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The world's largest bronze portrait of a longitudinal figure. The www.biquge.info height of the pen "Fun" is 64.5 cm, and the distance between the two ears is 138.5 cm. The bronze face is like a wide eyebrow with big eyes, the tip of the eyebrows is raised, and the width of the eyebrows is 6.5 cm ~ 7 cm. The eyes are oblique and long, the eyeballs are extremely exaggerated, with a diameter of 13.5 cm, a convex orbit of 16.5 cm, a slightly diamond-shaped front end, and a bracelet-like hoop in the middle, 2.8 cm wide, and hollow eyeballs. The mask is 65 cm high, 1.38 m wide (subject to the tips of the two ears), and 0.5 cm ~ 0.8 cm thick. "Huayang National Chronicles, Shu Chronicles" recorded: "There is a Shu marquis silkworm cong, whose eyes are longitudinal, and he is called the king. ”

Some scholars believe that the longitudinal human face unearthed in Sanxingdui is the statue of the ancient Shu King Silkworm Cong. Shu King Silkworm Cong originally lived in Wenshan County, the upper reaches of Minshan Mountain in northwest Sichuan, where "there is alkali stone, fried to get salt." The land is just brine and should not be grained. "To this day, it is still a severely iodine deficient area, so much so that hyperthyroidism is prevalent. An important feature of hyperthyroidism patients is that the eyeballs bulge outward, so the Shuwang silkworm cong with extraordinarily protruding eyes is likely to be a severe hyperthyroidism patient. Later generations grasped this feature and further "deified" when shaping the statue of the silkworm cong, so there are these exaggerated longitudinal human faces in Sanxingdui. Of course, this is only a conjecture based on historical facts.

The world's largest number of bronze human heads, masks, have been unearthed at one time. Up to more than 50 pieces.

First, which ethnic group did the residents of Sanxingdui site belong to in ancient times?

At present, there are different views such as the Diqiang theory, the Pu people say, the Ba people say, the Dongyi people, and the Yue people. Nowadays, the vast majority of scholars agree with the Diqiang theory, that is, they believe that the sarcophagus burial culture in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River is closely related to Sanxingdui, and the main inhabitants of Sanxingdui may be from the Diqiang system in northwest Sichuan and the upper reaches of the Minjiang River. In the book "Ancient Wenyuan", Zhang Qiao quoted "Xianshu Ji" and said: "The silkworm Cong clan first lived in the stone room of Minshan. It can be seen that the birthplace of the Shu people is in the Minshan Mountains in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River, and belongs to the Diqiang people. Historical records record that "silkworm cong longitudinal eyes", Sanxingdui site No. 2 pit unearthed several pieces of double eyeballs in the columnar convex bronze longitudinal portraits, with the physical confirmation of the historical infallibility. And "Huayang National Chronicles, Shu Chronicles" contains: "There are Shu marquis silkworm cong, its eyes are longitudinal, and they are called kings", and "people with vertical eyes" are mostly buried in sarcophagi after death, and later generations follow the habit and form a sarcophagus burial group that lasts for thousands of years.

Second, where does the brilliant Sanxingdui culture come from?

Scholars disagree on this question. Some believe that its source is related to the Neolithic culture in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River, some believe that it is related to the prehistoric culture of eastern and western Sichuan, some believe that it is related to the Longshan culture of Shandong, and some believe that the Sanxingdui culture is the product of the fusion of indigenous culture and foreign culture.

Third, what was the nature of the ancient Shu state in Sanxingdui? What kind of religion did it follow? Was the ancient Shu state a tribal military alliance attached to the Central Plains Dynasty, or was it a relatively independent early state that had established a unified dynasty? Is its religious form nature worship, ancestor worship, or god worship? Or is it a combination of all three?

Some scholars believe that Sanxingdui's religious beliefs are similar to those of Yin Shang, that is, worshipping the emperor and worshipping sacred birds. Some cultural relics unearthed in Sanxingdui can prove this. Therefore, it can be inferred that the civilization of Sanxingdui should be influenced by the Yin Shang civilization, especially the migration and conquest movement of the Shang people, which extended to the area where the Qiang people in Sichuan were located. Some scholars speculate that in this process, perhaps a certain tribe of the Shang nationality infiltrated and merged with Zhuqiang, migrated from northwest to southwest, lived by water and grass, went down the Min River, arrived in Guanghan, and became the ancient Shu people who created the Sanxingdui civilization.

