The cavalry's use of double-ended spears to improve its combat ability is mainly due to the persistence of the attack and the damage to some of the armored riders of the Huns.

However, in some cases, in terms of the number of spears carried by cavalry, according to the corresponding tests, it is already the limit for a knight to carry six to eight spears.

If it is too much, it will not only affect the efficiency of the knight in fighting on the horse, but also the number of spears thrown without proper placement, which may injure the horse and even the knight himself.

Therefore, in this respect, although spear throwing is not dispensable for the improvement of a knight's combat effectiveness, it is undoubtedly impossible to make this arrangement bring qualitative efficiency.

......

In terms of the arrowhead of the hand crossbow, Zhang Jiashi used an improved three-edged arrowhead armor-piercing arrow.

The advantage of this armor-piercing arrow is not only that it can penetrate metal armor more easily, but also that the triangular groove allows some venom to last longer, allowing these armor-piercing arrows to deal more collateral damage.

In terms of the unconventional means of poison, Zhang Jiashi himself did not agree with it. However, for many reasons, Zhang Jiashi once ordered medical workers to study some poisons that have a certain duration on the human body to increase the killing of the enemy's living forces.

In addition, there are many stories of using corrupt organisms to make biological poisons to pollute water sources in war, and after knowing this fact, Zhang Jiashi is no longer imprisoned by his original thinking.

Poisons have been used for a wide range of purposes since human history, often as weapons, antidotes, or medical medicines. In ancient times, primitive tribes and early civilizations used it as a hunting tool to hasten and ensure the death of their prey or enemies. Later, the use of poisons continued to improve, and some armies began to forge specially crafted weapons to enhance the poison's properties and increase its power. Later, especially during the Roman Empire, the use of poison for assassination had become extremely common. Ancient Indians used poisoned weapons, and in ancient India, people used poison as a weapon, and the strategy of poisoning well water was even mentioned in their war strategy and art of war.

The first record of poisoning and killing people appeared in the Roman Empire at the time of Christ, but before that, Indians, Chinese, Greeks, and Egyptians had already begun to use poison.

Cleopatra used slaves to experiment with fairies, belladonna, and yasap snake venom. In many countries, there are even people who increase the consumption of poisons little by little in order to achieve immunity to them, such as in Alexandre Dumas's The Count of Monte Cristo.

What sets Egypt apart from many other civilizations is that knowledge of Egyptian poisons and their use can only be recorded dating back to about 300 BC. However, based on early records, we believe that Menes was the first Egyptian pharaoh known to study the properties of venom from poisonous plants, animals, and insects.

Since then, clues to the knowledge of the Ptolemaic poisons of Egypt can be traced back to the writings of the ancient alchemist Egshadimon. Egal Shadimon mentions a mineral that, when mixed with bubble soda, produces a "potent poison". He described the poison as "disappearing into the water and having a clear solution." ”

Based on the connection between the unknown mineral and other writings of Egshadimon, Amsley deduced that the "strong poison" was arsenic, and that the unknown mineral must have been realgar or orpiment.

The Egyptians were also thought to have known about substances and chemical elements such as antimony, copper, arsenic, lead, opium, and mandrake. Such secrets are revealed in papyrus records. Now the Egyptians are considered to be the first people to master the correct distillation method and operation to extract the poison from the peach pit.

Finally, it is said that Cleopatra, Cleopatra, poisoned herself with a horned viper bite after hearing of Marc Antony's death. Before her death, she is said to have used many maids as laboratory rats to test various poisons, including belladonna, fairy seed, and poison strychnine seeds.

People often heard about poisoning at the dinner table or during eating and drinking during the Roman period, and even took it for granted. Such events took place as early as 331 BC. At all levels of society, these acts of poisoning are aimed at satisfying one's own selfish desires. The writer Tito Livy described the poisoning of the Roman upper class and aristocracy. It is well known that the Roman emperor Nero was fond of poisoning his relatives, and he even had hired private poisoners. It is said that his favorite poison is ******. [2]

It is said that Nero's predecessor, Claudius, either used poisonous mushrooms or poisoned with poisonous herbs.

