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In the establishment of the Qin army, the bed crossbow is also an indispensable type of troops. Pen "Fun" Pavilion www.biquge.info (.)

Compared with the heavy crossbow troops of later dynasties, which were more used in defending cities or defensive battles, the bed crossbow troops of the Great Qin Empire were more used in field battles and also played a corresponding role.

Of course, there is a premise for this, that is, the two sides are fighting in formation. Without this premise, there is very little room for the bed crossbow to play a role in field combat.

Moreover, the use of crossbow arrays by the powerful countries in the Warring States period was already quite mature, and the Qin Empire was actually only better operating in this regard and giving greater play to the effectiveness of the crossbow array.

And at this time in Cloud City, the power of the Qin army's crossbow array was gradually revealed.

......

Platoon crossbows, as the name suggests, are the ability to place crossbows in a row and then fire them.

In a sense, the margin for error of a row crossbow is better than that of a single-shot bed crossbow. But in terms of rate of fire, range, and power, it is far inferior to a single-shot bed crossbow.

Under this premise, in addition to playing a role as a main deployment of ambush warfare in field warfare, even in the battle formation, the platoon crossbow rarely plays a decisive role because of the limited range, but as a defensive system on the side of the military formation for formation defense.

For such a situation, Zhang Jiashi is naturally more understanding, so he has not been mass-producing crossbows, in addition to cost constraints, crossbows can play a role on a smaller occasion, is also an important factor.

Under Yang Wengzi's orders, the Qin army's bed crossbowmen quickly operated the bed crossbows, and then after they were ready, rows of dense or fairly fast bed crossbows flew towards the Huns' infantry formation.

The rate of fire of the single-shot bed crossbow was much faster than that of the row crossbow, but some of the bed crossbow crossbows did not hit the target, but flew towards the front of the Hun formation or overhead.

In this case, very few crossbowmen will know if their crossbow is effectively hitting the enemy, especially after more and more crossbows are flying towards the Huns' formation, and even a marksman is unlikely to see the trajectory of his crossbow.

But that doesn't mean that these bed crossbow axes are useless after they've been launched.

Under the intensive crossbow fire, even with some armor protection, the Huns even had some personnel holding a large wooden shield on their heads, and then slowly advanced, but under the direct hit of the crossbows, unless these crossbows did not accurately hit the enemy, these Huns were more or less wounded.

Because many Huns were pierced through their bodies with wooden shields and armor, under this kind of injury, perhaps it would be best to die directly.

Under the fire of more and more bed crossbow crossbows, the situation that the Qin infantry crossbowmen could not bring more effective damage to this heavy infantry of the Huns was fundamentally changed.

More and more Hun heavy infantry fell on the road to the assault on the road to Cloudsdale.

Many Huns fell to the ground and groaned, and their vitality would soon be lost if they were not effectively treated. For them, it's a feeling of dying in agony.

Some of the Huns fell to the ground, silent. Some of their vital positions were apparently pierced by crossbows or inserted into a crossbow, and the Huns died quickly or even outright.

Perhaps the Huns, who are now lying on the ground and groaning, will be more envious of these comrades who died quickly.

......

The offensive of the Huns had been effectively suppressed by the Qin officers and soldiers on the northern wall of Yunzhong City under this situation.

The Huns, even with very heavy casualties, could not inflict considerable losses on the Qin officers and soldiers.

If this group of attacking Huns knew about such a situation, I am afraid that they would all be angry and alive, and then die again.

The rushing fire of the Huns was not too lethal to the Qin officers and soldiers on the city wall, but there was one thing, that is, the arrows shot would still hit some unlucky officers and soldiers, bringing death to these officers and soldiers.

If these arrows hit a place with sufficient protection, they could not even bring any damage to the officers and soldiers of Qin, at most, some skin injuries and the like.

But if the hit in the neck or even through the helmet, then this Qin officer and soldier will have to resign himself to fate.

Although Zhang Jiashi has made good progress in the development of military doctors, there has been no way to deal with surgical trauma.

There is no out-of-print thing in the Qingyu Lingshu, and surgical trauma is a new type of medicine that has only been effectively developed in modern times, so in these aspects, Zhang Jiashi has not had a very good way to study or even develop.

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Ancient medicine was not without surgery, but the development of surgery was limited in many ways and has not been developed enough.

