At the same time as Zhang Jiashi was building the Liaodong Army, the requirements for army food were also higher than the current average level of food in the Qin Empire. Pen, fun, pavilion www. biquge。 info Nature's Novel

In some respects, the fact that the military expenditure of Zhang Jiashi's army during the Liaodong period was higher than the average of the armies in the rest of the Qin Empire can in fact be deduced from the time when Zhang Jiashi was appointed as the commander of Afang.

In the face of such a situation, the first emperor, who was still alive at that time, was in a state of forbearance, because he was in some considerations, or he wanted to know whether Zhang Jiashi's level in this aspect had been improved enough to improve the combat effectiveness of the army.

In the Battle of Yongdu, the record of the Afang Duwei Battalion can be said to have made the First Emperor see another correct path.

It's just that for the First Emperor, such an improvement in the level of food is not something that can be extended to the various legions of the Qin Empire in a short period of time, and secondly, the First Emperor himself is also aware of his own physical condition, so the First Emperor, who has always hoped to be in place in one step, will eventually maintain the overall situation unchanged.

It can be said that in a certain aspect, the Liaodong Army under the command of Zhang Jiashi was able to re-establish the country and continue the rule of the Qin Empire in the turmoil that almost swept the world, and the average physical fitness and physical level of its officers and soldiers compared with the armies of other forces were superior, which was a key that could not be ignored.

But for Zhang Jiashi himself, although a set of food standards that have been implemented in the Liaodong Army is still an important factor in the increase of military spending, in essence, Zhang Jiashi thinks that he seems to be able to do better in this regard.

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Limited by the type of food that the Qin Empire could find at the moment, the Qin army's ability to eat one meal of meat a day and basically three meals when supplies were sufficient could already make many civilians drool at the moment.

After all, even in some respects, the Qin Empire did its best to maintain rations for some of the poorest civilians, but in many cases, these rations were often not enough for an adult man to do the household work.

On this basis, these adult men often need to adjust the distribution of food rations from their own families. As a child, it is a "victim" who is often eaten too much food by adults.

Strictly speaking, Zhang Jiashi didn't know this, and even if he knew about the existence of such a thing, it was estimated that there was no way to make actual changes at the moment.

The enactment of a regulation such as the Child Protection Act, which later followed, may alleviate this situation, but if the overall income from agricultural production cannot be fundamentally increased, the effect of such a regulation is different.

So in many cases, Zhang Jiashi and the central core of the Great Qin Empire at the moment are to do the best they can, but this can't change the life of some real things. Unless you can effectively do something that can affect the overall situation, it will have a certain positive impact on these aspects.

According to Zhang Jiashi's idea, even if it is not possible to achieve the "golden food ratio" of later generations, the corresponding production environment should be achieved as much as possible.

Zhang Jiashi can't speculate how far he will go in this regard in the future, but what he hopes is that some things can be framed as much as possible while he is alive.

Among them, the "golden food ratio" is the existence that Zhang Jiashi himself believes has a thousand-year benefit to the Great Qin Empire.

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The golden food ratio was later known as the food pyramid.

The food pyramid is an artificially created pyramid-shaped golden triangle in response to human physiology.

In 1992, the U.S. Department of Agriculture officially issued the "Food Pyramid Guidelines", which aims to guide U.S. citizens to make the right dietary choices to maintain a healthy body and reduce the risk of chronic diseases.

The recommendations in the corresponding guidelines quickly became household names: people should minimize their intake of fats and oils, eat 6-11 servings of carbohydrate-rich foods such as bread, cereals, rice, pasta, etc., eat more vegetables, fruits and dairy products in the dietary pyramid, and eat at least 2 servings of meat and legumes such as poultry, fish, nuts, legumes, eggs and red meat foods per day.

And the basis for the formulation of this golden food ratio is the corresponding law summarized by the famous American ecologist Lindeman:

R.L. Lindeman is an American ecologist.

In 1941, Lindeman, an ecologist at Yale University in the United States, presented a research report on "The Dynamics of the Food Chain in an Elderly Lake".

After conducting field surveys and studies on the lake of 5o million square meters, he used accurate data to show that when the biomass is transferred from green plants to herbivores and carnivores in different trophic levels in the order of the food chain, there is a stable order of magnitude proportional relationship, and usually the biomass of the latter level is only equal to or less than 1/1o of the biomass of the previous level.

