readx;? The Middle Paleolithic culture of China includes the Guanyin Cave culture in Guizhou, the Dingcun culture found in Xiangfen, Shanxi, the 15th site of Zhoukoudian and the Xujiayao culture in Yanggao, Shanxi. The www.biquge.info of the Middle Paleolithic culture of China basically maintained the type and processing technology of the early culture. Even a slight change in type, a slight advance in technology, is slow. A striking feature is that the technology for repairing stone cores (such as the Levalowa) technology has not been developed.

Guanyin Cave Culture: Jingshan Village, Shajing Township, Qianxi County, Guizhou Province, Time: about 240,000 years ago.

The Guanyin Cave Cultural Site is a natural karst cave about 90 meters long on the slope of a small hill in a closed depression, with an altitude of 1,450 meters, belonging to the Middle Paleolithic Age. The Guanyin Cave cultural site stands in the country with Beijing Zhoukoudian and Shanxi Xihoudu. After a lot of comparison, experts believe that the Guanyin Cave culture in Qianxi is another type that is different from other cultural systems.

The types of stone tools include cores, stone chips, scrapers, end scrapers, chopping tools, pointed tools, concave scrapers, and carvers. It is rare to have a wide variety of methods in the processing of Guanyin cave stone tools.

Unfortunately, no hominin fossils have been found here. According to these rich cultural relics, archaeologists named it "Qianxi Guanyin Cave Culture". Guanyin Cave Culture is the most important cultural site of the Middle Paleolithic Age in southern China. There is Zhoukoudian in the north and Guanyin Cave in the south, which is the best explanation of its importance.

Dali people: Jiefang Village, Dali County, Shaanxi, time: about 200,000 years ago.

With a flat forehead, a thick skull wall, and a thick brow ridge, the Dali people are close in shape to those of Peking Man, but with the progressive characteristics of Homo sapiens. The brain volume is about 1120 ml, which is slightly larger than the average for Peking Man, and the physical characteristics are between Homo erectus and early Homo sapiens, which is an ancient type among early Homo sapiens.

The types of stone tools include stone chips, stone cores, scrapers, pointed tools, carving tools, stone cones, chopping tools, and stone balls. The shape of the vessel is generally small, the length is generally not more than 4 cm, and the weight is about 20 grams. It is mainly used for scrapers, and the number is mostly for concave edge scrapers. The beating technique is mainly hammering, and the beating piece is thicker and not very regular. The second step of processing is mainly unidirectional back processing, with tortuous edges, uneven cutting edges, mostly jagged or corrugated, sharp or blunt. There are more single-edged than double-edged in stone tools. The processing of the pointed device is slightly more delicate, and there are positive tip, corner tip, double tip, and crooked tip type.

The cultural characteristics of the Dali people belong to the type of ship-bottom-shaped scraper-carver in North China, which is dominated by small stone tools.

Early Dingcun culture: both sides of the Tongpu Railway in the south of Dingcun, Xiangfen County, Shanxi Province. Time: About 200,000 years ago.

The types of stone tools include three-edged large pointed tools, crane-beak-shaped thick pointed tools, axe-shaped tools, wide axe-shaped tools, and stone balls. The differentiation of the functional role of stone tools is illustrated. The discovery of the triangular large pointed tool indicates that it belongs to the "Qihe-Dingcun system".

The Ding Village Man is the most recent Homo erectus remains.

Changyang lived in a karst cave in Zhongjiawan Village, southwest of Changyang County, Hubei Province, south of the Yangtze River 195,000 years ago.

The people of Maba live in the limestone cave of Lion Rock in Maba Town, Qujiang District, Shaoguan City, Guangdong. Time: 0 years.

Maba Man is an early Homo sapiens type between Homo erectus and Neanderthals, belonging to early Homo sapiens, which is a transitional type between Homo erectus and early Homo sapiens, with a brain capacity exceeding that of Peking Man, representing an important link in the transformation of Homo erectus into early Homo sapiens.

The Xindong Man lived in Zhoukoudian, Beijing, about 100,000 years ago, and should belong to early Homo sapiens according to the chronological calculation.

The middle section of Dingcun culture belongs to the middle Paleolithic period, and the main artifacts are completely consistent with the early stage, but they are a little finer, about a few years. for the early Homo sapiens era.

The people of Xujiayao live near Xujiayao Village at the junction of Yanggao, Shanxi Province and Yangyuan, Hebei Province. Discovered in 1974.

The hunting skills of the Xujiayao people were higher than those of the Dingcun people, and judging from the stone tools unearthed, they not only had the technology of making Most's stone tools, but also made more small pointed tools, carving tools, small stone drills and small chopping tools. One of them, the turtle-shaped scraper and the short-bodied round-head scraper, with carefully processed edges, has initially pioneered the style of fine stone craft technology, representing the progressive factor of Paleolithic culture.

As an effective weapon for hunting large animals ~ stone balls, they were found in piles in the camp of the Xujiayao people, thousands of them, vividly showing the high development of the hunting economy of this clan.

Stone leaves, which flourished in the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods, have also appeared here, and this tool is closely related to hunting and eating animal meat. They are also adept at using animal bone horns to make shovel tools, triangular sharpeners, and scrapers.

The people of Xujiayao are the descendants of the Xindong people (years) of Zhoukoudian. It connects the early Beijing Homo erectus culture, the Xindong culture and the late Shiyu culture, acting as a bridge of transition, so that the exploration of human evolution and cultural origins can be complete.

The social organization of human beings can be divided into three stages: primitive people, matrilineal clan society, and patrilineal clan society. The sire line is only 5,000 years old. There are two stages of primitive people and matrilineal clans, which are divided by years.

Late Homo sapiens in the anatomical sense is no longer significantly different from modern humans in terms of physical characteristics.

Homo erectus in Heidelberg, which remained in Africa in part, developed over a long period of time to produce Homo sapiens in a much smaller size than Neanderthals 200,000 years ago. It is much smaller than Neanderthals in terms of both physique and brain size. The oldest remains of Homo sapiens found so far are human fossils found in the Omo River Valley in southern Ethiopia, including two broken skulls, hand and leg bones, and are about 195,000 years old.

Late Homo sapiens had a taller body, a brain volume of milliliters, a flatter face, and slender bones than Neanderthals, and a body shape very close to that of modern humans.

Late Homo sapiens was inferior to Neanderthals in terms of physique and brain capacity, so it has not been greatly developed.

Until that year, in the Maghreb (including Morocco, Algeria and ******), the attiline culture, which was based on the Moster culture, was discovered, and the typical artifact was a pointed vessel with a shoulder.

In North Africa, the culture of the Nile Valley region, known as the Hormusan culture, typical artifacts are serrated stone flakes and carvings.

In Cyrenaica (eastern Libya) there was a culture of worship based on stone leaves, which were produced by the indirect blow method and repaired steeply, with stone leaves, carved back leaves, carvers, and end blade scrapers.

In sub-Saharan Africa, the distinction between the forest and grassland cultures continued, and stone tools became smaller across the board.

The Lupemba culture in the equatorial forests of Eastern, West and Central Africa inherited the traditions of the Sango culture and absorbed part of the Middle Paleolithic Moster culture and the flake stone tool culture, but the hand axe and large pointed tools decreased, and the small stone tools made of stone flakes increased, and the most representative is an elongated and double-sided pointed tool. It shows that the development of its civilization has lagged behind North Africa due to the influence of the Sahara Desert. At this time, North Africa had developed a more progressive stone leaf and stone tool civilization.

The next chapter details the organizational forms of human society.