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In the seventh year of Taiwu (BC1588), there were strange mulberry trees and tree trees growing together in the court, and they grew as big as second-hand hugs overnight. The pen %fun %Pavilion www.biquge.info Taiwu was afraid, so he asked the Minister of State Yi Zhi. Yi Zhi said, "I have heard that demons and demons cannot defeat virtuous people. It is probably because the king has some mistakes in governing the government that there are demons and monsters. If the king governs the Tao well and governs the people with virtue, he will be free from evil. Taiwu listened to him, and the strange mulberry tree really died.

In the 11th year of Taiwu (BC1584), the minister Wu Xian was ordered to sacrifice to the mountains and rivers.

After the death of Yizhi, Taiwu used Wu Xian as the prime minister to assist the government in the middle and late stages of the reign, and Wu Xian was very successful in governing the affairs of the Wang family, so he wrote "Xian Ai" and "Taiwu". "Xian Ai" is a summary of Wu Xian's experience in assisting political affairs, and "Taiwu" is a record of the history of the Taiwu period, both of which are now lost.

Under the assistance of Yizhi and Wuxian, the Shang Dynasty, which had begun to decline, flourished again, and the princes returned to the Shang Dynasty, so the later monarchs honored Taiwu as Zhongzong.

In the twenty-sixth year of Taiwu (BC1569), Xirong came to pay tribute and express his submission.

Xirong is a general term for Western ethnic minorities in ancient China. This appellation was first seen in the Shang Dynasty. "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" says: "Rong, soldier also", soldier is a weapon. Ying Shao's "Customs and Customs" said: "Those who fight are also fierce." ”

In ancient times, the Han people living in the Central Plains called themselves Huaxia, and called the clansmen of the relatively backward small countries or tribes around China Dongyi, Nanban, Xirong, and Beidi respectively to distinguish Huaxia. Xirong is the general name of the ancient Chinese ethnic minorities in the West, that is, Rong is used as a general name for all non-Chinese ethnic groups in the West. Xirong can also refer to the countries established by some Xijon people during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

During the Xia Dynasty, Xirong was called Kunlun, Xizhi, Qusou and so on. The titles of the latter three tribes are all found in the "Bamboo Book Chronicle", but in the Shang Dynasty, the title of Xirong was first seen, but from the relevant historical records, it was the Kunlun branch that came to pay tribute during the Taiwu period of the Shang Dynasty.

China's Rongyi, the people of the five directions, all have sex and cannot be moved. Dongfang said Yi, who was tattooed, and there were non-fire eaters (raw food). The south is said to be barbaric, carved and crossed, and there are people who do not eat fire. In the West, it is called Rong, and there are people who do not eat grain (do not eat grain). In the north, it is said that Di, clothing and feather burrowing (wearing animal fur, cave dwelling, uncivilized), there are no grain eaters.

According to ancient records, Rong is mostly "clothed with hair". "Zuo Biography" said that Jiang Rong's "diet and clothes are not the same as those of Hua, the currency is not comprehensible, and the words are not up to date." "The differences in living habits, customs, and language distinguish Rong from Huaxia. However, there are Rong people with the surname Jiang and the surname Ji, who are descendants of the Chinese people, but due to political and other reasons, they were displaced to the local area, bringing more advanced civilization to the local area. As recorded in Zhou Benji: After the pawn, the son does not stand. In the last years of Buyao, the government of the Xia Hou clan declined, and he did not do business, and he did not lose his official position and ran between Rong Di. Between Rong and Di, that is, the Shaanxi and Gan generations.

The earliest cultural footprints of Xirong were mainly distributed in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River, west of Longshan, Ganqing and the southern part of present-day Ningxia, and northwest Sichuan, following the development of Yangshao culture, which was basically the same period as the Longshan culture in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. At this time, the Central Plains region had entered a period of struggle and integration between the tribal groups of the two major systems of Yan and Huang and Lianghao, forming the era of "Chan Rang" represented by the Yellow Emperor, Yao, Shun and Yu.

In the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River, the development of Majiayao culture is Qijia culture. This is the early bronze culture, which basically coincides with the distribution range of the Majiayao culture. The source of Qijia culture may not simply come from the Majiayao culture, but also influenced by the east of Longshan and even the Chinese of Guan, and has entered the scope of the Xia Dynasty chronology.

The Majiayao culture and the Qijia culture are concentrated in some valleys suitable for agricultural development in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River. Judging from the unearthed production tools and the remnants of people's lives at that time, they are all relatively primitive farming culture, and at the same time, animal husbandry and fishing and hunting economy also account for a large proportion, and class differentiation has emerged.

Following the development of the Qijia culture, there is a bronze culture in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, and there is a Siwa culture in the valley from Longshan to Gannan Taohe River basin, which is still dominated by agriculture. The Cayo culture in the upper reaches of the Yellow River and the Huangshui basin has developed into a predominantly nomadic culture.

"Shuowen" said: "Qiang, Xirong shepherds also." "Customs and Customs" also says: "Qiang, Ben Xirong is also a lowly person, the Lord shepherds sheep." Therefore, 'Qiang' comes from sheep and people, because it is the number. Xu Shen and Ying Shao's interpretation refers to the Qiang people in western China since the Xia * Shang Dynasty, and if we say that the Qiang originated era, they were all tribes and ethnic groups that were mainly engaged in primitive agriculture and fishing and hunting.

As the environment became worse and worse, agricultural output became less and less, and grazing became the main source of living food, about in the Xia * Shang period, Xirong gradually developed into a large nomadic group, and gradually absorbed the exile power of China in the middle, forming a civilization group with the Qiang (including Di and Qiang) people (originally surnamed Jiang, descendants of Emperor Yan, defeated by the Yellow Emperor, and retreated to the West after the Battle of Chiyou).

In 1629, after the Xirong Kunlun branch (matrilineal clan, queen, the prototype of the Queen Mother of the West) came to pay tribute, Taiwu sent Wang Mengbei to Xikunlun to ask for the elixir of life, but he never returned.

Legend: Taiwu sent Wang Meng to the Queen Mother of the West to seek the elixir of immortality, and later Wang Meng was stranded in the middle of the road due to lack of food, and could only eat the fruits of the trees, wear the bark, and live in the barren mountains. Wang Meng was single all his life, and the Emperor of Heaven took pity on him for having no offspring, and jumped out of his two sons in his sleep. After the birth of his son, Wang Meng died. Wang Meng's son also used this method to give birth to the next generation. And the offspring were all men, and gradually there were more and more men in this place, so it was called the country of husbands.

In the sixty-first year of Taiwu (BC1534), the Jiuyi tribe (nine powerful tribes in the east) came to pay tribute, indicating that after years of development, the national strength of the Shang Dynasty became stronger and stronger.

The fundamental feature of the political system of the Shang Dynasty was the division between internal and external services.

Neifu is the Wangji region directly ruled by the Shang king, and the corresponding officials are called Neifu officials.

There were fifty or sixty kinds of internal service officials in the Shang Dynasty as seen in Bu Ci and Jin Wen, which can be roughly divided into four categories.

The first is "Hundred Wings and Ministers". Including high-status former ministers, old ministers, and close servants of the Shang king. The highest administrative officer is the "Xiang" who assists the Shang King in decision-making, also known as "A, Bao, and Yin". The high-ranking officials of the dynasty were collectively referred to as the secretaries. The three princes are a kind of honorable title set up by people, and they are not permanent. In addition, there are: palm divination, sacrifices, recorded "history",