However, there are accounts of Claudius' method of death and the explanation of the cause of death vary widely. His taster, Harrotes, who was in charge of testing Claudius, Xenophon, the doctor, and Locaste, the notorious poisoner, were all accused of being the owner of the lethal object who poisoned Claudius, but his last wife, Agrippina Jr., was thought to be the most likely to have arranged the murder and possibly even poisoned herself.

Some claim that a dose of poison in the food for dinner caused him to die after a long period of agony, while others claim that he recovered from the poisoning and was only poisoned again by a feather that had been dipped in the poison. It is believed that someone pretended to help him vomit by sticking a feather dipped in poison into his throat, or was poisoned again because he had been poisoned in a poisonous gruel or **.

Agrippina is believed to be the murderer, as she was intent on her son Nero's usurpation of the throne, and Claudius was aware of her plot.

In the Middle Ages in Europe, poisoning became more popular, although some common poisons were used to treat diseases. With the increased use of poisons, pharmacies can sell a variety of drugs to the public. Since then, the drugs that were originally used to treat diseases have been used as poisons by some vicious and insidious people. Around the same time, the use of poison also flourished in other parts of the world. The Arabs succeeded in developing arsenic, which is odorless and tasteless, killing people invisibly.

In an excerpt from Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, a rodent exterminator buys poison from a pharmacy to get rid of a rat infestation. The story is about something that happened sometime between the 14th and 15th centuries.

He couldn't delay any longer, and stepped forward into the town, towards the pharmacist. Pray that the pharmacist will sell him some poison so that he can get rid of the rats...... The apothecary's reply was: "You will have one thing, because of it, I will pray to God to save me from falling in the whole world, there is no creature that can eat or drink this candied but like a grain of wheat that dies and he can never wake up again." He's going to die, not in a moment. You may only take one step at this point, but definitely not more than a mile. The poison is very powerful and violent.

During the Renaissance, the illegal and reprehensible use of poison reached its zenith; The reason for the spike in the use of poisons by these criminal gangs may be attributed to some extent to the new discovery of raw materials for the manufacture of poisons.

For example, Italian alchemists in the 14th and 15th centuries discovered that decoctions mixed with toxic substances could be more toxic than decoctions containing a single toxic substance,[20] and the new properties of other poisons were studied more thoroughly. Thus was born a discipline of study, which today we call toxicology. The poison that was always used in society to kill people used to be feared by everyone, even when attending a dinner party, fearing that they would eat food or drink poisoned by the host or one of the guests.

The very controversial Pope Alexander VI was also born as Rodric Borja. Cesare Borgia, the son of Pope Alexander VI, was probably the most controversial pope in terms of legitimacy, and he used his power to help his five sons gain prominence. He was considered a ruthless and hostile man, and people were very afraid and shunned him. Borgia is not only notorious as the son of a very controversial man, he is also notorious for being considered a poison-killing maniac. In the following quotation, Apollina describes to us what he considers to be a "Borgia formula" for the treatment of victims.

"Cantarella. The unknown substance used by Borgia along with arsenic is phosphorus, a secret that was leaked to Borgia by a Spanish monk. The Spanish monk, who also knew the antidote to phosphorus and arsenic, was discovered, so they were armed. ”

In the aftermath of Cesare Borgia's father's death, rumours arose, and many theories about the cause of his death were born, although most of them ended with the Pope's death as a result of horrific methods, including murder, which were usually poisoning. Apollinai's view is that the Pope was poisoned with red wine, which was intended at the dinner for another person, Cardinal de Cornetto. Sarudon holds a similar view, but the difference is that the poison is a box of candy instead of wine.

In any case, only a pitiful number of people mourn the death of the Pope, which is to be expected after the Pope's tragic reign. History proves that the Pope did die of some form of poisoning, and by the time his body was on display, it was decomposed to the point of horrific decomposition. To reduce suspicion, the remains were only displayed by candlelight at night.

Cesare Borgia's death did not cause much sorrow, and was a consequence of his own fame. However, his sister Lucrecia grieves for this man who does all kinds of evil. Lucrecia is also considered to be the bad guy, but it may be that Cesare's series of crimes are the culprits for this reason.

By the 16th century, the use of poison was already an art, and in some Italian cities there were schools teaching the method of poisoning and the "art" derived from it. [Earlier, in the fifteenth century, an association of alchemists and poisoners was formed, called the Order of Ten.]

