readx;? Laoguantai culture: The Weihe River basin includes Shaanxi, Gansu and other places. Pen "Fun" Pavilion www.biquge.info time: BC6000~5000 years ago. Including the first phase of the Dadiwan site and the Lijia village site.

The Dadiwan site is located in Tianshui City, Gansu Province, and is divided into five phases: the first phase belongs to the Laoguantai culture. One of the first phases of the culture is the earliest Neolithic culture in archaeological discoveries in Northwest China.

Carbonized millet specimens dating from 6000 BC were unearthed.

The pottery of the first phase of Dadiwan is red pottery, mainly with fine sand, less mud, and is made by the inner mold mud method. There are three-legged bowls, three-legged jars, cylindrical deep-bellied jars, round-bottom bowls, etc., and the ornamentation is mainly crossed rope pattern, with red wide band pattern and zigzag pattern. The unearthed three-legged bowl and other painted pottery are the earliest painted pottery found in China so far. This batch of purple and red color pottery from 6000 years ago shows that the Northwest Loess Plateau is the origin of Chinese painted pottery.

A dozen painted symbols have been found on pottery, which are the earliest prototypes of Chinese writing.

The site of Lijia Village is located in Xixiang County, Hanzhong City, Shaanxi Province. Time: 5000 BC.

Stone tools are mostly beaten, and polished stone tools are also quite developed, and the typical shape of the tool is a flat and polished double-arc blade shovel. In addition, there are production and living tools such as sharpeners, scrapers, axes, chisels, adzes, chopping tools, stone balls and shoulder stone hoes.

The pottery is mainly argillaceous black and red pottery, and sand-filled gray pottery, followed by argillaceous dark gray pottery, gray pottery, red pottery and sand-filled pottery. The ornamentation is mostly rope and line, and a small amount of additional pile pattern, thorn pattern and cloth pattern, and there is no faience pottery. The representative utensils mainly include ring-foot bowls, three-legged vessels, flat-bottomed bowl combinations, as well as concave-bottomed jars, urns, small cups, etc. Its pottery is handmade, the heat is low, the pottery is crispy, and the walls are thin and even.

Peiligang Culture: The middle reaches of the Yellow River. Time: BC5600~4000 years. Typical site: Henan Xinzheng Pei Li Gang site.

The residents of Peiligang have entered the stage of hoeing and farming, and are in a matriarchal clan society based on primitive agriculture and handicraft industry, supplemented by family breeding and fishing and hunting. The houses are semi-crypt buildings with stepped doorways.

The production tools are mainly polished stone tools, including stone shovels, stone axes, stone sickles, stone grinding discs, etc. The production is exquisite, among which the scythe with serrated blades, the long flat double-curved bladed stone shovel, and the sole-shaped four-legged stone grinding disc (with grinding rod) are the most typical, and there are also scrapers for beating.

The pottery is mainly fine clay red pottery and coarse red pottery with sand, both of which are handmade and fired at a low temperature, mostly plain with a small amount of polishing or decorated with grate dots, and the typical shape of the vessel is a three-legged bowl and a half-moon amphora. In 2014, a broken stele was found in Haizili Village, Pohu Town, Changge City, the broken stele has no stele cap, about long, 60cm wide, this stele is called "Re-remembering Getian Old Ancestor Temple", the inscription is as follows: Since the Xia Shang Zhou set up the ancestral shrine to worship the ancestors, Xuan Getian Old Ancestor Germans. Xige, Sichuandi, Yi clan in the east of Sichuan, Wangping Jigang. The people are in the river, live in the river spring for a long time, the river is surrounded by heavy arrowroot, and the water insects are jumping. Huaide is in Baque, and the dance is flat and singing. Ge Ma is ashamed, Teng Yi hides, and raises Ji Min. The Yellow Emperor passed Yao Shun to Yu, and set up the ancestral land to Dai Min's respect. Every time Ge opens, with rituals, all princes and kings obey. Since the sixth major ceremony of Emperor Wen in the first month of March, its ten miles, the civil and military apprentices, in order to show sincerity, said that the people of Changgeyi are the descendants of the ancestors. In the first year of Kaibao of the Great Song Dynasty (986 AD), Hua Chun Ji. The discovery of this Song stele proves that Ge Tian's hometown is in Changge. The capital is in Ningling (belonging to Shangqiu City).

