readx;? Zizi, reigned 2608-2565 BC. Pen & Fun & Pavilion www.biquge.info

In 2608 BC, Zis succeeded to the throne of Shamash of Hatanesh.

In 2587 BC, the Shamash dynasty captured Kish. Shamash became the new political center of Mesopotamia. This was the first time that the Semites had appeared on the Sumerian political stage as the overlords of the Sumerian region.

Zis then continued to march into the city-states, eventually unifying Sumer.

The emergence of the Eastern Semites, who were still in the nomadic stage at that time, was a great shock to the Sumerian society of the agrarian civilization, and its severity was even greater than that of the later Kuti rule. During this period, a large number of city-state dynasties were conquered by the Shamash dynasty.

The emergence of a unified dynasty was significant, as Shamash had previously focused only on military matters, but now everything was under control. It's time to try to digest the results.

In this great ethnic fusion, the Sumerian cuneiform script, which only the Sumerians took decades to master, was also digested and absorbed by the Eastern Semites, and the Sumerian and Semitic languages were fused together to form the Eastern Semitic script and the Eastern Semitic language, which can be called the Shamash script and the Shamash language.

The difference between it and Sumerian is that Sumerian basically belongs to the ideogram similar to the oracle bone inscription, with only a few symbols representing pronunciation, and there are too many things in the life of the Eastern Semitic people that are different from the Sumerians, so that they cannot fully describe the life of the Semitic people in Sumerian, so a large number of phonetic symbols were added, until finally the Assyrians developed alphabetic symbols, completely abandoning the role of ideography, and simply indicating pronunciation, similar to today's English with 26 symbols infinite combinations can represent countless meanings, and Chinese characters are the same as Sumerian, a kind of thing and a script, there are a large number of rarely used Chinese characters in today's dictionary, but the pronunciation is almost the sameIf it were a Semitic, they would abandon Chinese characters in the same way that they abandoned Sumerian.

Of course, this characteristic of the Semitic people is also the attitude of the Semitic civilization towards the previous civilization, that is, if they do not understand it, they will be destroyed, so that when every conqueror arrives in the local area, he sees all kinds of ruins, of course, it is directly proportional to the turmoil of West Asian society. In contrast to this, the stability of the Chinese society in which the ancestral languages were spoken. So much so that people want to keep these Chinese characters, because these beautiful characters represent the mystery of ancient civilization, and even represent the Chinese civilization itself, and if people today abandon Chinese characters, the Chinese civilization is only a poor copy of Western civilization.

Of course, sometimes this sense of mystery about the ancient Chinese civilization also caused the flood of retro thoughts, so that in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, a style of writing was popular, and the whole article was piled up with all kinds of new characters.

Hehe! Gone off track again! Back to the topic:

The Eastern Semites embraced the Sumerians' agricultural settlements, life and civilizational achievements, even including religious beliefs.

The Eastern Semites had their own ethnic unique gods such as Atad, Ishkul, Ashur, as well as the belief in the sun god and the moon god absorbed from the Sumerians. However, the East Semites renamed the Sumerian moon god Suen, simply Sin, and changed the name of Utu, the sun god, to Shamash. The Sumerians were an agrarian people, and the moon had a greater influence on agriculture than the sun, so the Sumerians believed that the moon god was much more powerful than the sun god. The Semitic people, on the other hand, were nomadic peoples, and the influence of the sun was much more important than that of the moon, and in the steppes, the sun was very important for horseback riders, and the moon was of little use. In addition, the Sumerian god Enlil was also absorbed as the main god of the Eastern Semites, and strangely, the Sumerians rarely used his god name as their own god name (surname) because of the great flood that Enlil had developed a feeling of hatred for him, while the East Semites did not have this kind of religious feelings, so there were many people who took it as a god name (surname). As a result, Enlil gradually became the exclusive god name (surname) of the Eastern Semites.

So since it is a monotheistic tradition, it seems that there are no fewer gods than Sumerian gods?

In fact, this is the reason why there are many East Semitic tribes, each tribe has its own god to believe in, but it does not exclude people from other tribes to interact, so it becomes a polytheistic religion that believes in monotheism, which is a common phenomenon in divided regions, and only after the Roman era achieved great unification, did it really realize a complete monotheism, and those who wanted to believe in their own main god were killed, and monotheism was realized, of course, the consequence was that genocide was rampant, and the poison was endless, so that similar genocides occurred in modern times, such as the Rwandan massacre.

During this period, the East Semites established a large number of settlements in the Akkadian and Silesian regions, which gradually developed into cities. In the northern Silesian region, there are the cities of Nineveh, Ashur, and Mar, and in the southern Akkadian region, there are the cities of Akkadian and Akshak.

After the city developed, temples were built, and it was difficult for the Sumerians to imagine how safe a city would be without temples, and the gods were the protectors of the city. Since most of the local people are East Semites, so they use the gods of the East Semites, the Sumerians do not reject whether the gods are foreigners, for them, it is originally a polytheistic religion, one more god, it is not a big deal, as long as he can protect the city, as for whether the god has protected the city, it is no longer in their consideration, and this is also a peace of mind.

The Sumerians used to add the name of the god to their names, and in the early days the name of the god was still synonymous with the region, for example, the name of the god Zappapa came from Kish, the name with Iana came from Uruk, the name with Sin (Sun) came from your, and the name with grace came from Elidu.

The Eastern Semites also absorbed this trait, and by identifying the names of the gods in the names of the princes and kings, it was possible to see if they were of Semitic origin. For example, if the name of the god Isikul, Attad, Ashur, Shamash and other gods in the name is the name of the East Semite, it can also be identified as the city of Akkad, the name of Isikul is from Akshak, and the name of the god of Ashur is from the city of Ashur or Nineveh (the protector of the two cities is the same).

Because of the increasing population, it later developed into a phenomenon that was not born in one place but all carried the same god name, which is the real origin of Western surnames, and there are really too many people in the world today with the same surname but not from the same place. Later, due to the increasing number of monotheistic beliefs, there was only one god, and everyone could not have the same surname, so there were ever-changing surnames.