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Does Zhuge Liang have any record of successfully burning the enemy...... Even if it is the later generations that Zhang Jiashi has traversed, there are different opinions. Pen, fun, pavilion www. biquge。 info（）

But one thing is certain, that is, the Northern Expedition in Zhuge Liang's history did not have such a thing as six out of Qishan.

......

"Six out of Qishan" usually refers to the military action of Zhuge Liang, the prime minister of Shu Han and the Northern Expedition against Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. Historical records record that Zhuge Liang sent troops to Qishan only twice during the Northern Expedition to Cao Wei, and the saying of "six out of Qishan" appeared in the novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

After Zhuge Liang resumed his alliance with Wu and pacified Nanzhong, he prepared for the northern expedition to Cao Wei. In the spring of the sixth year of the establishment of the Shu Han Dynasty (228), he ordered Zhao Yun and others to be suspicious soldiers, and put on a posture of attacking Yicheng (now north of Meixian County) from Xiegu (now south of Meixian County, Shaanxi) to attract the Wei army; he led the main force to attack in the direction of Qishan (now Qishan Fort in Li County, Longnan, Gansu). However, Ma Tan disobeyed Zhuge Liang's deployment and was defeated by Zhang He, losing the street pavilion; Zhao Yun and others were also unfavorable in sending troops, so Zhuge Liang had to retreat to Hanzhong. Soon, the three counties of Tianshui, Nan'an, and Anding rebelled against the Han and attached to Wei.

Two out of Qishan:

The second Northern Expedition was in the winter of the same year, Zhuge Liang took the opportunity of Lu Xun to defeat Cao Xiu in Shiting, went out of Sanguan, surrounded Chencang (now southwest of Baoji, Shaanxi), and attacked for more than 20 days without breaking, Wei's reinforcements arrived, and he had to retreat to Hanzhong.

Three out of Qishan:

The third Northern Expedition was the seventh year of Jianxing, Liang attacked Wudu (now Chengxian County, Gansu) and Yinping (now the northwest of Wenxian County, Gansu), defeated Wei reinforcements, occupied these two counties, left troops to defend, and led his troops back to the division. In the following year, the Wei army attacked Hanzhong, Zhuge Liang strengthened the defense, and increased reinforcements, and then due to continuous heavy rain, the meridian valley, the slope valley and other roads were impassable, and the Wei army retreated.

Four out of Qishan:

The fourth Northern Expedition was in the ninth year of Jianxing, the Shu army surrounded Qishan, the commander of the Wei army, Sima Yi, met the attack, and Zhuge Liang prepared for a decisive battle.

Sima Yi knew that the Shu army was coming from afar, and there was not much military rations, so he held on to it against the risk and refused to fight. Zhuge Liang wanted to lure the enemy by retreating, but Sima Yi was very cautious in chasing, and as soon as the Shu army stopped, he camped and refused. At this time, Liu Chan listened to the rumor that Zhuge Liang wanted to be the emperor sooner or later, and ordered Wuhou to withdraw his troops, and the Shu army was running out of food and grass, Zhuge Liang had to be a teacher, and on the way back, he killed Zhang He, a famous general of Wei, with an ambush.

Five out of Qishan:

The fifth Northern Expedition was in the spring of the twelfth year, Zhuge Liang led an army of 100,000 out of Xiegukou, arrived at Yixian, and camped in Wuzhangyuan on the south bank of Weishui. Sima Yi also built a camp to block it, not fighting with the Shu army, knowing that the Shu army was coming from afar, and it was difficult to transport grain and grass, so he wanted to drag the Shu army down. Zhuge Liang was also prepared to prepare for a long-term war in Weishui. Zhuge Liang had agreed with Sun Quan to attack Wei at the same time before this dispatch, and in May, the Wu army of 100,000 attacked Wei, but was not victorious and withdrew to Jiangdong, so the Shu army had to unilaterally deal with the Wei army. In August, Zhuge Liang became ill from hard work, and his condition became increasingly serious, and he passed away soon after. After his death, Jiang Wei and others followed his will, kept the mourning secret, and the whole army retreated into the valley. Zhuge Liang sent his army to the Northern Expedition a total of five times, and only two times did he actually send troops to Qishan; and another time was when the Wei army attacked Hanzhong, not Zhuge Liang. In general, in later generations, it is said that it is six out of Qishan.

......

