readx;?? In the history of the development of artillery, the performance of the artillery itself is not the main category. Pen, fun, pavilion www. biquge。 info

This was evident before the advent of the flowering bomb.

Because no matter how high the performance of a cannon is, if the power of its shells is not good, then the actual combat limit of this artillery is to use it to centrally penetrate the defense system of the fortress.

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The grenade, also called the flowering shell, is the "patriarch" of the shell, and the "ancestor" of the shell is the solid shell. This kind of artillery shell uses the fragments and shock waves generated after the projectile explosion to kill or blast, and is divided into several types: anti-personnel shells, explosive shells and anti-personnel explosive shells.

Grenades have played an important role in warfare for hundreds of years. The grenade was first made by the Chinese around 1000 AD, and the grenade at that time was only an application of the Chinese's revolutionary technology - gunpowder. By the 15th and 16th centuries, Europeans also learned to make grenades and greatly increased their power.

The typical design of early grenades was to fill a hollow metal container with gunpowder. The soldier simply lights the fuel rope and throws the grenade as quickly as possible. By the 18th century, the weapon had been abandoned: grenades were not very useful in combat mode at the time, and their simple design made them extremely dangerous.

In the 20th century, with the advent of new modes of combat, this weapon gradually revived. In trench warfare in World War I, soldiers can use grenades to take out enemy machine gunners without revealing their position. The grenade's mechanical ignition system makes it relatively safe and practical. It is with this system that grenades are gradually becoming an indispensable part of modern warfare.

As early as the 17th century, Europe called this kind of cannon with a large angle of fire called howitzer, and in the 19th century, it began to use a disguise charge, and the length of the gun body in the First World War was 15~22 times the caliber, and the maximum firing range was 14.2 kilometers. In World War II, the length of the gun body was 20~30 times the caliber, the maximum firing range was 18.1 km, the muzzle velocity was 635 m/s, and the maximum firing angle was 65°. At present, the length of the gun body is 45 times the caliber, and the British millimeter self-propelled gun is being developed with a caliber of 52 times, with a maximum firing range of 24 kilometers, and a rocket extended-range projectile of up to 30 kilometers, with a muzzle velocity of 827 meters per second and a maximum firing angle of 75 °. We also call this long-barreled howitzer a howitzer.

The "belly" of the anti-personnel bomb is filled with explosives, which explode when it hits the ground, forming a large number of fragments to kill and injure the enemy. Anti-personnel shells of different calibers and structures have different killing effectiveness. The 85 mm grenade can produce about 900 effective fragments that can kill the enemy within a range of 280 square meters, the 100 mm grenade produces 1,400 effective fragments, and the killing range is 30% greater than that of the 85 mm grenade, and the 152 mm grenade is more powerful and can produce about 2,800 effective fragments, which is three times more powerful than the 85 mm grenade.

The characteristics of the blasting projectile are that the explosives are loaded with more explosives and the shell is thinner, and the main thing is to destroy the target by using the huge shock wave generated after the projectile explodes. It is generally equipped with a "short delay fuse" so that it does not explode immediately when it hits the fortification, but penetrates into the fortification to a certain depth before exploding.

Anti-personnel blasting grenades have both lethal and explosive effects, and can be used for two purposes with one bomb.

In the later generations of Zhang Jiashi's work, the elastic performance of the grenade became better and better, including steel ball bullets, arrow shotgun bombs, and sub-mother bombs with great lethal power, and concave bombs, jujube nuclear bombs, rocket range extender bombs, and bottom exhaust bombs with long flight distances. Some modern anti-personnel grenades are loaded with thousands of small steel balls, small steel arrows and small steel pillars, and these grenades have many fragments and a large killing area. For example, the 105 mm arrow shrapnel contains 4.15 kg of explosives and 8,000 small steel arrows in the belly, and when the projectile is empty, the small steel arrows can kill and injure exposed infantry within about 6,000 square meters. After the small steel arrow is shot into the human body, it will twist and turn, and it is very difficult for doctors to perform surgery.

Modern grenades are not only powerful, but also have a long range. Quite a few grenades can fly 20-30 km, and some even reach 40-50 km. It is suitable for field artillery to combat concealed and surface targets. Howitzers can be divided into towed and self-propelled howitzers according to the mode of maneuver, among them, self-propelled howitzers mainly include the former Soviet Union's Type 74 122 mm self-propelled howitzer, the United States mm self-propelled howitzer, the British mm self-propelled howitzer, the French F1 155 mm self-propelled howitzer, the Japanese Type 75 155 mm self-propelled howitzer, the United States mm self-propelled howitzer, etc.

A grenade launcher is a weapon that fires small grenades based on the principle of a gun, and is often called a "howitzer" or "grenade machine gun" because of its shape and structure similar to a rifle or machine gun. According to the firing mode, the grenade launcher is divided into two types: single shot and automatic fire, and according to the operation mode, the grenade launcher is divided into two types: single shoulder fire and multi-person frame fire. In modern warfare, the use of grenade launchers can improve the independent combat capability of infantry detachments, increase the density of infantry and anti-lethal firepower and fire control zones, give infantry the means to fight against a variety of targets, and also provide new types of self-provided weapons for other arms.

