readx;?? Mao Dun did not want to engage in a full-scale war with Zhang Jiashi and the Great Qin Empire, and there was another very important factor, that is, the existence of the Dayue Clan. Pen "Fun" Pavilion www.biquge.info%%%%%e%%f%%e%%f%d

Mao Dun knew one thing very clearly, that is, the strength of the Dayue clan in this area was not much worse than that of the Xiongnu.

Although the Dayue people have experienced a crushing defeat in the past few years and have been expelled from the Hexi Corridor, Mao Dun, as a hostage of the Dayue people, knows some of the situation of the Dayue people, and is even much more tenacious than the Huns.

Such an enemy is terrible.

Although Mao Dun did not think that after the fiasco a few years ago, the Dayue clan had the ability to make a comeback, but he did not think that the war between the Xiongnu and the Great Qin Empire could end soon.

The Great Qin Empire was certainly weakened, but relying on the Great Wall and fortified cities, better equipment and a larger population, if the battle between the two sides dragged on for longer, it would inevitably be more and more unfavorable for the Xiongnu.

And at this time, if the Dayue clan came again, the Huns would most likely need to face the dilemma of fighting on both sides.

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In fact, Mao Dun's worries seem to be a bit unfounded, but I have to say that the Yueshi people are indeed very persevering.

The Yueshi were one of the inhabitant tribes of the pre-Qin period of China.

From the 5th century BC to the 2nd century BC, he was nomadic in the western part of the Hexi Corridor from Zhangye to Dunhuang, and was a strong opponent of the Xiongnu.

Soon after 177 B.C., the Yueshi defeated Wusun, a small nomadic tribe near Dunhuang, and killed its king to seize its land.

From 177 BC to 176 BC, the Xiongnu Mao Dunshan sent the right Xian King to defeat the Yue clan, and then sent people to kill its king. Most of the Yue clan led their people westward to the Ili River valley and near Issyk-Kul Lake, and most of the Cypriots who originally lived here were forced to move south to the south of the Hindu Kush Mountains and became the Dayue clan.

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After being defeated by the Xiongnu, the Yueshi people, who were unwilling to move west, merged with the Qiang people in the Hexi Corridor and became the Xiaoyue people.

In 121 B.C. (the second year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty), Huo went to the west of the river, and the Xiaoyue clan went out of the mountain and lived together with the Han people. There are seven major species, distributed in Huangzhong and Lingju, called "Huangzhong Yueshi Hu". There are also hundreds of households in Zhangye, called "righteous Conghu".

As for the Xiaoyuezhi that moved southeast to the area of Gansu and Qinghai in China today, because it was outside the jurisdiction of the Han Dynasty at that time and was governed by the Xiongnu, this group of Yueshi people living among the Xiongnu gradually integrated with the Xiongnu themselves and became known as Lu Shuihu of the Xiongnu other tribes. Among them, the Fuqu family postponed the Liang Han official Duan Ye to the mainstay, and established the Northern Liang in the present-day Gansu region. Later, he killed Duan Ye and established himself as the lord of Beiliang. Later, it was destroyed by the Xianbei Tuoba clan and the Northern Wei Dynasty.

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In 139 B.C. ~ 129 B.C., the Wusun King grew up arrogantly and avenged his father, so he led his troops to attack the Dayue clan in the west and seize the Ili River valley and other places. The Da Yue clan was forced to move south again, passing through Dawan, and settling on the south bank of the Amu Darya River.

At the beginning of the 1st century BC, the Da Yue clan conquered Bactria in the south of the Amu Daryan River. At the beginning of the Common Era, the Kushan was dominant among the five marquis, and the Kushan Empire was established. The two migrations of the Otsutsuki people had a great impact on the history of Central Asia. It led to the demise of the Hellenistic kingdom of Bactria (Bactria ), prompted the Cypriots to invade northern India, and caused Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to send Zhang Qian as an envoy to the Western Regions, thus opening up the Silk Road.