Later generations believed that as early as the mummies unearthed in ancient Egypt, traces of surgery on the skull could be found. As early as more than 2,000 years ago, China had already summed up some practical experience in surgery from the practice of war, production and life.

Modern surgery was invented at the end of the 19th century, and at first surgeons were often performed by trained barbers – the so-called "medical barbers", so many surgeons in Commonwealth countries today are referred to as "sir" rather than "doctor".

At the beginning of the 20th century, with the emergence and progress of disinfection, anesthesia, hemostasis, blood transfusion and other technologies, modern surgery was gradually deepened and improved. Modern surgery was founded in the 40s of the 19th century, and successively solved the problems of surgical pain, wound infection, hemostasis, and blood transfusion.

Wound "suppuration" was one of the biggest problems faced by surgeons more than 100 years ago, when the mortality rate after amputation was as high as 40%~50%.

In 1846, Semmelweis of Hungary was the first to propose to wash hands with bleach water before examining the mother, thus reducing the maternal mortality rate he treated from 10% to 1%, which was the beginning of antimicrobial technology.

In 1867, the British lister used a carbolic acid solution to flush the surgical instruments and covered the wound with a gauze soaked in the carbolic acid solution, so that the mortality rate of the sterilized hemostatic limb surgery he performed was reduced from 40% to 15%, thus laying the basic principle of antimicrobial surgery.

In 1877, 12 German patients who suffered penetrating knee injuries were wounded and bandaged after cleaning and disinfecting the wound and then sparing their lower limbs, he believed that it was more important not to treat all wounds as infected, and not to allow them to become stained again. On this basis, he adopted steam sterilization and studied sterilization measures for cloth sheets, dressings, surgical instruments, etc., and established aseptic surgery in modern surgery.

Rbringer proposed the method of arm disinfection, and in 1890, the American Halsted advocated the wearing of rubber gloves, so that aseptic surgery was perfected. Surgical bleeding has also been another important factor hindering the development of surgery.

In 1872, Wells in England introduced hemostats, and in 1873, Esmarch in Germany advocated the use of tourniquets in amputation, and they were the initiators of solving surgical bleeding.

In 1901, Landsteiner in the United States discovered blood type, and since then blood transfusions have been used to compensate for blood loss during surgery. In the initial stage, the direct blood transfusion method was adopted, but the operation was complicated and the amount of blood transfusion was not easy to control. In 1915, Lewisohn in Germany proposed an indirect blood transfusion method of mixing sodium citrate solution to make blood not coagulate, and later the establishment of a blood bank made blood transfusion simple and easy.

The above account can be said to be the development of surgery and the time to solve the problem.

Zhang Jiashi is not very clear about this matter, but he knows very well that if surgery wants to be truly developed, then it must be connected with another medical discipline that is closely related to it, that is, anatomy.

But the current anatomy is actually a hazy stage, especially the description of anatomy in the medical book "The Yellow Emperor's Neijing", in a sense, the words are ominous: "The Yellow Emperor's Neijing" has a wealth of anatomical knowledge records, "Lingshu" in the "Stomach Chapter", "Meridian Tendon Chapter", "Suwen" in the "Bone Chapter", "Pulse Chapter", etc., are all special chapters on anatomy. The word "anatomy" first appeared in the "Lingshu Jingshui Chapter", "Ruofu Eight-foot Warrior,...... His death can be dissected".

In history, there are several records of the development of anatomy: in 16 A.D., Emperor Wang Mang captured an opposition party member named Wang Sunqing, and the history books recorded that "the imperial physician, Shang Fang and Qiao Tu were stripped together, the five internal organs were measured, and the bamboo bamboo was used to guide its pulse, and the cloud could cure the disease."

In addition to torture and killing, they also thought of medical value and figured out the ins and outs of blood vessels. This bloody anatomical material has been lost due to its age.

This is the first official record of ancient Chinese anatomy.

Of course, in terms of myths and legends, it is much earlier:

Sima Qian's divine physician Yu Tarsus is one of them that has been described as the "originator" of Chinese anatomy.

Yu Tarsus: A Yu Qi, an ancient doctor, is said to be good at surgery, the Yellow Emperor. During the Western Han Dynasty, the three literary historians all recorded the deeds of the ancient doctor Yu Tarsus discussed by the Qin Yue people.

