During the Battle of Osaka, the Tokugawa clan's legions were armed with a firearm that was used as a deterrent to shelling Osaka Castle.

This firearm can be said to be a kind of artillery that was quite powerful in the East at that time, and its name was "National Collapse".

In the history of Japan, there are two versions of the collapse of the country:

One is that in 1551, in the book "Martial Essentials" written by the Japanese, and in 1576, the Nanban offered stone and fire arrows to the Otomo family, and Otomo Sorin named it the national collapse.

Regarding this period of history, the "Wu Yao Strategy" gives the following description: In the 20th year of astronomy, when a Portuguese ship anchored in Bungo fired a salute at the church, a loud explosion was heard in the castle of Funai. The master of the sect went to watch under the shock. In this way, after twelve or eight years of astronomy from Kotomo, the cannon reached Otomo's house. Zong Lin called it the collapse of the country under great joy. There are still two of the stone fire arrows used by the Otomo family.

According to Japanese historical sources, Uesugi Kenshin's retainers also developed a barrel-shaped firearm called the Yamaguchi-ryu Artifact Cannon, and the original has been preserved to this day. However, this is just a simple cannon similar to the Fire Gate Gun. The Japanese also called the small stone fire arrow "fire arrow barrel", which is a short-barreled projectile weapon, with a large caliber and a short range, loaded with iron sand, gravel and other ammunition, although the appearance is similar to the mortar cannon, but it plays the role of anti-personnel personnel, and is somewhat similar to China's earth cannon and pine cannon.

Relying on the prosperous commercial port of Hakata and its trade relations with Portugal and other southern barbarian states, the Otomo family was ahead of Japan in the use of Western firearms such as muskets and cannons. At the same time as the earliest establishment of the iron artillery unit, the first to introduce artillery and use it in actual combat.

On November 25, 1586, the Shimazu family led 2,500 soldiers and horses to besiege the castle of Dansheng Island, where Otomo Sorin's seclusion resided.

Although Tansheng Island was a fortified city surrounded by water, it was extremely vulnerable to the Shimazu army that swept through Kyushu. Fortunately, the castle of Dansheng Island is equipped with the most advanced cannon of the Otomo clan, "Kunapai". Although the elderly Otomo Sorin, despite being in seclusion, he showed his heroic qualities at this critical moment. Faced with the fact that the number of soldiers in the city was limited and the morale of the Shimazu army was high, Otomo Sorin, who ordered Takemiya to launch the "national collapse" placed in the city.

After a cannon shot, the Shimazu army, although the loss of personnel was not large, fell into confusion. Among the defenders, Usuki Zhensho and his son, Shibata Reinen and his son, Yoshioka Yoshiyoshi, Toshimitsuhiko Guard, Yoshida Kazusuke and others took advantage of the situation to lead the army to charge and kill, and defeated the Shimazu army. It was precisely because of the difficult attack of Dansheng Usuki Castle and the hard work of the generals of the Otomo family that the Otomo family waited until the arrival of the Toyotomi family's Kyushu crusade army, and Sorin, the daimyo who first introduced artillery into Japan, closed his eyes with peace of mind and left this bloody and bloody Warring States turmoil.

The other is a model of the Western Furlong cannon.

BUT THE LEGENDARY NATIONAL COLLAPSE CANNON HAS A RANGE OF 6.3KM, ZHANG JIASHI CAN ONLY SAY THAT YOU TEASE ME?

Because the firing range of the Fran cannon at that time is at most 5,000 meters, what is the extra 1.3KM?

......

The Furlong Cannon was an early reloader smoothbore cannon. It is composed of a mother and a child gun. The female body is slender and has a small caliber, and the body is equipped with a front sight and a light door, which can aim and shoot at long-distance targets. There are gun lugs on both sides of the gun body, which can be placed on the bracket and can be tilted to adjust the firing angle. The rear part of the gun is thicker, and there are long holes and grooves to fill the guns. The sub-guns are similar to the small firearms, each female gun is equipped with 5 to 9 sub-guns, which can be pre-loaded with ammunition for backup, and the mother guns can be loaded and fired in turn during battle, thus increasing the firing speed.

The Franc cannon is a new type of artillery introduced from the West during the Ming Zhengde period, if it is divided by the type of artillery, the Franc cannon is a short-barreled cannon.

Franco, originally the Ming Dynasty to the Portuguese, the Spaniards collectively named. In the last years of Zhengde, He Ru, the inspector of Baisha, saw Western artillery on a Spanish ship in China, and its performance was better than that of Chinese artillery at that time, so he mobilized the Chinese gunsmiths on the ship to go ashore and imitate the first batch of Western fires for our country.

