readx;? The Bronze Age was a stage of development of human material culture marked by the use of bronze tools. www.biquge.infoBronze is an alloy of red copper (pure copper) and tin or lead, because the color is blue gray, so it is called bronze, and the melting point is between C, which is lower than the melting point of red copper (1083C). Bronze with 10% tin content, 4.7 times harder than red copper, has good performance. At the beginning of the Bronze Age, the proportion of bronze tools was small, or even mainly stone tools, and gradually increased in the middle and later periods. With the advent of bronze and the consequent increase, the level of productivity in agriculture and handicrafts increased, and the material conditions of life gradually became richer. After the appearance of bronze, it played an epoch-making role in improving social productivity.

The Bronze Age is after the Bronze Age, earlier than the Iron Age, and the worldwide chronology ranges from about 4000 BC to the early AD. Around the world, this era has been entered by both early and late. Bronze was already in use in southern Iran, Turkey and Mesopotamia, and in Europe in 3000 BC, India and Egypt in 00. Egypt and Africa other than North Africa used bronze later, about no later than 1000 BC ~ the beginning of the Common Era. It wasn't until nearly 1100 BC that copper smelting centers appeared in the Americas. China, on the other hand, mastered bronze smelting in 3000 BC.

During the Bronze Age, the bronze casting industry in the world formed several important regions, which became the centers of the formation of ancient human civilizations. In some areas where ancient culture was developed, the Bronze Age adapted to the social form of slavery, such as the Aegean region, Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, China and other countries and regions, which were all prosperous periods of slave countries. However, there are also areas that have made a direct transition to the Iron Age without going through the Bronze Age. The areas that entered civilization had already produced writing during the Bronze Age.

The bronze mining and smelting industry was gradually recognized from the production practice of stone tools processing and firing pottery. The earliest mining industry began with surface excavation. When they discovered the pattern of veins or belts extending to depth, they created a method of digging shafts from the ground to the ground and opening tunnels from the bottom of the shaft to the perimeter to find ore and extract ore. Sometimes people find ore deep in the roadway, so they dig a shaft down from the roadway, which does not lead directly to the surface, so people call it a blind shaft. Mining in this way is generally supported by a wooden frame in the shaft to prevent the surrounding rocks from collapsing. The frame they use tenon or lap joint to make can effectively withstand the top pressure, side pressure and bottom pressure of the roadway, which can ensure the safety of the life of the mining personnel under the pit and the smooth progress of the mining work. This method can be used to extract ore from deep underground. This is an improvement over the labor and time savings of open-pit mining. In addition, it is also possible to wash out the copper ore from the sand and gravel entrained in the rivers in the mining area.

In the process of searching for stone and processing, people gradually identified natural copper and copper ore. For example, there is a kind of copper ore, the color is turquoise, and the texture of its section is similar to the feathers of a peacock, which is very gorgeous, so people call it malachite. This malachite has a high copper content and can contain grades of 10-20% copper or higher. This is a kind of oxide ore, as long as it is smelted in a smelting furnace with charcoal, and heated to a slightly higher 1000C, copper can be smelted. It is often found with natural copper and has a similar color to patina, so malachite is likely to be the earliest copper ore used for smelting. The rich experience accumulated in the process of firing pottery provides the necessary high-temperature knowledge, refractory materials, molding materials and molding technology for the bronze smelting and casting industry. The furnace, water color, and model used for smelting and casting are all ceramic utensils. The charcoal used for copper smelting is also the same as the fuel used for pottery burning.

At that time, the method of smelting copper ore was to put the ore and charcoal in a smelting furnace. Since these ores are oxide ores, this smelting is called oxide ore reduction smelting.

China is the world's first known civilization of copper smelting technology, and the world's earliest copper smelting was found at the Jiangzhai site in Shaanxi, China. The brass sheets and brass rings smelted in BC4700 unearthed from the Jiangzhai site are the world's oldest smelting brass smelting, marking the initial mastery of metal smelting technology by human beings and laying the foundation for the arrival of the Bronze Age. Mesopotamia, located in West Asia, is the world's first known civilization that has mastered bronze smelting technology, and the smelting of bronze tools in 4000 BC has been unearthed, and mankind has initially stepped into the threshold of the Bronze Age.

The single-edged bronze knife unearthed from the Majiayao cultural site in Gansu Province is the oldest known smelting bronze in China and the oldest bronze knife in the world. Carbon-14 identified as BC3000. This knife is 12.5 cm long and is made of single fan. There are no parts that mature later generations of knives such as blood stalls and heads, and they have typical representative significance in the history of knife formation.

Yellow Emperor (98 years): The leader of the ancient Chinese tribal alliance, the co-leader of the Chinese nation in ancient China, the head of the Five Emperors, and is respected as the "first ancestor of humanity" in China. In 2717 BC, he became the head of the Xiong tribe. BC2697 began to reign as the lord of China for 100 years.

This was the period of the disintegration of the matrilineal clan society and the initial establishment of the patrilineal clan society. Her mother is the daughter of the Youwa clan (with Gongsun as her surname), and her father Shaodian (also known as Qi Kun, Qi Kun, surnamed Ji) is the leader of the Youxiong clan. The Yellow Emperor is the son of Shaodian and Fubao, according to the matrilineal clan tradition should be surnamed Gongsun, according to the father's clan tradition surname Ji, after the Dingding Central Plains, with Xuanyuan Hill (Xinzheng North) as the capital, called Xuanyuan, according to the matrilineal tradition called Gongsun Xuanyuan, according to the patrilineal tradition called Ji Xuanyuan. Some people also call it "Dihong". The Yellow Emperor's birthday is the third day of the third lunar month in 2717 BC (February 2, the dragon raises its head; March 3, Xuanyuan is born).

"Historical Records: The Five Emperors" contains: "Born as a god, weak and able to speak, young and neat, long and sensitive, mature and intelligent." At the time of Xuanyuan, the Shennong clan was in decline. The princes invaded each other and tyrannized the people, and the Shennong clan was able to conquer. So Xuanyuan was accustomed to fighting, so that he could not enjoy it, and the princes and guests followed. And Chiyou is the most violent, and he can't cut it. Emperor Yan wanted to invade the princes of Ling, and the princes returned to Xuanyuan. Xuanyuan is to cultivate virtue and revitalize the army, govern the five qi, cultivate the five kinds, soothe the people, measure the Quartet, teach the bear to Pixiu and the tiger, and fight with the Yan Emperor in the field of Hanquan. Three battles, and then get its will. ”

According to legend, the Yellow Emperor was born with an unusual deity. Not long after birth, he was able to speak. By the age of 15, he knew everything. The year-old Gongsun Xuanyuan inherited the throne of Youxiong Guojun. At this time, it was at the time when the Yandi Shennong clan and the Youxiong clan formed an alliance against the forces of the Jiuli tribe alliance. The main forces of the Youxiong clan have entered Hebei.