Dynasty at that time, and the national strength had been greatly improved, I am afraid that Xue Rengui would not have lost so badly.

After all, Tubo was able to mobilize an army of 400,000 at that time, which was also the most direct manifestation of the great improvement of national strength. (To be continued.) If you like this work, you are welcome to vote for recommendation and monthly passes, and your support is my biggest motivation. )