The Ming rebel king Zhu Chenhao began to privately build the Franc machine in March of the twelfth year of Zhengde, which was the beginning of China's earliest imitation of Western cannons. In the second year of Jiajing, the Ming Dynasty imitated it in Nanjing, called the "Great General". After research and transformation, it is made into three kinds of large samples, medium samples and small samples, with copper casting and iron casting. The large Franc fuselage is 2.85 meters long and weighs 300 kilograms.

"Wu Bei Zhi" divides the imitation Franc machine into No. 5. No. 3 and No. 4 are lightweight. No. 3 is four or five feet long, each containing lead weighs 5 taels and 9 yuan, and the medicine is 6 taels. No. 4 is two or three feet long, each containing lead weighs 3 taels, and the medicine is 3 taels and a half. No. 1 and No. 2 are heavy-duty.

No. 1 is eight or nine feet long, each containing lead weighs 1 catty, and the medicine is 1 catty. No. 2 is six or seven feet long, each containing lead weighs 10 taels, and the medicine is 11 taels. The range of all kinds of Franc machines, where the weight is more than 70 catties, can reach five or six miles. No. 1 and No. 2 Franc machines can be used in water warfare. The fortress-type Franc cannon weighs 1,000 pounds, and its power far exceeds that of No. 1 and No. 2.

Data performance

The Ming Dynasty Franc cannon is a developed version of the early European rear-loading gun, but it is different from the modern rear-loading gun. It has a front sight and a door in the rear, which can be aimed from the hole in the door, and has a gun carriage, which can be rotated up and down, left and right. The abdomen is swollen, leaving a long mouth, the outside of the gun body is wrapped in wood, and the iron hoop is used to prevent explosion, and there are 5 sub-guns, which are loaded with ammunition in the sub-guns, and are placed in turn into the long mouth of the abdomen to fire.

Because of the separation of the child and the mother, the weight is lighter, the lightest is only 150 catties, and the heavier one is 1,000 catties. "History of the Ming Dynasty" records that the Franc cannon: "Copper is for it, five or six feet long, and the big one is heavy and heavy." The small one is one hundred and fifty pounds, with a huge belly and a long neck, and the abdomen is repaired by the merchant, and five pieces of medicine are placed in the abdomen, and the hair is more than 100 zhang. ”

The advantage of this type of artillery is that ammunition is pre-stored in the sub-gun, which does not have to be temporarily reloaded, which can speed up the firing. The disadvantage is that the body barrel is shorter, and compared with the Hongyi cannon, it cannot have a long range.

European sources record short cannons with a range of between 340 and 2,000 meters, with the highest hit rate at six or seven hundred meters.

However, because China rarely encounters such a powerful maritime opponent as Europe, the imitation ship Franc cannon shells are relatively lightweight, and the firing range of the thousand-pound cannon can be compared with the Hongyi cannon, reaching two or three thousand meters.

There are historical records that the range of Hongyi artillery can reach ten miles, that is, five thousand meters, and it is estimated that it is set up on the high city, and it is difficult to achieve it in field or naval battles.

In the first half of the 17th century, during the Apocalypse of the Ming Dynasty, it was purchased and copied from the Portuguese in Macao, a front-loading smoothbore gun, that is, the European Kofilin cannon, which was widely used in British and Dutch warships at that time.

"History of the Ming Dynasty" records the import of Hongyi cannons and their shape and performance: "Later, the Atlantic ships arrived, and Xia De had a hundred cannons, called Hongyi." It is more than two zhang long, and the heavy one is up to three thousand catties, which can crack the stone city and shake dozens of miles. ”

From this point of view, the length of the body tube of the Hongyi cannon is more than two zhang, while the body tube of the Franc cannon is only "five or six feet", the former is about four times that of the latter, and its range is far and powerful, which is a matter of course.

At the same time, the body grows up, the weight of the gun body must also increase accordingly, otherwise it is difficult to ensure the structural strength of the gun body, the Hongyi cannon weighs to 3,000 catties, and the heaviest Franc cannon is only more than 1,000 catties, on the contrary, the bulky gun body is another characteristic of the Hongyi cannon, and it is also its shortcoming.

However, the advantages of long range and great power enabled it to overwhelm the Franc cannon and catch up, as the people of the time said: "Today, the Hongyi gun method is popular in China, and the Franc machine is a common skill." "Obviously, the Hongyi cannon, as a heavy artillery with a long barrel and a long-range firing circle, belongs to the same type as the above-mentioned Western contemporaneous cannons. The effective range has reached a maximum of 2,000 yards, about 1,830 meters.

But there is no doubt that the national collapse artillery made the artillery of the Toyotomi regime at that time unable to fight back, and this is an important key.