Lindemann calls this inevitable quantitative relationship between the different users of energy in an ecosystem the "law of tenths".

If this relationship is expressed on the graph, the biomass is represented in the abscissa, and the number of consumers at each level of the food chain is marked in order on the ordinate, then the whole graph is like a pyramid, which in ecology is called the quantity pyramid in the community.

In 1942, he published an article showing that the quantitative relationship between the flow of energy and matter in ecosystems at different trophic levels is an important factor in maintaining the stability of all ecosystems. Lindemann's theory laid the theoretical foundation for ecological science. Through a quantitative analysis of the energy flow of Lake Sedarberg, a natural lake with a relatively simple structure, the energy flow of the ecosystem has the characteristics of one-way flow and decreasing step by step, and the energy transfer efficiency between the two adjacent trophic levels is about 1o%~2o%.

Lindemann mathematically quantitatively expressed trophic level interactions in communities and established a theoretical model of nutrient cycling, marking the beginning of ecology from qualitative to quantitative. Lindemann died of hepatitis in 1942 at the age of 27.

On the basis of this law, the golden food ratio, oils and fats belong to the top of the proportion, no more than 25 grams per day. The second layer is the world of dairy products, soy products, fish, poultry, meat and eggs. Among them, dairy products need 1oo grams per day, soy products need 5o grams per day, and fish, poultry meat and eggs need about 1oo grams per day. At the third level of the scale, all we need are fruits and vegetables. Here, vegetables are gram per day, while fruits are gram per day. Finally, this grain belongs to the fourth and lowest level of the pyramid, and it is about a gram per day, which is our most indispensable.

In the exhibition of time and technology level, this golden ratio of food has been improved:

On the basis of the existing knowledge of later generations, another food pyramid guide is proposed.

This "new pyramid" proposed emphasizes maintaining weight through daily exercise and avoiding excessive intake of calorie-producing foods.

The "New Pyramid" suggests that people's foods should mainly consist of: fats and carbohydrates that are beneficial to health.

If both fats and carbohydrates are good for your health, you don't have to worry too much about the total calories generated by both substances, and eat plenty of fruits and vegetables. The "New Pyramid" encourages people to consume the right amount of healthy protein, but the intake of dairy products should be limited to 1-2 servings per day. The new dietary guidelines recommend eating less red meat, butter, refined grains, potatoes, and sugar.

Trans fatty acids are not included in the new dietary guidelines because of the adverse effects of this substance on human health. The new dietary guidelines recommend that most people consume multivitamin tablets and that people drink alcohol in moderation when their bodies are fit to do so. The latter recommendation also states that not drinking alcohol is certainly better than drinking too much, but a growing body of research suggests that drinking alcohol in moderation is beneficial to the cardiovascular system.

Of course, the premise of this new golden ratio of food is that people at the time fell into an obesity crisis due to the corresponding overnutrition and other factors.

And this food golden ratio is also known as the nutrition pyramid.

The nutrition pyramid is an artificially created pyramid-shaped golden triangle to cope with human physiological characteristics.

In order to guide people to rational nutrition, the Chinese Nutrition Society has put forward a food guideline, which is vividly called the "4+1 nutrition pyramid". "4+1" means that the daily diet should include four types of food: "grains, legumes", "vegetables and fruits", "milk and dairy products", and "poultry, meat, fish and eggs".

And there are five key points in this golden food ratio:

1. Determine the energy level that suits you: The recommended daily appropriate intake range of various foods per person in the dietary pagoda is suitable for general healthy adults, and should be appropriately adjusted according to personal age, gender, height, weight, labor intensity, season, etc. in practical application.

2. Determine food needs according to your own energy level: The appropriate daily intake range of various foods per person recommended by the dietary pagoda is applicable to general healthy adults, and the intake of 1o foods is recommended according to 7 energy levels, and the application should be selected according to their own energy needs.

3. Food is interchangeable and rich and colorful meals are prepared: The application of dietary pagoda can combine nutrition and deliciousness, and prepare three meals a day in accordance with the principle of similar exchange and diversity.

4. It is necessary to make full use of local resources according to local conditions: China has a vast territory, and the dietary habits and products are not the same in various places.

5. Make it a habit and stick to it for the long term: The health effects of diet are long-term results. The application of the Dietary Pagoda to a Balanced Diet requires a habit and perseverance from an early age in order to fully manifest its significant health-promoting effect.