At present, the development of grenade launchers is in the ascendant, and its basic trends are: reducing the weight of the system and improving the maneuverability; improving the overall layout to meet the requirements of the future; increasing the power, reducing the weight of the bomb, and streamlining the supporting facilities; and using new technologies to explore new principles.

The principle of pressure triggering, the grenade is ejected, the grenade flies in rotation, and when it flies to a certain extent, under the action of centrifugal force, it will release the detonating device that was originally stuck, and the detonating device and fire cap move forward, ready to be fired; When the grenade hits the target or lands, the trigger located in the warhead, under the pressure of impact, drives the firing pin directly into the fire cap, and the direct detonation has no delay.

Gun grenades are point-and-surface weapons used by infantry at close range, mainly used to kill and injure living targets, destroy various lightly armored targets, permanent fire points and other field fortifications. Thus, the armament of gun grenades has greatly increased the combat capabilities of infantry against point, surface and anti-armor targets on the modern battlefield.

Gun grenades first appeared at the end of the 16th century, and in the 17th century there were grenades fired with black powder. At the beginning of the 20th century, gun grenades were fired with an empty cartridge using a grenade with a tail rod, inserted directly into the muzzle. Later, special grenades fired from launchers mounted on the muzzle were also developed.

After the 50s of the 20th century, the grenade has been continuously improved, and it can be used as a launcher with a muzzle, with a sight on the bullet, and a warhead absorber is installed in the tail tube of the projectile, which can be fired with live ammunition.

In the early 60s, with the development of armored targets, various armor-piercing grenades also appeared. But the grenade was neglected for some time due to problems such as size, mass, and recoil.

In the early 70s, after analyzing and studying future wars and further clarifying the main tactical tasks of gun grenades, gun grenades were significantly improved in terms of structure, firing methods, and materials used. In particular, the emergence of the bullet catcher, the improvement of the warhead structure, the update of the fuse, the rocket range extension technology, and the application of new materials and non-metallic materials in the gun bullet have made the gun grenade significantly improve in many aspects, such as improving the power, expanding the use, increasing the range, simplifying the operation, and reducing the cost, and gradually develop in the direction of lightweight, serialization, multi-use, and standardization.

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The grenade was a milestone in the greater role of artillery on the battlefield.

In the later generations of Zhang Jiashi, in addition to grenades, there is another type of ammunition that is very famous, that is, in a sense, it is an armor-piercing bullet that is a continuation of solid bullets.

Armor-piercing projectile is a typical kinetic energy projectile, relying on the strength, weight and speed of the projectile to penetrate the armor of the shell, modern armor-piercing projectile warhead is very pointed, the body of the projectile is slender, made of steel alloy, depleted uranium alloy, etc., extremely high strength.

Armor-piercing shells have been fighting on the battlefield as early as the 19th century, at that time, they were mainly used against armored warships, and they were not widely used. During this period, the armor bullet is a suitable caliber armor-piercing projectile, that is, the diameter of the armor-piercing body is the same as the caliber of the armor-piercing projectile body. This type of armor-piercing bullet is also called an ordinary armor-piercing bullet. According to the different warheads of armor-piercing bullets, ordinary armor-piercing bullets are usually divided into pointed armor-piercing bullets, blunt-nosed armor-piercing bullets and cap-piercing shells. The first two types of armor-piercing shells are mainly used against homogeneous armor, while the latter type has strong armor-piercing ability due to the addition of a hood and a quilt cap to the warhead, and can be used to deal with heterogeneous armor with hardened surfaces.

Ordinary armor-piercing shells generally contain a small amount of explosives in the body of the projectile to improve the lethality and incendiary effect after penetrating the armor. Those that are not loaded with explosives are also called solid armor-piercing shells, those that are loaded with more explosives are called semi-armor-piercing bullets or armor-piercing blasting bombs, and those loaded with incendiary agents (incendiary alloys) are called armor-piercing incendiary bombs. An ordinary armor-piercing projectile consisted of a projectile and a projectile charge. Projectiles include hoods, quilt caps, projectile bodies, explosives, bottom fuses, and tracer tubes. The hood is used to reduce flight resistance, and the cap is used to protect the head of the projectile body from damage when piercing armor, and can prevent ricochet. The projectile body is made of high-quality alloy steel, and the head is slightly harder than the tail after heat treatment to improve armor-piercing performance. A tracer tube is used to show the trajectory. The muzzle velocity of a 100 mm ordinary armor-piercing projectile is about 900 m / s, and it can penetrate armor at a distance of 1000 m / 30 ° (armor thickness / normal angle). The velocity loss at 1000 meters is 11%~17% of the muzzle velocity.