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Another famous urban offensive and defensive battle in Japan's Warring States period was the "Battle of Odawara".

After Hideyoshi took office as the minister of Sekihaku and Taisei, was subjugated by Tokugawa Ieyasu and Uesugi Keikatsu, and pacified the Chugoku region and Kyushu, the Toyotomi family actually controlled the world.

For Hideyoshi to truly become a "man of the world", it was necessary to control the Kanto and Tohoku regions. The largest force in the Kanto region, the Hojo clan, became Hideyoshi's next target. The Hojo family, from the ancestor of Sakumo to the four generations of clan administration, has always dominated the Kanto region, and its power has become deeply entrenched.

At this time, the Hojo clan had passed the throne to his son, the clan, but he still held the real power of Hojo behind the scenes.

In order to further control the Hojo family, in the sixteenth year of Tensho, Hideyoshi hosted a banquet for Emperor Goyosei at Jurakudi and held a grand ceremony to show off his status and authority. He repeatedly sent envoys to invite the Hojo clan and the father and son of the clan to Kamiraku, but the clan ignored Hideyoshi's prestige and refused to go, which made Hideyoshi furious, and married his daughter Tokugawa Ieyasu to the clan, so he became a mediator between the two sides.

Under Ieyasu's persuasion, the Hojo clan finally gave in and asked the younger brother of the clan to meet him. After the clan arrived in Kyoto, he put forward a condition for the real power holder, the clan Masagara, that is, the ruling on the issue of Numata Domain.

Numata Domain Issue: When the Tokugawa and Hojo clans made peace, the Numata clan was transferred to the Hojo clan.

However, Ieyasu's retainer Sanada Masayuki objected on the grounds that there were graves of his ancestors on the other side of Numata Castle, and the two sides continued to argue. Hideyoshi ruled that two-thirds of Numata's territory belonged to the Hojo family, and that Kurumiti Castle, which had the ancestral graves of the Sanada family, belonged to the Sanada clan. Clan Nao accepted the ruling and handed over Hideyoshi's oath to Shoroku, while Numata Castle sent Inomata Kunito, a retainer of Clan Masa's younger brother, to be his commander.

At this time, the problem between the two sides has been basically solved, and something unexpected happened. Numata Castle defender Kunitamata made a name for himself and attacked Kurumita Castle, the name of Sanada on the other side of Numata, and took the castle. This was a rebellion against the ruling of the Hideyoshi regime and a violation of Hideyoshi's "Nothing to Say" issued by Hideyoshi, which prohibited private fights among the daimyos.

Of course, the Toyotomi regime did not allow such incidents to happen, and the Hojo family took a tough stance after the "Nakurota Incident", and the relationship between the two sides was facing a rupture.

In November of the 17th year of Tensho, Hideyoshi delivered an ultimatum and a declaration of war to the Hojo clan, and issued a mobilization order to his subordinate daimyo to prepare for an attack on Odawara, the stronghold of Hojo.

Odawara Castle is a megacity with a length of 2.7 kilometers from east to west and 2.2 kilometers from north to south. Surrounded by two rivers, the Sakugogawa River and the Hayagawa River, and backed by Sagami Bay, the huge castle is a huge castle that cannot be attacked. Hideyoshi, who knew this very well, mobilized a total of 220,000 men to prepare for the Great Siege of Odawara.

The siege of Odawara was carried out on three fronts, with Ieyasu as the main force marching from Tokaido to Odawara, Hokuriku forces centered on Uesugi Keikatsu and Maeda Toshiie marching northwest to Odawara, and Sagamiwa Bay massing Chinese and Shikoku naval forces, and sending special forces to attack the Hojo family's branch towns in various parts of the Kanto region.

In February of the 18th year of Tensho, after Ieyasu marched from Sunfu to Odawara, large forces from Hokuriku to China and Shikoku also arrived one after another.

The food supply of 220,000 people was a big problem, and Hideyoshi appointed Nagatsu Masake as the military commissariat to mobilize 200,000 koku in Shimizu Bay, which was enough for 220,000 troops to last for 200 days, which was Hideyoshi's preparation for a long-term battle because of Odawara's fortification. On the other hand, after receiving the declaration of war, the Hojo side quickly sent people to order the local branch cities to strengthen their defenses and replenish their armaments. At the beginning of the eighteenth year of Tensho, a large mobilization order was issued to prepare for the attack of Hideyoshi's army. The Hojo family's retainers discussed whether to defend the castle or fight in the field, which is commonly known as the "Odawara Conference". The Hojo clan proposed a plan to attack from the Fuji River and the Huang Shuchuan River, while Kenhide Matsuda proposed a plan to defend the dangerous Mt. Hakone, and it was decided to defend the castle as a way of fighting. The reason is that in the past, when the Hojo clan faced the attacks of Uesugi Kenshin and Takeda Shingen, they all survived the crisis by defending the castle, and these facts gave the Hojo family the confidence to defend the castle. After deciding on the policy of defending the castle, all the remaining castles except those on the defensive base were removed, and the battle forces were concentrated in Odawara, and enough food was collected to supply the 56,000-strong garrison of the castle.

