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In the days without stirrups, people had to ride on the back of a bare horse, and only by grasping the reins or mane and clamping the horse's belly with their legs to keep themselves from falling off while the horse was galloping. However, this method is very unreliable, first of all, it is easy to get tired after a long time of riding, and at the same time, it is difficult to use a bow and arrow effectively on the back of a running horse, and in close combat, the rider cannot use the sword and spear as he pleases, and the slash or assassination misses, and the collision of the blades of both sides can cause the rider to slide off the horse at any time. Therefore, in addition to the advantage of speed, the combat effectiveness of the cavalry in this period was far inferior to that of the down-to-earth infantry, so after the cavalry arrived at the destination, it often dismounted and put into the battlefield as infantry.

Under such a premise, in the era when there were no saddle pedals, knights were more likely to be used only as mounted infantry. But there were also many knights of great skill who were able to shoot on horses without saddles.

For example, the Xiongnu recorded in the "Historical Records of the Xiongnu Biography": "The Xiongnu, the Miao descendants of their ancestor Xia Hou, are also called Chunwei." Above Tang Yu, there are Shanrong, Lynx, and meat porridge, which live in the northern barbarians and move with animal husbandry. ”

"Historical Records Suoyin" quoted Zhang Yan as saying: "Chunwei ran to the north at the time of Yin. It means that Chunwei, a descendant of Xia, fled to the north during the Shang Dynasty, and his descendants multiplied into the Xiongnu.

There is also a theory that the descendants of Xia who moved to the north are the sons of Xia Wei. Xia Wei died in exile for three years, and his son Xiong Wei took the wives and concubines left by his father, took refuge in the northern wilderness, and migrated with the animals, which is called the Xiongnu in China.

Although there are many sayings about the Huns, these sayings basically have one thing in common, that is, the Huns are good at riding, otherwise it is difficult to develop as a nomadic people.

As for the riding ability of the Huns, it can be seen from a famous historical allusion - "Hufu riding and shooting".

"Hufu Cavalry Shooting" refers to the story of King Zhao Wuling of Zhao during the Warring States Period who implemented "Hufu" and coached "Riding Archery" for the strength of the country.

The record of this allusion comes from the record of "Warring States Policy: Zhao Ce II": "Jinwu (King Wuling of Zhao) rode Hufu to teach the people. And the "Historical Records" volume 43 "Zhao Shijia" recorded: "In the first month of the nineteenth year, the Great Dynasty Xin Palace, summoned Feiyi and discussed the world, and it was completed in five days, so he ordered Yi Hufu, changed the military system, and practiced cavalry and shooting."

At that time, the so-called "Hufu" referred to the short-sleeved and narrow clothing similar to the clothes of Rongdi in the Northwest, which was very different from the wide clothes and long sleeves of the Huaxia people in the Central Plains, so it was commonly known as "Hufu"; "Horse archery" refers to the "horse archery" (archery on horse) of the surrounding nomadic tribes, which is different from the traditional "foot archery" (archery on foot) in the Central Plains. Since then, the regular military uniforms with wide sleeves and long sleeves in the army have gradually improved into the later equipment with short sleeves and narrow sleeves. In this way, it conformed to the trend of the development of the mode of warfare from "foot warfare" to "cavalry warfare" and laid the foundation for the stability and development of the country.

As a result of the implementation of Hufu, Zhao established an army with cavalry as the main body, and its role in the war immediately showed its might. In the following year, Zhao launched an attack on Zhongshan, which had invaded Zhao for a long time, and fought as far as Ningjia (now north of Houlu County, Hebei). He attacked Hudi in the west, reached Yuzhong (now the northeast bank of the Hetao in Inner Mongolia), "opened up thousands of miles", and King Linhu contributed good horses to Zhao to seek peace. King Wuling of Zhao asked Zhao Guzhuan, the prime minister of the Daidi, to take charge of the occupied Hu land and provide cavalry to the interior.

In the twenty-first year of King Wuling of Zhao (305 B.C.), he attacked Zhongshan Kingdom in three ways, and seized Danqiu, Huayang, Ouzhisai, Shan, Shiyi, Fenglong, Dongyuan and other places in Zhongshan Kingdom. The king of Zhongshan offered 4 yi to ask for peace, and the Zhao army stopped attacking. King Wuling of Zhao was determined to destroy Zhongshan, and attacked Zhongshan again in the 23rd and 26th years, and finally destroyed Zhongshan in the third year of King Zhao Hui (296 BC), and moved the king of Zhongshan to Fushi (southeast of present-day Suide County, Shaanxi).

