readx;? The morphological characteristics are more advanced than Australopithecus but more primitive than Homo erectus, and it is the earliest known human ancestor who can make stone tools. Pen | fun | pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 The fossils found in info mainly lived in East Africa and South Africa about 10,000 years ago. Homo sapiens were not only able to make stone tools, but also hunted medium-sized animals, and may have built rudimentary shack-like dwellings. There may even be preliminary language.

The form of social organization of the Homo sapiens belongs to the initial stage of the primitive population. The organizational form corresponding to this form is the clan system, which includes both matrilineal and patrilineal.

At that time, human economic activities were mainly through fruit picking, hunting, or fishing for food. At that time, the talented people were mainly cave dwellers. In the early days of economic activity, humans only gathered and hunted and fished for survival. These activities first appeared in gathering, and collecting and preying on small animals has always been the main economic activity of people. Hunting large animals in groups often comes at a great cost.

Primitive people, living in a harsh environment overgrown with trees and beasts. In addition, the main production tools were rudimentary stone tools, so it was very difficult to obtain food. In this case, the role of the individual is insignificant. They must unite to compensate for the weakness of individual power with the strength of the group. The members of each group must cooperate with each other, hunt and fish collectively, and work together to defend against the invasion of wild beasts in order to survive. Common labour inevitably leads to the communal ownership of the means of production and the products, which must also be equally distributed. At that time, people did not have enough food, no clothing, no exploitation and oppression. Due to the very low level of productivity, the upbringing of the old and the weak and children depends more on collective strength.

Although primitive people lived in groups, they could only be limited to a certain size. The number of people is too small to cope with the harsh natural environment. There are too many people and it is not easy to get enough food. Primitive people formed a group of about dozens of people and had a certain range of activities. There is little interaction between the various groups and they are in a state of relative isolation.

The primitive people formed blood families with blood relations as the link, and several blood families formed a relatively loose social organization, and their marriages were still in a state of hybridization. The blood marriage of the primitive people makes the primitive people not only a production and living unit, but also a blood family that marries with each other.

In the early stages of primitive populations, the relationship between men and women was promiscuous and unrestricted. Brothers and sisters of the same generation, men and women, and children of the upper and lower generations, can freely marry. Children know only their mothers, not their fathers.

The transition from ape to homo sapiens was an evolutionary leap that marked the separation of the human family from the rest of the higher primates.

The appearance of Homo sapiens marked the beginning of the Paleolithic Age, as Homo sapiens were the first species of humans to use stone tools. However, it is impossible to say the exact age of the Capable Man. Therefore, it is common to take the entire Pleistocene epoch (about a year ago) as the duration of the Paleolithic period.

The Paleolithic period spans the stages of Homo sapiens, Homo erectus, early Homo sapiens, and late Homo sapiens, but its stone culture has continuity. The Paleolithic period was a stage of development of human material culture marked by the use of stone tools.

During the primitive society, human production activities were greatly limited by natural conditions, and the production of stone tools was generally made from local materials, picking stones from nearby river beaches or from familiar rock areas, and making suitable tools.

The stone tools are made in the following ways:

a. Anvil method: a smaller stone is used to hit another larger natural gravel as an anvil, and the stone chips can be used as tools after the second step of processing (the second part of the processing has hammering method, finger pad method, pressing method, etc.).

b. Wrestling method (throwing method): put the selected stone on the ground, and then hold another stone and hit the stone on the ground, so as to lay the required stone chips.

c. Hammering method: put a selected stone on the ground, and then hold a stone as a stone hammer to hammer the stone.

d. Smashing method (bipolar striking method): put a selected stone on another large stone as a stone anvil with one hand to assist, and then use the other hand to hold the stone hammer and smash the stone placed on the stone anvil.

e. Indirect striking method: place a wooden stick or aggregate on top of a selected stone, and then use a stone as a stone hammer to hammer the wooden stick or aggregate to transfer gravity to the stone and make it peel off the stone chips.

Types of stone tools:

Chopper: Crafted from stone chips, stone cores, or gravel, the individual is large and heavy.

Scraper: mostly processed with small stone chips. The shape of stone tools is common in Paleolithic cultural sites in China.

Pointed device: There is a sharp blade at the top, which is mostly trimmed by secondary processing.

Carver: mostly made of small stone chips. Make a diagonal facet on the edge of the small stone chip, and then stagger the angle to hit the other stone chip. The intersection of the two stone chips is the blade of the instrument.

Axe-shaped tools: Most of them are stone core tools that have been repaired and made on both sides. One end has a blade, and the other end is the handle of the hand.

Arrowheads: mostly processed by pressing method. Its tip is often skewed to the side.

Knife-shaped device: One side of the stone chip is thicker, which seems to be the back of a knife.

Stone spheroid: Generally known as "stone core tool", it is an irregular spherical shape, the whole body has been processed and trimmed, and there are obvious peeling scars on the sphere.

The earliest stone tools to date have been found in the Oduvai Gorge in East Africa ********, Kobifora in Kenya, and the Omo and Hadar regions in Ethiopia. The date is about 10,000 years old.

The Auduvey culture is the world's earliest human culture created by Homo sapiens. Found in the lower 1st and 2nd layers of the Olduvai Gorge, and also in Ain Hanesh in Algeria, North Africa. A typical tool is a smasher. The stone tools of the Olduvai culture were made by Homo sapiens (e.g. Able-Man of Olduvai, Man No. 1470 of Kobyfora).

Homo erectus, who lived in Africa, Europe and Asia about 10,000 years ago. They are the descendants of the Able-bolows, while the Georgians are their transitional type. Homo erectus already possessed the characteristics of a human being: he could make tools and walk upright, but he had less brain volume and his head still retained more of its primitive properties.

The Acheuli culture emerged slightly later than the Auduvé culture, and in North Africa and in the upper part of the 2nd layer of the Auduay Gorge, there are crude hand axes from the early Acheuli culture. In the 3rd and 4th levels of the Auduvai Gorge and throughout the continent, thinner hand axes with shallower flake scars and more regular blade edges have emerged due to the use of soft hammer techniques, which are characteristic of the Acheulian culture. At this time, there were more thin-bladed choppers than before, and small light tools were made more neatly. The Acheuli culture was made by Homo erectus (such as the Mauritan people of North Africa), and the Acheuli culture must have inherited and carried forward the Auduwe culture chronologically.

The next chapter introduces Homo erectus.