But Odawara Castle was not something that could be defeated in one fight. Hideyoshi set up his main camp in Hakone-Yumoto, while Ieyasu set up his camp east of Odawara, and to the west was the camp of Hosokawa Tadashiko, Ikeda Terumasa, Hori Hidemasa, Niwa Nagashige, and others. There are 10,000 naval troops in Sagami Bay, with a total strength of 220,000.

On 6 April, the arrangement of this large encirclement network was completed. A protracted battle began between Odawara Castle, which was known for its fortification, and the mighty Toyotomi army. The tension between the two armies gradually eased, and during the protracted war, both sides appeared to be very leisurely.

In Odawara Castle, except for those who served as garrisons, the rest of the resting people roamed and frolicked as usual, going down to the double land, holding wine banquets, and holding poetry meetings. The same was true of the Toyotomi side of the besieging army, which attracted many merchants and prostitutes due to the large population gathering. For a time, many shops and brothels were opened behind the barracks.

The daimyo built large mansions containing shoin and teahouses, and planted trees and vegetables in the gardens. Hideyoshi brought his beloved concubine Yodohime from Kyoto to the army, and the daimyo also brought his wife, and it was rumored that Sen no Rikyu held a grand tea party, and the daimyo feasted each other for a grand singing and dancing party.

However, Hideyoshi, who was traveling in the mountains and rivers of Odawara, did not let up, and he sent special forces to attack the Hojo family's branch castle in the Kanto region, and the foundation of the Hojo clan's rule in the Kanto region was destroyed, and the castles of various important defensive bases were attacked, and Matsui Tian Castle, Iwaki Castle, and Bowl Castle were conquered one after another.

On June 20, Nirayama Castle, which had been resisting for a long time, was conquered by the Toyotomi army, and the remnants of the castle on the Hojo side were only Odawara Castle and Ninja Castle. After these major blows, it was the appearance of One Night Castle on June 26 that completely lost the fighting spirit of the Hojo side.

The castle, which is known as the castle built overnight, was actually built after Hideyoshi arrived in Hakone-Yumoto on April 6. The site of the castle is located in Mt. Shihuan, which is a huge castle with a length of 550 meters from north to south and a width of 270 meters, and was built in 80 days. Hideyoshi moved his main camp to the night castle and cut down the woods in front of the castle overnight.

The next day, the giant city appeared in front of the soldiers of the Hojo Army. This is the proud work of Hideyoshi, who is good at scheming. Hideyoshi's strange strategy had a major effect, and the soldiers of the defending army suddenly saw a huge castle appear in front of Odawara. Becoming panicked and demoralized, the Hojo retainers began to waver.

A more direct measure was the rebellion against Hojo's retainer Kenhide Matsuda, and although the plot was discovered by Kenhide's second son and was unsuccessful, it had a major impact on the psychology of the retainers, and the Hojo side began to collapse from within. In the absence of any other means.

On July 1, he negotiated with the Toyotomi army to open the city, offering to cut his own stomach in exchange for the lives of his retainers, and Hideyoshi accepted. July 6th. Odawara Castle, known as "difficult to attack", surrendered, and the domination of the five generations of the Hojo clan in the Kanto region also came to an end. The Hojo clan, who committed suicide by seppuku to Hideyoshi, was forgiven because he was Ieyasu's son-in-law and exiled to Koyasan, and the Hojo clan and his younger brother shōppuku.

Toyotomi Hideyoshi's Battle of Odawara resulted not only in bringing the Kanto region controlled by the Hojo clan under his rule, but also in the victory of the Tohoku Pacification, another threshold for unifying the world.

The Tohoku daimyo joined the Toyotomi side one after another to show their submission, but Date Masamune, who had the largest power in Tohoku, joined the Toyotomi army very late, and at first Hideyoshi was very annoyed by Masamune's tardiness, but finally received him and accepted his submission.

The Tohoku daimyo who did not participate in the battle this time were all confiscated from their fiefs after Hideyoshi finished the post-war process and arrived in Aizu, and Hideyoshi completed his great cause of unifying the world.

The defeated Hojo clan was given a fief of 9,000 and less than 10,000 koku in the Kanto region. He died soon after, because he had no sons-in-law, and was succeeded by the son of the Hojo clan, Shimori, and received a seal of 4,000 stones.

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