Fourth, when did the Sanxingdui Ancient Shu Kingdom come into being, how long did it last, and why did it suddenly disappear?

According to historical records, the ancestor of the Shu people, Silkworm Cong, led his people down the river and occupied the CD Plain to become the king of Shu. The silkworm cong was followed by the Bai Guan clan and the Yu Yu clan, each of whom ruled the same place for hundreds of years.

Later, Du Yu established himself as the king of Shu, called the emperor, and moved the capital to Piyi (now Pixian). After Emperor Wang, the leader of the Puyue ethnic group in eastern Sichuan was called the King of Shu, and was destroyed by Qin in 316 BC. The results of archaeological excavations in Sanxingdui have proved that these historical materials are basically reliable.

During the reign of Di Xin, some Western tribes of Fang also continued to attack the Shang Dynasty, and Di Xin sent troops to conquer many times, and also recruited several tribes such as Wei, Hu, and Shou to send troops to attack. However, the Fang tribe was never conquered.

Gengding, reigned 1166-1159 BC.

Gengding, Gengzu Ding, or Geng and Ding, sub-surname, name.

In 1166 BC, Zu Jia's son and Di Xin's younger brother Geng Ding inherited the throne of the Shang Dynasty and was the twenty-sixth monarch of the Shang Dynasty, with Yin (Anyang, Henan) as the capital.

During Gengding's reign, he continued to conquer the tribes of the Western Qiangfang and Zhifang.

During the Gengding period, the superstitious belief in witchcraft greatly increased the power of witchcraft and endangered the royal power.

According to the oracle bone inscription, Gengding opened up a field hunting ground centered on Yin, which was used for field hunting and military exercises, and of course indirectly played a role in reclaiming wasteland.

After Gengding's death, he was buried in Yin, nicknamed King Shang'an, and the temple name was Gengzu, and was succeeded by Zi Wuyi.

Wu Yi, reigned 1158-1124 BC.

Wu Yi, sub-surname, name Qu.

In 1158 BC, Gengding's son Wu Yi succeeded to the throne of the Shang Dynasty and was the twenty-seventh monarch of the Shang Dynasty, with Yin (Anyang, Henan) as the capital.

In the third year of Wu Yi (BC1156), Wu Yi moved the capital from Yin back to Xiang (Qufu City, Jining, Shandong) on the north bank of the Yellow River.

Judging from the Yin Shang divination and the inscriptions, the first king and the first emperor of the Yin people died and ascended to heaven as God, not only dominating the ministers and people who ascended to heaven after death, but also dominating the people in the world to blame for the blessings and misfortunes: "The ancestor is the father, and the Pi Nai sued me for the high queen and said: Be Pi punished in my grandson, and Di Gao and Pi Nai subjugated the Fuxiang." ("Shangshu Pan Geng").

The imperial religious view of the Yin Dynasty was monistic, that is, both the first king and the "emperor" were unified in the worship of ancestral gods. This religious view of monism is a reflection of the unity between people in the Yin Dynasty, where the members of the clan are basically the same, there is no division, and there is no division.

The reason why the merchants called their monarchs emperors, rather than queens like the Xia Dynasty, is related to the Monist Religion, the ancestor of the Shang Dynasty. After the Shang Tang destroyed the Xia and established the Shang Dynasty, it was a combination of royal power and divine power, both a monarch and a priest, and at the time of the destruction of the Xia, according to the "Book of Shang", it was under the banner of the Mandate of Heaven. Why the Mandate of Heaven is on Shang Tang's side, it is a bit laborious to explain. Therefore, since Shang Tang, through unremitting efforts, the original polytheistic religion was finally transformed into the ancestral monistic religion. The merchant respected his ancestor Emperor Yu, and listed the Yellow Emperor, Zhuan Xu, Emperor Yu, Tang Yao, and Yu Shun as the Five Emperors in the "Historical Records: Five Emperors".