readx;? Since the entire Jewish nation and each member of the nation "have made a covenant with God" as an independent individual, the observance of the commandments with God has become an unshirkable responsibility and obligation of each member, and this is an important factor in the formation of a strong synergy among a nation. Pen × fun × Pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 The "Ten Commandments" enabled the Jews to have a common standard of social moral cognition, and from then on, the Jewish nation became a nation with the most powerful centripetal force, creativity and development momentum in the world.

Because the whole nation made a covenant with God, they were equal as individuals who fulfilled the covenant. The equality of all beings has thus become an essential feature of Jewish culture. The Jews believe that God shapes and demands man based on the idea of equality. Although there are differences in intelligence, position, origin, genetics, wealth and poverty between people, people are essentially equal creatures, and no one is allowed to be above others, oppress others, or practice ****.

Even if a person becomes a king, he must follow God's law, spread God's love and justice to the world, and become a public servant of the people. Since the relationship between God and man is in the form of a "covenant," God also has obligations to man. It is very important to believe this, so that the person can obtain the spiritual support and psychological comfort that he must have, so that he can continue to generate the strength to struggle, resist and struggle in the face of adversity.

The contractual relationship between God and the Jews is extremely sacred, and it breaks with the fatalistic view of man-God that has long placed man in an absolutely passive position. Since it is a covenant, it is a two-way choice relationship, God gives up the right to deprive man of his freedom and life, and when he retreats and advances, man acquires such a right at the same time. From then on, the possession of life and liberty became an inalienable right of man. This is what "natural human rights" mean. Since even God has given up, then who still has the right to deprive people of their freedom and life? Who has more power than God? Since God has restrained all his powers, whose power can be so sacred that it is not restricted?

It is important to note that there are serious mistranslations of the Bible texts published in China, which are also reflected in the "Ten Commandments," which contain only ten articles. For example, "Thou shalt not kill" is clearly mistranslated. The Hebrew word was very clear, that no one could murder. There is an essential difference between murder and murder, how can they be mixed?

The third commandment, "Thou shalt not take the name of Jehovah thy God in vain," is also mistranslated and does not accurately convey the original meaning of the Hebrew word that one's actions should not be carried out in the name of God. The reason is also very simple, if a person does evil, he can only tarnish his own reputation, not God and faith. A more accurate translation would be "Thou shalt not blaspheme the name of God."

In addition, some scholars in China have translated "faith" as "bowing" (see Qian Chengdan, editor-in-chief and Zhang Qianhong's "Trapped in Regeneration: The Modernization of Jewish Culture"), which some people think is inappropriate. What the Jews and God have established is a contractual relationship between man and God, and there is no idolatry in Judaism and later Christianity, and there is no talk of the Oriental-style "bowing" to God's five bodies.

For the Chinese, the most likely violation of the Ten Commandments is idolatry, how many emperors in ancient times enslaved and slaughtered people in the name of God, and how many people worshipped the emperors who abused their power, threw themselves to the ground, and willingly attached themselves to the totalitarian system. And the God of the Jews is different, he exists, but he is invisible, and no one has the right to fool the people, to abuse the people, to slaughter the people, in the name of God.

It would be too incomprehensible to regard this covenant between gods and men as "absurd" and "superstitious." Since any power must be self-restrained, even God's, this provides a model for the subsequent covenant restraint and restriction of worldly power and human freedom. According to it, the relations between people and between people and governments can be adjusted and dealt with by means of covenants.

There is also this "higher" law in modern society, which is the Constitution. The difference between the constitution and ordinary law is that the constitution is a "people's convention", a law made by the people and cannot be changed by the government, it is higher than the general law and the power of the government, and has supremacy and sacredness. With a constitution (in the true sense of the word), citizens can obtain once and for all "equal fundamental political rights and freedoms, freedom of speech and association, and those rights and freedoms that guarantee the security and independence of citizens - such as freedom of emigration and freedom of choice of occupation, protection of the rule of law" (Rawls).

For citizens to truly obtain these rights, they must absolutely obey the constitution and pay taxes to the government. For the Government, the purpose of taxation is only one - to provide citizens with public services and to guarantee them access to the rights enshrined in the Constitution. There is no other reason for the government to exist, no matter how brilliant and noble it may sound. In addition, it is necessary to find ways to divide, balance and constrain the power of the government and to establish cheap and limited government in order to avoid the arbitrariness of the power of the government from infringing on the rights of citizens. These are the essence of the constitutional and democratic system.

Under God, under the law, and under the constitution, there is an intrinsic logical relationship between these three propositions. Nationalities that do not understand the first two propositions will naturally not understand what the Constitution and constitutionalism are all about. After all, we will not be able to create a real constitutional and democratic system. The "Exodus" was a rebirth of the Jewish nation. It not only freed the Israelites from the slavery of the Egyptians, but more importantly freed the Jewish people from the control of the alien culture, and since then, the Israelites have been preserved as a race from being "exterminated" by alien rule (which is inevitable as can be concluded from the massacre of Jewish babies and the "Golden Bulls").

The Sinai Covenant established the monotheistic worship of the Israelites and the legal norms and basic value system necessary for them as an independent people, giving them a unique national culture, which is the most extraordinary feature of the "Exodus" event and an important symbol that distinguishes the Jewish nation from other peoples in the world. All this, as a solid spiritual pillar, sustained them in the wilderness for 40 years without splitting, disintegrating or disappearing.