Han Ying, who was a doctor of Emperor Wen and lived about the middle of the second century B.C., wrote in volume 10 of the "Han Poems Biography": "Zhong Cane said: I heard that the ancient people were doctors, and they were called Yu tarsus, Yu tarsus was the doctor, and the tree was the brain. Zhicao is the body, blowing the body and fixing the brain, and the dead are reborn". (This is obviously an unscientific description.) ）

According to the "Biography of Bian Que" in the "Historical Records", it was mentioned that there was a good doctor Yu Tar when the Yellow Emperor, and according to legend, this Yu Tars, who was known for his art of helping the living in the world, was the ancestor of the Chinese surname Yu for thousands of years. The medical skills of this ancient doctor are so superb that they have almost reached the level and realm of modern medicine.

5,000 years ago, Yu tarsal was not only limited to "prescribing the right medicine" when treating diseases, but also knew how to use the modern surgical technique of "cutting the skin and dissolving the muscles and washing the five internal organs", which can be said to provide the most powerful proof for the wisdom of the Chinese.

Legend has it that during the period of the Yellow Emperor, there were three famous doctors, in addition to Lei Gong and Qi Bo, the most famous was Yu Tarsus (fu). He was a very good doctor. Especially experienced in surgery. It is said that he generally did not use decoctions, stone needles or massages to cure diseases. Instead, after the cause is diagnosed, the skin is cut with a knife, the muscles are dissected, and the skin is ligated, unless the surgery is done. Legend has it that once, when Yu Tar was crossing the river, he found a woman who had fallen into the river and drowned and was salvaged by several people to be buried. The man who carried the body said that he had just fallen into the water and died when he fished it up. Yu asked them to put the body on the ground, first felt the pulse of the deceased, then looked at the deceased's eyes, and then asked people to find a straw rope, tie the deceased's feet, and hang it upside down from the tree.

At first, everyone didn't understand why Yu did this. As soon as the deceased was lifted, he spit out water in a big gulp, and when he did not vomit, Yu Tar asked someone to slowly untie the deceased, put it on the ground with his back facing the sky, and pressed his hands on the deceased's chest. Finally, he plucked out a few strands of his hair, put it on the deceased's nostrils and observed it for a while, and found that the hair was moving slowly, and then said to the deceased's family with confidence: "She is alive, take her home and recuperate!"

"Historical Records: The Biography of Bian Que Canggong" records: "In ancient times, doctors had Yu tarsus, and the treatment of diseases was not based on soup, liquor, gluttonous stones, induction, pressing, and poison ironing. "It is said that Yu tarsal touches his feet to cure diseases without decoction, without medicinal wine, without stones, without shaking muscles and bones for massage, without pulling skin and flesh massage, without hot moxibustion and dressing, as long as he finds the special acupoints on his feet, he will be cured in a few clicks.

In Yu Tar's later years, the Yellow Emperor sent Cangjie, Lei Gong, and Qi Bo to spend a long time sorting out Yu Tars's medical skills and compiling them into a volume, however, before he could publish it to the public, Cangjie died. Later, Yu Zhi, Yu's son, brought the book back to his father for revision. Unfortunately, the whole family was hit by a fire, and the house, the medical book, and the whole family of Yu and Yu Zhi were reduced to ashes together. (This...... When can the words of the time vividly describe the corresponding disease?)

Excluding this relatively legendary record, the development of anatomy in Chinese history even has official support.

In 8 A.D., Wu Jian, the governor of Yizhou, dissected the corpses of Ou Xifan, Menggan, and other leaders of the Guangxi uprising, and a Ministry of Civil Affairs painted a map of "Ou Xifan's Five Organs".

During the reign of Song Chongning (1102-1106 AD), the anatomist Yang Jie drew the "Preservation of Truth" based on the autopsy materials of the corpses of prisoners executed in Sizhou.

Qing Dynasty physician Wang Qingren (1768-1831 AD). He devoted himself to the study of human viscera for 42 years, and based on his observation and clinical experience of corpses, he compiled a book entitled "Correcting Errors in Medical Forest", which was published in 1830 AD, with a total of 25 atlases.

These researchers perfected the development of ancient Chinese anatomy in a sense, and they received official support in a sense much better than an unfortunate comrade in the West.

This man was Andre Vesalius, author of the first anatomical book in the West, "Construction".

And the most famous allusion to Vaisali is the "Corpse Thief in the Middle of the Night". (To be continued.) )

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