According to historical records, Zhuge Liang used troops against Cao Wei seven times after his southern expedition:

Spring of the sixth year of Jianxing:

Zhuge Liang raised his voice in advance to take the Xiegu Road, and asked Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi to set up suspicious troops in the Xiegu, attract Cao Zhen's heavy troops, and lead a large army to attack Qishan (northwest of Xihe County, Gansu). The three counties of Nan'an, Tianshui and Anding in Longyou were anti-Wei and attached to Shu. Zhang He refused, broke Ma Tan in the street pavilion, Wang Ping was difficult to support alone, so there was Zhuge Liang's empty city plan. Zhuge Liang Baxi County more than 1,000 families returned to Hanzhong. This is the first time out of Qishan.

Jianxing 6th winter:

Zhuge Liang went out of Sanguan (southwest of Baoji City, Shaanxi) to surround Chencang (east of Baoji City), and returned to Hanzhong after the grain was exhausted. Wei chased Wang Shuang and was beheaded by Wei Yan.

Seven years of Jianxing:

Zhuge Liang sent Chen Shi to attack Wudu (around Chengxian County, Gansu Province) and Yinping (around Wenxian County, Gansu Province). Yongzhou assassin Guo Huai led troops to rescue him, Liang went out to Jianwei (west of Xihe County, Gansu Province), Guo Huai retreated.

So he got two counties.

Autumn of the eighth year of Jianxing:

The Wei army attacked Hanzhong in three ways, Sima Yi took Xicheng (northwest of Ankang County, Shaanxi Province), Zhang He took the Meridian Valley, and Cao Zhen took the Xiegu Valley. Zhuge Liang garrisoned in Chenggu (east of Chenggu County, Shaanxi Province) and Chisaka (twenty miles east of Yangxian County, Shaanxi Province). After more than 30 days of heavy rain, the Wei army retreated.

After the autumn of the eighth year of Jianxing:

Zhuge Liang made Wei Yan and Wu Yi enter the Qiang in the west, and broke the Wei generals Fei Yao (Yao) and Yongzhou Assassin Guo Huai in Yangxi (Nan'an County, in the southwest of Wushan in Gansu Province).

Nine years of Jianxing:

Zhuge Liang led a large army to attack Qishan, and began to transport it with wooden oxen. When Cao Zhen was seriously ill, Sima Yi supervised the generals in the Guanzhong to refuse. Zhuge Liang cut wheat in Shangtai (Tianshui County, Gansu Province). Sima Yi chased Liang to Lucheng (also known as Yanguan Town, located in the northeast of Lixian County, on both sides of the Yanguan River, east of Tianshui City, Hui County, west of Xihe County) [1], digging camps to defend themselves, there is a ridicule of "fear of Shu like fear of tigers". In May, Sima Yi and Zhuge Liang fought against each other, and Wei Yan and other generals captured the first 3,000 levels of enemy armor, 5,000 Xuan armor, and 3,100 crossbows. In June, Li Yan was returned due to poor grain transportation. Zhuge Liang designed in the wooden doorway, and shot the famous general Zhang He with a crossbow. Li Yan was deposed as a civilian. This is the second out of Qishan.

12 years of Jianxing:

Zhuge Liang led the army out of the Xiegu Road, according to Wugong Wuzhang Yuan (south of Qishan, Shaanxi Province), Tuntian in Weibin. Sima Yi could not defend it. In August, Zhuge Liang died in Wuzhangyuan. Yang Yi and others led the army back, and there was a matter of "dead Zhuge and living Zhongda". Wei Yan was killed for the crime of treason because of discord with Yang Yi.

Of these seven use of troops, only two were out of Qishan. The fourth use of troops was on defense, and Shu Wei did not fight. The fifth time only out of the division, Zhuge Liang did not go out of Hanzhong in person. Therefore, people usually follow the Qing dynasty Yu Yue's "Little Fumei Gossip" to say that Zhuge Liang went on five northern expeditions. Liang Zhangju, a Qing man, called Zhuge Liang four northern expeditions, but did not record the seven years of Jianxing sending troops.

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Later generations believe that Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition had the following factors:

Zhuge Liang's decision to go out of Qishan is a correct military measure and important strategic policy to implement the policy of "Longzhong Pair", to establish the Central Plains in the north, to restore the Han Dynasty, and to become a hegemon, which has its important strategic significance.