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Regarding the origin of Yue's family, Chinese and foreign historians have quite different opinions. According to the research of Chinese scholar Wang Guowei, Yueshi is the "Yu Di" in the "Yi Zhou Shu Wang Hui Jie", and the "Yu Zhi" or "Yu Shi" in the "Biography of Mu Tianzi".

In the Qin and early Han dynasties, the Yueshi was powerful, and the Donghu in the eastern part of the Mongolian Plateau coerced the nomadic Xiongnu in the central part of the Mongolian Plateau from two sides, and the Xiongnu had sent protons to the Yueshi. At the end of Qin, the Xiongnu proton fled back from the Yueshi, killed his father and established himself as Mao Dunshan Yu, and raised troops to attack the Yueshi in about 205 ~ 202 BC, and the Yueshi was defeated. It may be that from this time, the Yue clan began to abandon the Hexi Corridor and migrate westward.

In 177 or 176 BCE, Maudun Shan Yu defeated the Yue clan again. According to Mao Dunshan in 174 BC to Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty Liu Heng in a book: "Therefore, punish the right virtuous king, and make it to the west to seek the Yue clan to attack him." With the blessing of the sky, the officials are good, the horsepower is strong, and the Yueshi is destroyed by destroying it, and the killing is decided. Loulan, Wusun, Hujie and the 26 countries next to it have been the Xiongnu, and the people of the bow are one family, and the northern state is determined. After this defeat, the Yueshi moved westward to the Junggar Basin. At the time of the old Shangdan (174~161 BC), the Xiongnu broke the Yueshi again, and the Yueshi migrated westward to the Ili River Valley. When the Yueshi abandoned Hexi, there was a small part of the Qilian Mountain, "Baonan Mountain Qiang, called Xiaoyueshi". This part of the Yueshi people stayed in the place for a long time in the future, and gradually merged with the Qiang people in Qinghai.

The Ili River basin has long been inhabited by Serbs. "Hanshu Zhang Qian's Biography": "The Yueshi has been broken by the Xiongnu, and the king of the west has been attacked. The king of Sai migrated south, and the Yue clan lived in his place. "Serbs, i.e., ancient Iranian inscriptions and ancient Greek texts). Once the Serbs had been struck out, the Serbs migrated southwest, crossing the Syr Darya River to the Sogdiana region in the middle of the river.

Wusun, who had already moved to the northern foot of the Tianshan Mountains and was subordinate to the Xiongnu, under the leadership of his king Kunmo, "attacked the Dayue clan in the west", forcing the Dayue clan to abandon the Ili region and migrate southwest like the Serbs, and Wusun occupied their place from then on. The date of this migration is about 139~129 BC. Some of those who failed to migrate west, like a small number of Cypriots, still stayed in place and belonged to Wusun, so the "Book of Han" said that "there are Sai species in Wusun, and the Dayue clan is a kind of cloud".

In the 2nd century B.C., the Da Yue clan ran out of the Hexi Corridor to "Saidi", and was later driven by the same kind of Wusun, south to Tocharostan, and as far as the northern Tianzhu country. In the Tang Dynasty, the Khotanese royal family "Yuchi clan", the Song Dynasty Xixia surname "Shen clan", the Ganqing Tibetan clan "Wazha" and "Wuhezha" and other clans, are all descendants of the "Yue clan" or "Wuzhi", the Yue clan ethnic group throughout Hexi, Central Asia, South Asia pattern, is in a long period of time, through many migration activities formed.