While stepping up the attack on Zhongshan, Zhao also attacked the Xiongnu invaders in the north, "taking the land north to Yan and Dai". To the west, Lin Hu and Lou Fu used troops to reach Yunzhong and Jiuyuan, and added counties.

Although the Hufu cavalry and archery can not fully reflect the riding skills of the Hun knights in this period, as a large nomadic people, the Huns themselves also have the concept of Hufu. In a sense, this can be regarded as a manifestation of the Huns' proficiency in cavalry and archery combat. The important role of Hufu is to gradually develop the traditional tactics of the Central Plains into a more comprehensive combat mode. During this period, the knight was no longer a vassal class that could not engage the enemy head-on.

During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu nation had perfect military equipment: excellent war horses, vigorous knights, strong armor, and extremely sharp weapons.

Horses played a dual role in the life of the Huns, as a means of transportation in peacetime and as war horses in wartime. Judging from the unearthed objects, the Xiongnu horses have slightly short bodies and large heads, which should belong to Mongolian horses. Although the Mongolian horse is not very tall, it is full of physical strength, endurance is long-lasting, moves quickly, and is very adaptable to the plateau environment. "Historical Records: The Biography of the Huns" records that the Hun soldiers were "all armored cavalry" and "more than 300,000 people who controlled the strings".

In the relevant records of the world where Zhang Jiashi was originally located, the Xiongnu weapons "their long soldiers are bows and arrows, and short soldiers are swords and arrows", and the archaeological excavation data is consistent with this. The excavation of the Xiongnu cemetery shows that the weapons are generally unearthed in the male tombs, mainly copper, iron, bone and wood, mainly bows, arrows, crossbows, knives, swords, ge, spears, axes, meteor hammers, etc.

Unlike the soldiers of the Central Plains, the Huns relied on shields to protect themselves, but replaced them with more labor-saving and stronger armor to equip themselves, forming a "fully armored cavalry", mobile and powerful Hun cavalry.

The Xiongnu in this period were not as advanced in science and technology as they were during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, but they were also regarded as great enemies in the north of the Great Qin Empire.

The fault at the technological level in this area is mainly due to two factors that may come from the technological improvement of the Huns:

The first, and pro.

To a large extent, harmony is a drawback. This is because the policy of harmony is likely to lead to the outflow of advanced technology from the Central Plains.

The so-called "harmony" refers to the cessation of war between two opposing peoples, the abandonment of hatred and the establishment of peaceful, friendly, and friendly relations.

The establishment of this form is very unstable, because the Xiongnu still went south from time to time after making peace, especially during the period of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, they continued to make peace with the Xiongnu, but in the third year of Emperor Wen (177 BC), the Xiongnu Youxian King reneged on the covenant of peace and led tens of thousands of troops to occupy Henan, and attacked Shangjun, killed the Han people, and threatened Chang'an.

This also proves one point in a sense, that is, to be close to each other, sows will climb trees.

In the early days of the Western Han Dynasty, they paid a great price for their affinity, but still failed to achieve the expected results, but instead allowed the Xiongnu nobles to live a luxurious and luxurious life, which fueled their greed, so the harmony in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty was generally a failure.

The point is not this, in the process of harmony, the payment of dowry, tribute, gifts and related mutual market activities are very frequent, which will inevitably promote official trade and the development of the economy of both sides. Agricultural implements have also provided conditions for the agricultural development of the ethnic minorities in the north, supplemented their single and fragile herding and hunting economy, promoted the transformation of the northern ethnic minorities from a nomadic economy to a settled economy, and shortened the gap between the northern ethnic minorities and the Han nationality in production and life.

In the process of marrying the princess, she also took away advanced production technology, production tools and production craftsmen, as well as crops, rice seeds, and agricultural tools. This sentence accurately shows one point, that is, the peak of the national strength of the Huns during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was mainly because of their affinity.

Of course, this is not absolute.

This also leads to another reason why the Xiongnu have made rapid progress in technology in a short period of time.

That was the war in the late Qin and early Han dynasties.

In the midst of the war, in order to quell the rebellion, the Great Qin Empire let Wang Li, Yujian and Su Jiao and other generals of the Northern Frontier Army lead their troops south, but they were defeated in the Battle of Julu and the whole army was annihilated, which also led to the emptiness of the defense of the Great Wall area.