Deshu takes Long:

It is necessary to make Shulong a piece, expand the territory, establish a strategic base in Shulong, attack and defend, and have a large military room for maneuver. This strategic idea has long been designed in "Longzhong Pair", and at the same time, Liu Bei Group has included Liangzhou in the hunting territory very early. "Romance of the Three Kingdoms: The Biography of Ma Chao" cloud: In the past, Sun Quan sent Zhuge Jin to return the counties of Jingzhou, and Liu Bei replied, "I plan Liangzhou, Liangzhou is fixed, and everything is returned to Wu Er with Jingzhou." For this reason, Liu Bei has long wanted to fall in love with Ma Chao, who "believes in the northern soil and is mighty". "Romance of the Three Kingdoms: The Biography of Ma Chao" cloud: "Super go to protect Zhu Rong...... Yang said that Cao Gong said that he had the courage to believe in the cloth, and even won the heart of Qianghu, if the army was still strong, it would not be strictly prepared, and the counties of Longshang would not be the state."

More than the rate of Zhu Rong to attack Longshang County, Longshang County should be it, kill Liangzhou Assassin Shi Weikang, according to Jicheng (now Gangu), there are many people, self-proclaimed general of Zhengxi". "Emperor Wen Xian is in Chengdu, please surrender in the letter of fate". Liu Bei learned, "The first person is to welcome the super...... With Chao as the general of Pingxi, he supervised the frustration and was the former capital of Tinghou". "The first lord is the king of Hanzhong, Bai Chao is the left general of the fake festival, the first year of Zhang Wu (221) moved the hussar general, led the Liangzhou pastoral, and entered the township marquis. Its purpose is that Ma Chao "believes in the northern soil", reuses Ma Chao's "West and Zhurong", takes its Liangzhou, and then advances into the Central Plains. In particular, Hanzhong has been obtained, Zhuge Liang took Longyou again, so that Shu, Han, and Long were connected together, and guarded the north gate of Shu, and asked Sun Quan to "take the righteousness of the alliance and order the northern expedition to the north and clear the Central Plains", forming a semi-encirclement of anti-Wei and changing the situation that Shu Han was only based on a remote corner of Sichuan and Shu, far away from the Central Plains of Qinchuan and Sichuan.

Take Long Baoshu:

Qin Long's lips and teeth are connected, and taking Long can break Cao Wei's dream of looking at Shu. Take Longright, into Qinchuan is a smooth road, than through the meridian valley, over the slope of the safer. According to the strength of the Shu Han Dynasty that Jingzhou lost at that time, the Northern Expedition led by Zhuge Liang can be said to be the Shu Han Dynasty pouring out of the country, and it is impossible to cross the Qinling Mountains to get out of Qinchuan with military adventures. It is advisable to "govern the military and stress the armed forces", and constantly enrich the situation while rectifying and enriching. Therefore, Zhuge Liang was particularly cautious, strangled Longyou, established a strategic rear defense military base on the western front, "test micro labor, Zhen Zhuanglie, the cloth was lost in the world, inspired the army to talk about martial arts, thought that the rear map, the warriors were concise, and the people forgot their defeat", "Hugh persuaded the peasants", "planted the grain and sang mulberry", drilled the army, designed and manufactured the "wooden ox and flowing horse", "the battle was in unison and ordered Su", "the Hou made a big move", turned over Longshan, advanced into the Central Plains along the Weishui, and restored the Han Dynasty to become its hegemony.

Ping take Longright:

With the strange soldiers "six out of Qishan", the level of the Longyou is to avoid the real and the virtual, surprise, and attack it unprepared. After the defeat of Cao Wei Chibi, the main defense line was laid out in the Yangtze River and Qinling, especially Liu Bei occupied Jingxiang and connected with Sun Quan, so Cao Cao tightened the Yangtze River defense line. Guan Yu Jingzhou's loss, Zhang Wu three years (223) Shu lord defeat Wei, Cao Wei thought that "the preparation is dead, the number is silent", so "slightly unprepared". Zhuge Liang took a roundabout curve to transport troops to Longshang, and destroyed the Six Kingdoms by recovering the Dongtu capital of the Xizhi clan and the Qin people entering the pass, and King Wu of Zhou attacked the way of Zhou and advanced into the Central Plains. Therefore, in the sixth year of Jianxing (228), the first Qishan, Tianshui, Nan'an, Anding three counties sentenced Wei Yingliang, Wei Jiang Wei surrendered to Shu, so that Cao Wei "the government and the opposition are afraid", Wei Ming Emperor Cao personally drove Chang'an to command, ordered Cao Zhen to lead the right army to defend, and ordered Zhang Hedu to ride 50,000 to turn over Longshan and resist Zhuge Liang. From this point of view, Zhuge Liangsheng's military strategy of striking east and west, and surprisingly winning is obviously of strategic significance. It is of great practical significance for the formation of an anti-Wei united front and an anti-Wei united front and an anti-Wei coalition army as soon as possible:

1. Use the residents of Longshang to practice martial arts, be good at shooting and riding, and be strong, brave and good at fighting, and replenish the source of troops for the Shu division. In the sixth year of Jianxing (228), the first Qishan retreated, and "thousands of families in Baxi County returned to Hanzhong" to fill the source of troops.