These fanatical believers who advocate poisoning make contracts with those who pay them enough and are responsible for carrying them out. Often, the person specified in the contract to be killed ends up dying from an undetected but deadly dose of poison, and the types of poison vary from one to another.

By the end of the 16th century, the popularity of poison and its art had shifted from Italy to France, where poisoning crimes became more frequent. It is estimated that in 1570 there were about 30,000 people in Paris alone who were involved in the illegal or unethical use of poison. This became a so-called "plague" or "epidemic" at the time. This "epidemic" has led to a very high death toll and has also greatly affected citizens who have not been implicated in the poison. Many people, especially the aristocracy, were extremely afraid of being poisoned. They are willing to attend only the most trusted banquets and hire only carefully selected servants. Among the celebrities or noble-born people who were very afraid of being poisoned were Hanrietta Anne of England and Henry IV.

Princess Hanrietta Anne of England was so vigilant and alert to poison that when she was tormented by peritonitis caused by a duodenal ulcer, she immediately assumed that she had been poisoned. And Henry IV, according to records, when he visited the Louvre, he ate only his own boiled eggs and drank only the water he poured.

Later, in 1662, Louis XIV restricted the sale of poisons to pharmacists, and forbade the sale of certain poisons except by people who knew and trusted the shopkeeper.

However, it was difficult to find a reliable alchemist during this period. Many of them are liars, fooling customers and the general public into believing that mercury can be converted into a fine metal. Many are exploiting this view, while others, in good faith and in the name of science, are trying to extract gold from the less valuable and more inert elements.

These alchemists were driven by the same goal, which was to achieve the three most desirable goals in alchemy: the Philosopher's Stone, which turns base metals into pure gold, the elixir of life, which prolongs one's life indefinitely, and finally, the all-purpose solvent, a solvent that dissolves any substance. The pursuit of these goals, which was obviously utopian, was supported by science at the time, so much so that the development of alchemical science was greatly hindered, because these goals were ultimately impossible to achieve.

At this time, poison was also prevalent in parts of Asia.

Over the course of history, poisons have been used for insidious purposes.

As the means of processing poisons continue to improve, so do the methods of detoxification, and more and more new poisons are developed and used in more and more murder cases.

In later generations, the frequency of accidental poisoning caused by daily necessities increased.

In addition, due to the wide range of applications of poisons, they are commonly used in fields such as insecticides, disinfectants, detergents or preservatives. The original use of the poison, poison bait, is still used in remote areas of many developing countries, especially in Africa, South America and Asia.

In this respect, strychnine has become the main medicinal material of one of the poisons.

Nux nux itself is a medicine. In later generations, the pharmacology of the drugs cited by Nux Nux is mainly in the following aspects:

It has a paralyzing effect on sensory nerve endings, and the 5%~10% ******** solution can anesthetize **************the oral mucosa.

However, patients with strychnine poisoning initially have a cramping sensation in the chewing muscles and neck muscles, difficulty in swallowing, general restlessness, and then extreme contraction of the extensor and flexor muscles at the same time, resulting in tonic convulsions. It can be used for mild anesthesia or intravenous injection with barbiturates to suppress convulsions, and ******** gastric lavage. Toxicity: The half lethal dose of subcutaneous injection into mice was 0.47mg/kg and 0.85mg/kg for ******, 0.556mg/kg for 4-hydroxy ******, and 8mg/kg for intravenous injection into dogs ********.

********The acute median lethal doses of mice were 3.27, 233 and 234.5 mg/kg, respectively, and the acute median lethal doses of intraperitoneal injection were 1.53, 69 and 77.76 mg/kg, respectively. The median lethal dose given to dogs intravenously was 8 mg/kg. In adults, a dose of 5 to 10 mg of ******** can cause poisoning, and 30 mg can cause death. It has been reported that diphtheria was treated with strychnine with a total dose of 50.54mg, and there were cases of death caused by poisoning by taking 7 strychnine tablets. The cause of death was failure and asphyxia due to recurrent episodes of tonic seizures.

But after mixing some medicines, Zhang Jiashi got the poison he wanted.