readx;? In the forested areas of southern Africa, there is the Chitoli culture, which mainly inherited the hand-axe civilization of the Acheeri culture, and absorbed the pointed tools of the Moster culture. Pen Fun Pavilion wWw. ｂiquge。 info but more backward than the Rubemba culture.

In the steppe region from Northeast Africa to the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa, the Stillbe culture developed, which is typically characterized by the presence of stone flakes that resemble stone leaves, as well as short, wide flakes that are cut from the stone cores of the repair tables, and pointers repaired on both sides. This civilization is more advanced than the Lupemba culture, but it still lags behind the stone leaf stone tools, indicating that it has more civilization exchanges with North Africa than the Lupemba people.

Late Homo sapiens gradually penetrated into the sub-Saharan region due to the development of its productive forces, but it was not enough to change the fact that the vast majority of the population in the south was black, and after assimilation, the skin color rapidly became black. Therefore, today's black people can be determined to belong to modern humans, and they have also passed the stage of late Homo sapiens, but their skin color has been determined long ago during the Heidelberg Homo erectus hybrid.

Historically, southern Africa has always been regarded as a wild continent, and has never developed a better civilization, and is seriously lagging behind the Mediterranean coastal regions. It wasn't until Europe opened its doors to Africa that Africa came into the modern eye.

Historically, there have also been some blacks who have run away alone to North Africa, Asia and other places. However, due to their dark skin, they are often discriminated against by the locals, and the "Kunlun Nu" is mentioned in the Chinese "Classic of Mountains and Seas".

At this time, the method of making stone tools from local materials can no longer meet the requirements of production and life. As a result, Homo sapiens in the late period began to look for suitable mountain areas for making stone tools, and even made stone tools on the spot, so some stone tool manufacturing sites appeared. The mining of stone tools and the emergence of relatively fixed stone tool manufacturing sites are signs of the development of social productive forces.

Late Homo sapiens fused the early Homo sapiens and earlier Homo erectus stone tool civilizations, and further developed them, developing a more advanced stone tool civilization that produced polished stone tools and bone tools. Of particular importance is its ability to make bows and arrows, and its weapons are more advanced.

Late Homo sapiens was superior not only to early Homo sapiens in stone tools, but also completely superior to early Homo sapiens in terms of organizational form. The social organization form of early Homo sapiens stayed at the stage of primitive populations, while the social organization form of late Homo sapiens has evolved into a matriarchal clan society.

Matrilineal clan society (BC50000~3000 BC) is a social organization based on matrilineal blood relations, which is a clan system that calculates lineage and inherited property according to the matrilineal line, and is the first stage of clan society.

Matrilineal clans are maintained by matrilineal blood and are passed on by matrilineal relations, i.e. from grandmother to mother, mother to daughter, daughter to granddaughter, and so on, forever. The same clan has a common bloodline and worships a common ancestor.

In a matrilineal clan society, the means of production are owned by the collective, and the labor is collectively used. Clan members lived separately according to their sexes during their lifetimes. Not only the people of a clan lived together during their lifetime, but they were not separated after death, and the members practiced joint burial, so it was popular at that time to have clan public cemeteries, and many joint burials, and the practice of same-sex joint burial, which was a reflection of the common burial customs. There is not much difference in the burial goods.

The general division of labour in matrilineal clan societies is as follows: young men perform the tasks of hunting, fishing, and defending against wild animals, women perform the heavy tasks of gathering food, barbecuing food, sewing clothes, and raising the old and young, and the elderly and children perform auxiliary work.

There is a council in the clan, which is the highest authority of the clan, deciding all major affairs and electing the clan leader. All adult males and females of the clan may participate in the council. Since women dominate social production, lineage is calculated on the basis of matrilineal blood, which determines that the matrilineal clan has an older woman as the head of the clan. She is elected by the entire clan and has the right to remove the entire clan if incompetent. The head of the clan is responsible for leading production, managing life, and liaising with the outside world. Although the clan chief manages everything, he has no privileges, and he cannot be replaced, and he fully respects the opinions of other clan members, and in the event of major events, such as absorbing adopted daughters, carrying out blood revenge, and deciding on production plans, she will convene relevant meetings to decide. Customs and customs are the norms that mediate clan relations.

The inheritance system has two characteristics: one is collectivity, since property is owned by the clan and is also inherited collectively by the clan, no one has the right to dispose of it privately or inherit it alone; (Because men are members of outer clans.) ）

I asked, "How did the matrilineal clan society come about, and why did women have such a high status?"

The transition from the primitive population stage to a matrilineal clan society was accomplished with the impetus of an increase in the level of productivity. The transformation of consanguinity to clan exogamy is a key factor in the transformation of the nature of society. After several generations of reproduction, due to the increasing population, the lack of food sources and the impact on life will inevitably split into new blood families. The new blood families still practice internal blood marriages.

Although endogamy can maintain the relative stability of the primitive population, the blood relationship between the married women and men is too close, so that the bred offspring are susceptible to congenital diseases, or poor constitution, mental retardation, and the ability to compete with the natural world is weakened. Endogamy has lasted for a long time in human history, and this is the crux of the slow development of productivity in the primitive population.

Endogamy is extremely harmful to human evolution, and its serious consequences have gradually attracted people's attention. The division of the blood family constantly gives rise to new blood families. These blood families are still inextricably linked with each other, and it is inevitable that marriage will occur between women and men in various blood families. It was gradually discovered that the children born of female and male marriages between different blood families were superior in physical and intellectual strength to the children born of female and male marriages of the same blood families. People finally realized that the farther the blood relationship between a woman and a man, the stronger the children born. Due to the strong influence of traditional ideas, the transition from endogamy to exogamy has been very slow. Initially, marriages between siblings and brothers who are closest in blood were excluded, and later marriages between siblings and brothers in the collateral line who were more closely related in blood were excluded. Finally, it is forbidden for a woman or a man in a blood family to marry, regardless of whether they are the same generation or not. In this way, a group of blood relatives ~ clans that cannot be married internally was created.

Extra-clan marriage is an interactive group marriage between a group of sisters of one clan and a group of brothers of another clan, forming a clan system with an old grandmother as the core. The man married into another clan and was buried in the clan's communal cemetery after his death. This type of marriage is carried out in groups, there are no fixed spouses, and there are no strict age and generation restrictions. Although it is not yet stable, after all, it makes the clan obviously different from the blood family of the past. But marriage between clan members is strictly forbidden.

The next chapter deals with the migration of late Homo sapiens