In 162 BC, the Great Moon clan was attacked by the Xiongnu again. At that time, Mao Dun Shan Yu's son Lao Shangshan Yu also killed the king of the Da Yue clan, cut off the king's head and brought it back to the Xiongnu, and used his skull as a cup. The Yueshi people hated the Xiongnu deeply, but suffered from the lack of support. The defeated Da Yue clan moved westward to Sogdia. Here, the Otsutsuki clan conquered Bactria and established a state there. After the founding of the country, it became prosperous due to the transit of trade. (Bactria was founded by the Greeks in Central Asia.) Regarding the demise of Bactria, the Otsuki clan is only one of the theories. Another version refers to their destruction by the Scythians. ）

In 138 BC, when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty heard the news that the king of the Yue clan had been killed, he immediately summoned people who could send the Yue clan, because the envoy to the Yue clan had to pass through the Xiongnu. Zhang Qian came to apply, and he only took more than 100 people to the west. Out of Longxi, when he met the Hun cavalry, Zhang Qian and his party were all captured alive and brought to Shan Yu. After Shan Yu learned that Zhang Qian was going to send an envoy to Yue's family, he said angrily: "Yue's is north of me, and your Han Dynasty wants to send an envoy from me?" I want to send an envoy to South Vietnam, will the Han Tianzi agree? So Shan Yu detained Zhang Qian in the Xiongnu for ten years and forced him to marry a wife and have children, hoping to kill his will, but Zhang Qian always remembered his mission.

Finally, one day Zhang Qian escaped by taking advantage of the lax guards, crossed the mountains and mountains, walked west for dozens of days, and came to Dawan, the king of Dawan heard about his experience and the richness of the Central Plains, and was very happy, and wanted to make peace with the Han Dynasty, so he sent a guide to lead Zhang Qian to Kangju, and then transferred to Yueshi. However, at this time, the Yueshi country had already set up a new lady as the king, and they submitted to the Great Xia Kingdom, got a piece of land with fertile water and grass to live and work in peace and contentment, and no longer had the heart to take revenge on the Xiongnu. What's more, they felt that the Han Dynasty was too far away from them, and it was even more difficult to help them. Zhang Qian stayed in Yueshi for a year, but he was never able to successfully achieve his mission, so he had to return to China.

According to legend, the Otsuki clan is a nation that brought Buddhism to China. At that time, it was 2 B.C., and there was an envoy of the king of the Otsuki clan, Icun, who introduced oral scriptures such as Futu Buddhism.

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The Kushan Empire was founded by the tribe of the Five Marquis of the Great Yue Clan, the Marquis of Guishan.

In 125 BC, he conquered Bactria (a state established by the ancient Greeks in Central Asia) and ruled the entire Amu Darya and Syr Darya valleys.

In the middle of the 1st century A.D., the Kushan tribe Xihouqiu unified the five tribes and established the Kushan Empire. Qiu then marched south to attack the Kabul River valley and present-day Kashmir, and later established the capital as Gaofu (present-day Kabul, Afghanistan), laying the initial foundation of the empire.

By the 60s of the 1st century AD, the Kushans had ruled Sogdiana, Bactria, Kabul, Tanchashira, Gandhara, Zobin, and possibly Western Punjab. Later, during the reign of the unnamed king Sot Mags, Kushan expanded westward to Herat, controlling the entire Hejian region and restraining Kangju and Dawan.

In 90 A.D., King Kushan was rejected by Ban Chao because of his request for the Han princess, and sent his deputy Wang Xie to lead an army of 70,000 to attack Chao, but he was defeated by Chao and sued for peace. Ban Chao has never known the name of King Guishuang, and only calls him "King of the Moon Family".

At the beginning of the 2nd century, Yan Zhizhen ascended the throne and conquered the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent again, expanding his sphere of influence in Central Asia to Khorezm and annexing Sistan, forming a huge empire in Central Asia. The empire stretched from Patna in the east to Dakhrat in the west, to the Nabada River in the south, and to the Aral Sea in the north. The capital was moved to Peshawar.

In 183~199, during the reign of Khovishega II, the control of Central Asia weakened, Kangju and Dawan got rid of the fetters, and Khorasan and Khorezm also broke away from Kushan rule. Signs of decay are already being revealed.