2. Take advantage of the factor that Longshan has many talents and generals, and recruit brave generals who can fight well. In the sixth year of Jianxing (228), he was the first to go out of Qishan, and tried every means to recruit Jiang Wei, a resourceful and loyal general loyal to the Han family. and multiply the weight. "Liang and Shi Zhangyi, the governor of the palace, and Jiang Wanshu, who joined the army, said, 'Jiang Boyu is loyal and diligent in current affairs, thinks precisely, and considers all of it, and Yongnan Li Chang is not as good as it. His person is also a sergeant in Liangzhou. He said, "You must first teach five or six thousand people to step in the middle of the tiger." Jiang Boyo is very sensitive to military affairs, both courageous and righteous, and deeply understands the will of the military. 'Bi, teach military affairs, when the palace view, see the lord, and then move to the middle to supervise the army, and conquer the west general "Jiang Wei Biography". After Zhuge Liang died of illness in the twelfth year of Jianxing (234), Jiang Wei did become the successor of Zhuge Liang's great cause of "Beiding the Central Plains and recovering the Han Dynasty".

3. Take advantage of the fertile land in Longshang, and the abundant grain to supplement the military rations for the Shu division. Zhuge Liang's "Longshang Chamai" should be in the place.

4. Use the lush aquatic plants on Longshang to breed war horses for the Shu division. Today, the ancient battlefields of the Three Kingdoms such as "Mumen Road" and "Qishan Fort" are rumored to have the tethered horse bay of the Shu army. Yanguan near Qishan today, Lucheng during the Three Kingdoms was a famous mule and horse city in the northwest very early, and there is no detailed information about the Three Kingdoms in the city. But it is certain that the good horse of Longyou is a necessary military supply for the Shu division.

5 Taking advantage of the numerous ethnic groups and sharp ******** in Longshang, Zhuge Liang "Xihe Zhurong," established a national united front against Wei to resist the Wei soldiers. In the seventh year of Jianxing (229), Liang sent Chen Shi to attack the five capitals, and Yin Ping. Wei Yongzhou's assassin Guo Zhun led the crowd to attack. Liang went out to Jianwei (now Xihe) to be returned, and then leveled the two counties. Zhao Ce Liang said...... Descending the Ji clan Qiang, reviving the two counties, the shock is violent, and the gong bear is obviously ......" "The Biography of Zhuge Liang". "Liang Jianxing nine years (231) besieged Qishan, recruited Xianbei and harsh than energy, than can to, so the stone city in the north should be bright" "Zhuge Liang Biography". April of the 14th year of Jianxing...... Tuwu Du Wang Fu Jian and more than 400 households of the clan are in Guangdu" "Three Kingdoms Shu Shu". There are many examples than analogy, and there are no enumerations.

6. Take advantage of the prominent class contradictions in Longyou to mobilize the people of Longyou to unanimously oppose Wei. Jianxing was the first to come out of Qishan in the sixth year, "Nan'an, Anding, Tianshui three counties rebelled against Wei Yingliang" "Zhuge Liang Biography".

7 Using the ancient traditional culture, Fuxi culture, Zhou culture, pre-Qin culture, and Confucian cultural literacy left by Longyou among the residents, he called on the people of Longyou to say that "Cao Cao's name is Han Xiang, but he is actually a Han thief". ”

8. Using the Silk Road Avenue, he attempted to march into the Central Plains in one fell swoop. Zhuge Liang attaches great importance to this, and in the sixth year of Jianxing (228), he was the first to go out of Qishan, and immediately sent Ma Tan to occupy the --- Street Pavilion of the ancient Silk Road Longkou Throat, but Ma Jian did not complete the task and lost the Street Pavilion, so that Zhuge Liang went out of Qishan and entered the Central Plains's plan blueprint was shattered, and lost the fighter, so Zhuge Liang retreated to Hanzhong, "poke and thank the people".

In addition to these aspects, Zhang Jiashi himself believes that Zhuge Liang advocated the Northern Expedition at that time, mainly because he had the corresponding thinking that "offense is the best defense." ”

Because in the defense stage of Shu, Wei was able to concentrate a large number of troops to fight a decisive battle with the Shu army, and even destroy Shu.

......

At the same time, later generations also summarized several main factors for the failure of Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition, which are described later. (To be continued.) )

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