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In order to achieve this, Zhang Jiashi began to study the hybridization of crops in the Liaodong period, and there is no corresponding results until now.

In later generations, this method of crop crossbreeding was called cross breeding, which is a method of pooling the excellent traits of two or more varieties through mating, and then selecting and cultivating them to obtain new varieties.

Hybridization can recombine the genes of the two parents to form a variety of different types, providing rich material for selection, and genetic recombination can combine the superior genes of the two parents that control different traits, or accumulate different micro-effect genes that control the same trait in both parents to produce the type of parents who have passed on each trait.

Correctly selecting parents and matching them is the key to the success or failure of crossbreeding.

In later generations, the main method of cross breeding generally refers to cross breeding between different varieties within a species.

The hybrid technology varies according to the characteristics of different crops, and its common points are: adjusting the flowering period, through phased sowing, adjusting temperature, light and fertilization management, etc., so that the parents meet the flowering period; control pollination, artificial emasculation before the female pistils mature, and bagging isolation to avoid self-inbreeding and natural outcrossing, and then give pure fresh pollen at the appropriate time, make a good mark, and bag isolation and protection.

The male and female parents used for hybridization are represented by P1 and P2, respectively, and their representative symbols are ♂ and ♀, respectively, and x represents hybridization. The population of individuals planted from the seeds obtained from the hybridization is called the hybrid generation, which is denoted by f1. The offspring obtained by mating or self-breeding between individuals in the F1 population are F2, F3, F4, etc., indicating the subsequent generations. The methods of interbreeding by arranging parents or hybrids to mate in pairs are: pair crossing, that is, the crossing between two different varieties or systems, and the two parents can be each other's parents, and compound crossing, that is, several varieties are crossed multiple times in succession. Backcrossing is a type of crossbreeding in which hybrid offspring are remated with one of the parents.

The mutant material created by hybridization needs to be further bred and selected in order to breed new varieties that meet the breeding goals. The main methods of cultivation selection are pedigree method and mixed method. The pedigree method is to continuously select individuals from the generation of hybrid separation, and record them by number until the descendants of individual plants with consistent traits and meet the requirements are selected, and then mixed and harvested according to the system, and then breed varieties.

This method requires that the hybrids, individual plants, systems, and systematic groups of the materials belong to the past generations have the number and traits recorded according to the kinship, so that the breeding materials of each generation can be checked by genealogy, so it is called the genealogy method.

The typical mixed method is to separate the hybrid generation F2 and each generation is sampled and mixed according to the combination, and no selection is carried out until a certain generation before individual selection, and then the excellent system is selected to breed varieties.

There are various adaptations between the typical genealogy method and the mixed method, mainly including: modified genealogy method, mixed-genealogy method, modified mixed method, derivative system method, and one-grain transmission method. The heritability of different traits varies. In the early generations of hybrids, selection is often made for traits with high heritability, while traits with medium or low heritability are left for later generations.

The reliability of the selection was the lowest for individual selection, slightly higher for system selection, and highest for F3 or F4 derived systems and system group selection. The attention of the choice is also the highest. Therefore, as the hybrid generation progresses, the attention of selection expands from individual plants to the evaluation of the system and the system and the derived system.

The consistency of the experimental conditions is very important to improve the selection effect. To this end, it is necessary to set up a control area and adopt scientific and objective methods for identification, including direct identification, indirect identification, natural identification or field identification, induced identification or ex situ identification. There are many hybrid early generation materials, and sensory identification is generally adopted. There are few materials in the later generation, and then an accurate and comprehensive identification is made.

Crop breeding procedures in China generally include the following links: observation of raw materials, parental nurseries, selection nurseries, and yield comparison tests. Hybrid breeding generally takes 7~9 years to breed excellent varieties, modern breeding is to adopt the practice of adding generations, combined with multi-point experiments, sparse propagation and other measures, as far as possible to shorten the breeding years.

At present, even if Zhang Jiashi does not have too many restrictions in terms of manpower, in many ways, Zhang Jiashi can only put forward a corresponding concept and then arrange corresponding personnel to study and deal with this aspect.

As the so-called "all-new" crop concept, even if many farm elites joined in this research and practice later, after a few years passed, Zhang Jiashi still did not get an accurate corresponding information.