Around 213, when Bo ascended to the throne, Kushan power expanded in Central Asia, regaining control of Khorezm and allied with Kusnois of Armenia against the Sassanid Empire.

In 229, he sent an envoy to Wei to dedicate.

In 233, after conquering Sistan with an army led by King Ardashir I of Sasan, he entered Khorezm through Khorasan, and then attacked Sogdiana, Bactria, Kabul, and Tancha Shira, dealing a fatal blow to Kushan. After the death of Boti, the Kushan still maintained their rule over the region east of the Indus River.

After the death of Bhasudeva, the Kushan Empire's power declined day by day. By the 3rd century AD it had been divided into a number of smaller principalities, the date and history of which are very vague. At this time, Sassanid Persia in Western Asia rose up and began to expand into Central Asia, Afghanistan, and India, and the power of the Kushans was weakened.

By the 4th century AD, the Gupta Empire in the East Indies had risen and unified North India again. At this time, the remnants of the Kushan princes in northwestern India were under the control of the Gupta Empire. The northern Gaza attacked the remnants of the Great Moon Clan's Guishan, and the Guishan has been in a state of collapse ever since. The Dayue clan in the homeland of Bactria remained independent, and later (until the 5th century AD) were constantly invaded by the White Xiongnu. The remnants of the small kingdom of the Great Moon clan in Bactria (in present-day Afghanistan) are generally believed to have been destroyed by the Bada in 425 AD. The modern Indo-Jats are their descendants.

It was not out of nothing that the Kushan Empire was once able to be listed as one of the four great powers in the world at that time along with the Han Dynasty, Rome, and the Three Kingdoms of Anxi.

The Kushan Empire was no less technologically advanced than some powerful countries in many aspects, such as the Han Dynasty:

In terms of agriculture, the Kushan Empire concentrated farmland in the great river basins of Central Asia, and irrigation networks were generally developed, with some irrigation canals more than 100 kilometers long. In the Fergana Basin, a fan-shaped irrigation system was formed. The technique of building aqueducts also improved at this time, and the original wide and shallow canals were replaced by narrow and deep ones, and canals could be dug even up steep hillsides. In some areas where irrigation is lacking, small reservoirs are built. In addition to barley, grapes, and even rice. In areas where crops are not suitable for cultivation, cattle, sheep, goats, horses and camels are raised. The local horses are particularly famous, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty did not hesitate to mobilize the people in order to obtain Dawan's bloody horse, and sent Li Guangli, the general of the second division, on two expeditions. In one Kushan site, horse bones account for 20% of the total animal bones.

In terms of economy, Kushan's handicraft industry and commerce were particularly developed due to the geographical location of its transit point. The handicraft industry mainly includes pottery and metal processing, textile and jewelry processing. Weapons are the bulk of metalworking. The coinage is quite developed, and its casting methods and styles have both the legacy of the Greeks and the characteristics of India and Central Asia, and its coinage is generally a bust of kings on the front and a god on the back, and there is an inscription. The Kushan trade was quite developed. On the one hand, there was active trade between the various agricultural and nomadic areas in the Kushan country, with grain, fruits, handicrafts and weapons being transported to the nomadic areas, and furs, livestock, textile raw materials, meat and dairy products being sold to the agricultural civilizations. Internationally, as the Silk Road passed through Kushan, Kushan merchants played the role of a middleman. They went south to South Asia, east to the Central Plains, west to rest into the Roman Empire, transported silk, spices and all kinds of luxury goods from the East to India and Rome, and transported Roman weapons to the East, while China obtained grapes, broad beans, pomegranates, crocflowers, walnuts and so on from Central Asia.

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If Zhang Jiashi knew about Mao Dun's worries, he would not think that Mao Dun was unfounded in this regard, because if Zhang Jiashi knew Mao Dun's worries at the moment, he might also want to look for the possibility of the Yue Clan seeking an alliance. [To be continued.] ]