Cishan Culture: Southern Hebei, Northern Henan and other areas in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. BC5400~5300 years. Typical site: Cishan site, Wu'an City, Hebei Province.

The houses found at the Cishan site are oval and round. Half crypt with a ramp or steps in front of the house. In the artifacts of the foundation site, there is a burnt clay block, stained with a clear and recognizable mat pattern, indicating that the reed mat was woven in this area 7,300 years ago, and it can also be imagined that the reed mat brought great convenience to people's life, which is the earliest reed mat found.

Stone tools include stone tools, polished stone tools and polishing stone tools, and the main shapes are grinding discs, grinding rods, axes, shovels, chisels, adzes, sickles, etc., and the shapes of the tools are generally smaller. Bone tools include shovels, needles, flutes, arrowheads, fish darts, shuttles, cones, daggers, ornaments, etc. Mussels have shovels and ornaments.

The pottery is mainly sand-filled pottery, a few are clay pottery, all are handmade, made by clay strip plate construction method and pinching molding method, mainly plain surface, the pottery is rough, and the wall is thicker. There are three colors: red, brown, and grayish-brown. The firing temperature is low, and the temperature is only 700~930C. There are many shallow thin rope patterns decorated with patterns, as well as woven patterns, additional pile patterns, and thorn patterns. The types of instruments include inverted shoe brackets, straight-walled flat-bottomed bowls, three-legged bowls, small-mouth long-necked jars, funnel-shaped vessels, boat-shaped basins, jars, circle-foot jars, buckets, etc. Among them, the pottery group composed of pottery bowls and pottery supports is the most representative. In addition, some miniature pottery has been found, which may have been used for sacrifices.

Hazelnuts, small-leaved oaks and walnuts were found, as well as piles of millet ash. Walnut is today's walnut, in the past, it was believed that walnut was introduced into the mainland when Zhang Qian passed through the Western Regions in the Han Dynasty, and the unearthing of walnut at the Cishan site confirmed that there was planting in this area in BC5000.

The discovery of this kind of wine vessel shows that there was a surplus of grain at that time, which was used to make wine. The development of agriculture has provided material conditions for raising livestock, and the bones of dogs, pigs, sheep, chickens and other domestic animals unearthed in the site are evidence that people took agricultural production as the main source of livelihood at that time. The chicken bones unearthed at the Cishan site are the earliest domestic chicken bones in the world.

Cishan culture inherits and carries forward the Peiligang culture. The two are collectively known as the Peiligang Cishan Culture. Laoguantai culture, Peiligang culture and Cishan culture are the predecessors of Yangshao culture, so they are collectively referred to as the Neolithic culture of the pre-Yangshao period.

Pengtou Mountain Culture: Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River. Time: BC6200~5800 years ago. Typical site: Pengtou Mountain site in Hunan.

The ruins include the remains of ground-based and shallow crypt-type buildings and tombs dominated by small pit secondary burials. The city is dotted with rows of houses, among which is the earliest high-rise building in China. Outside the city, there is a ring of moats, which is a defensive facility. This site is the prototype of China's later rammed-earth city site. Stone tools are only made stone tools, including large gravel stone tools and black fine tunnel stone tools.

The pottery is relatively primitive, and the blank is made of mud chips, and the thickness of the tire is uneven. Most pottery has charcoal shavings in the clay, which is generally reddish-brown or grayish-brown. There are not many types of vessels, mainly deep-bellied jars and bowls, and they are generally decorated with rough rope patterns. There are obvious traces of rice and rice husks in the charcoal chips sandwiched by the tire mud.