During World War II, heavy tanks entered the battlefield and a sub-caliber super-armor-piercing projectile appeared, that is, an armor-piercing projectile with a diameter smaller than the diameter of the armor-piercing body. In the body of this sub-caliber super-fast armor-piercing projectile, there is a core made of cemented carbide. Since the armor-piercing projectile relies on the kinetic energy of the projectile to penetrate the armor, when the projectile hits the armor at high speed, the core with high strength and small diameter can concentrate most of the energy in a small area of the armor, thus penetrating the "turtle shell" in one fell swoop. Later, the tank refused to show weakness and thickened the armor, so there was a more powerful super-fast armor-piercing projectile, which was divided into two types according to the different ways of stabilization: one was stabilized by the projectile's own rotation, and the other was stabilized with the help of the tail fin mounted on the projectile body.

Armor-piercing shells mainly rely on the powerful kinetic energy of the projectile to forcibly penetrate the armor and destroy the target's shells. It is characterized by high muzzle velocity, large direct firing distance and high shooting accuracy, and is the main type of ammunition for tank guns and anti-tank guns. It is also used in naval guns, coastal guns, anti-aircraft guns and aviation guns. It is used to destroy armored targets such as tanks, self-propelled guns, armored vehicles, and ships, as well as non-armored metal structure technical weapons such as aircraft, helicopters, automobiles, rocket artillery, missile launchers, transport/launch vehicles, command vehicles, communication vehicles, and radars. It can also be used to destroy strong fortifications. English name :).

Anti-tank armor-piercing shells are known for their hard drills, which is what the saying goes. It mainly relies on the large kinetic energy of the projectile when it hits the target and its own high strength to penetrate the steel armor. The projectiles of armor-piercing shells are made of materials such as high-density alloy steel, tungsten carbide, which are much harder than tank armor. Armor-piercing projectiles have very hard warheads and are a formidable enemy for tanks and armored vehicles. When fired, the armor-piercing projectile will make a pit on the surface of the steel armor as soon as it touches the target under the action of high-temperature and high-pressure gas in the chamber, and the steel armor on the bottom surface of the pit will be pushed out.

In the old armor-piercing projectile, a small amount of explosives and fuses are installed in the projectile body, and although the head of the projectile has been broken, the projectile body still has strong kinetic energy, so it will continue to rush forward. When the impact force reaches a certain value, the fuse is triggered to ignite, which causes the detonation of the projectile charge. At this time, per square centimeter of area, a high pressure of tens to hundreds of tons can be generated, which can kill and injure the crew of the tank and destroy weapons and equipment. Modern armor-piercing shells, especially tail stabilized shell-out armor-piercing shells, have a solid core, in which there is no explosive, and after penetrating the armor, they rely on high-speed splashing armor fragments and armor-piercing core fragments to kill and injure the personnel in the armored target and destroy the equipment in it. After the depleted uranium armor-piercing projectile penetrates the armor, the strong impact force will cause the depleted uranium bullet core to spontaneously combust, produce high temperature, ignite the oil and ammunition in the armored target, and cause great destructive effects.

The penetrating ability of an armor-piercing projectile is mainly derived from the kinetic energy of the projectile when it moves, and in order to increase the kinetic energy of the projectile when it hits the target, it is necessary to increase the speed of the projectile. In addition to firing with long-barreled guns, armor-piercing shells also make the body of the projectile streamlined or long-rod, that is, shell-out super-fast armor-piercing shells. Because the projectile of the shelled superspeed armor-piercing projectile is shaped like a long arrow, some people still call it an arrow-shaped superspeed armor-piercing projectile. The armor-piercing ability of shell-free over-speed armor-piercing projectiles is stronger.

According to the coordination between the diameter of the projectile body and the caliber of the artillery, it is divided into suitable caliber armor-piercing bullets and sub-caliber armor-piercing shells. According to the structural performance, it is divided into ordinary armor-piercing projectiles, sub-caliber super-fast armor-piercing projectiles and sub-caliber super-fast shell-out armor-piercing projectiles.

Armor-piercing shells were developed in the fight against armored targets. Armor-piercing shells appeared in the 60s of the 19th century and were initially used mainly against armored fortifications and ships. After the advent of tanks in the First World War, armor-piercing shells developed rapidly in the fight against tanks. Ordinary armor-piercing bullets are made of high-strength alloy steel, and the head adopts different structural shapes and different hardness distributions, which has a good effect on the damage of light armor. In the Second World War, heavy tanks appeared, and accordingly, the sub-caliber super-fast armor-piercing projectile with tungsten carbide core and the deformable armor-piercing projectile for conical gun firing were developed.

In the 60s of the 20th century, a tail stabilized deshelling armor-piercing projectile was developed, which could obtain a high target specific kinetic energy, and the armor-piercing power was greatly improved.

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Zhang Jiashi himself knows one thing very well, that is, relying only on the current level of science and technology, even if he makes a cannon with good performance, it is very difficult to improve the shell process and even the overall improvement of gunpowder.

Therefore, in this respect, Zhang Jiashi can only hope for the actual results achieved by some light firearms on the battlefield.

And in the sense that the Tiger Squat Cannon uses gunpowder weapons, there will not be much improvement, and of course it is not useless. (To be continued.) )