During this period, the Huns, under the command of Mao Dun, attacked Donghu, destroyed it, quickly approached the west, and attacked the Yueshi, which was about the end of Qin II, that is, the time of the Daze Township uprising. After that, Mao Dun continued to annex other tribes such as Lingding and the Western Regions, and finally unified all the northern steppe areas, more than 10,000 miles from east to west, and 400,000 people controlled the strings. Around the same time as the expansion to the northwest, the Xiongnu plundered the land of Henan, which was occupied by the Qin general Meng Tian, and separated them from China, and invaded the border counties of China from time to time.

These two situations seem to be incompatible, but it is precisely because of the emptiness of the Great Wall's defense that the Huns will invade the northern border counties to plunder the population and civilization products, and quickly narrow the technological gap between the two sides.

......

After the Hufu cavalry shooting, the importance of the knightly unit increased, and gradually occupied a considerable number of troops.

There is a record in the "Book of Han": "In the winter of the fourteenth year, the Xiongnu plotted to enter the border for Kou, attacked the Nasai, and killed the northern capital Wei Ang. Shangnai sent three generals to Longxi, Beidi, and Shangjun, Lieutenant Zhou She was the general of Wei, and Lang Zhong ordered Zhang Wu to be the general of the cavalry, and the army was Weibei, with thousands of cars and 100,000 cavalry. ...... So Zhang Xiangru, Marquis of Dongyang, was the general, Weihou Chi was the internal envoy, and Luan Bu was the general, and the Huns were attacked. The Huns fled. ”

From this record, it is explained that at this time, the scale and proportion of the cavalry of the Han army in a single battle have increased significantly, and they no longer only play an auxiliary role, and the main reason for this situation is that the Western Han Dynasty has effectively improved the combat ability of the knight troops at this time.

Otherwise, in terms of the environment at that time, no matter how many knight troops were established, it would be difficult for them to play an adequate role in the battle against the Xiongnu.

Although there is not enough information to show what kind of changes occurred that caused the importance of the cavalry of the Han Dynasty to increase so much at once, it cannot be denied that during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the combat ability of the cavalry troops was quite mature, otherwise there would not be the following descriptions of the combat of the cavalry troops during this period (these contents are mainly from the "Historical Records"):

"Next year, in the spring of the fifth year of Yuan Shuo, Wei Qing, the general of the Han Dynasty, rode 30,000 horses and went out of Gaoque. ”

"King Youxian thought that the Han soldiers could not come, so he was drunk. The Han soldiers went out of the fortress for six or seven hundred miles, and surrounded the right virtuous king at night. ”

"In the spring of the next year, the Han Dynasty will reinstate the general Wei Qing and the six generals, with more than 100,000 soldiers, and then go out to Dingxiang for hundreds of miles to attack the Huns. ”

"In the spring of next year, the Han Dynasty sent the hussar general to the sick general to ride out of Longxi, crossed the Yanzhi Mountain for more than 1,000 miles, attacked the Huns, and won more than 8,000 levels of Hu Shou, and broke the Hugh Tu King to sacrifice to the Tianjin people. In the summer, the hussar general Fu and the cavalry Hou tens of thousands rode out of Longxi and the north for more than 2,000 miles, attacked the Huns, passed Tuyan, and attacked Qilian Mountain, and captured more than 30,000 people under Hu Shou, and more than 70 people below the little king. ”

"In the spring of the fourth year of Yuan Hunt, the general Qing and the hussar general were ordered to go out of the sick general with 50,000 cavalry each, and the infantry turned into hundreds of thousands, and those who dared to fight deeply were hussars. "12" autumn, locusts. Sent 20,000 Junji Zhao Ponu to ride out of Shuofang to attack the Huns, but did not return. ”

"In the summer and May, 30,000 generals of the Second Division rode out of Jiuquan, fought with the Right Xianwang and Tianshan, and beheaded more than 10,000 captives. ”

"In the first month of the spring of the fourth year, the princes of the dynasty were in Ganquan Palace. Send the world's seven branches and brave soldiers, send the second division general Li Guangli to send 60,000 cavalry and 70,000 infantry out of Shuofang, because the general Gongsun Ao Wan cavalry, 30,000 infantry out of Yanmen, the guerrilla general Han said that 30,000 infantry out of Wuyuan, and more than 10,000 crossbow commander Lu Bode infantry and the second division meeting. ”

"In winter, Liaodong Wuhuan rebelled, with Zhonglang General Fan Mingyou as the general of Liao, and attacked the seven counties in the north and two thousand cavalry in the county. ”

This also shows that in the war against foreigners, especially nomads, the knight unit has become a very important formation, even the main force.

Otherwise, even in terms of the combat capability of the integrated forces, it is possible to be able to defeat the but

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