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So far, six major plates and one plate have been formed on the earth. They are:

Pacific Plate, Indian Ocean and Australian Plate, Antarctic Plate, African Plate, Eurasian Plate, American Plate, and Philippine Coastal Small Plate.

Today, the southern part of Chinese mainland and its southeast coast are squeezed by the Indian and Australian plates, the Pacific plate, and the Philippine Coastal Plate, respectively.

In recent years, major earthquakes have occurred in China, Sichuan and Taiwan, and other places represent the continued activity of orogeny. ”

"It turns out that these factors have affected the evolution of life!" I couldn't help but sigh.

"Tell the truth. The sages said, "Now I will tell you about the development of the earth and how life struggles!"

About 2.5 billion years ago, the Earth entered the Proterozoic era.

The Proterozoic (about 2.5 billion years ago - 541 million years ago) is divided into the Proterozoic, Paleoproterozoic, Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic, and the Proterozoic is divided into the Iron Age, the Stranded Invasion and the Orogenic Period. The Paleoproterozoic is divided into the Consolidation, Cover, and Extension. The Mesoproterozoic is divided into the Narrow Zone, the Stretching Period, and the Glacial Period. The Neoproterozoic has only one Ediacaran (also known as the Aurora).

Iron period (about 2.5 billion years ago - 2.3 billion years ago)

Strandic Invasion (ca. 2.3 billion years ago - 2.05 billion years ago)

Orogenic (about 2.05 billion years ago - 1.8 billion years ago)

Consolidation (c. 1.8 billion years ago - 1.6 billion years ago)

Caprock (about 1.6 billion years ago - 1.4 billion years ago)

Extensic (about 1.4 billion years ago - 1.2 billion years ago)

Narrow Belt Period (about 1.2 billion years ago - 1 billion years ago)

Stretching (about 1 billion years ago - 850 million years ago)

Glacial period (about 850 million years ago - 630 million years ago)

Ediacaran (ca. 630 million - 541 million years ago)

Algae and bacteria flourished during the Proterozoic period, and were an important stage in the evolution of prokaryotes (single-celled protozoa) to eukaryotes (single-celled and multicellular organisms containing a nucleus). 16~1.7 billion years ago, Algae is the oldest eukaryotic organism that has been discovered.

In the middle and late Proterozoic, algae were already flourishing, and the photosynthesis of plants increased the oxygen content in the air, providing a suitable environment for the outbreak of species. Higher algae flourished further, and ancient plants appeared.

The ancient continent of Rhodinha first appeared in the Stretching Period, which was the first unified continent to appear.

The Ice Age was the first confirmed snowball event in Earth's history and was a biological low tide. I've already told you that the culmination of the ice age was the snowball event, which is very rare, and the Ice Age got its name from it.

After the ice age is the Ediacaran period, the Chinese also call it the Aurora period, in fact, the Aurora is the Indian Buddhist scripture for ancient China or East Asia, so if this Aurora era from the Buddhist scriptures, it becomes the Chinese era, which is not very in line with geological habits, so formally speaking, it is still called the Ediacaran period according to the Western geological community. At this time, the biological world began to recover from the bitter cold. The ancient continent of Rhodinha had disintegrated at this time, and in addition to the northern paleocontinent, many areas in the south, such as western Africa, central and western China (Congo), and south (Kalahari), as well as South America, Antarctica, Australia, India, etc., began to form a number of relatively stable platforms (raised parts, similar to plateaus).

Multicellular organisms emerged in the early Ediacaran period. Mainly metazoans without a hard shell. At the end of the Ediacaran period, small animals with shells appeared,

About 541 million years ago, the Earth entered the Phanerozoic era.

Phanerozoic (about 541 million years ago to the present), including the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic.

The Cambrian period (about 541 million years ago - 485 million years ago) is the first epoch of the Paleozoic Era, the period of the first great development of the biological world. The biological kingdom of the Cambrian period is dominated by marine invertebrates and marine algae. At that time, the climate was mild, and the ancient Gondwana land had not yet been formed, so most of the area had not yet been uplifted into land, and the shallow sea was widespread, and many parts of the world (including most parts of our country) were covered by shallow sea water.

At this time, the various stations in the south were gathered into two major parts, East Gondwana (India, Australia, Antarctica) and West Gondwana (Africa and South America), each with its own unique geographical and historical characteristics.

Invertebrates appeared arthropods, echinoderms, molluscs, brachiopods, and lithophytes, among which trilobites in the phylum Arthropod were the most important. In addition, ancient cups, ancient mesomorphs, soft-tongued snails, tooth-shaped spines, nautilus, odonto-shaped stones, etc., also appeared. The nautilus became a large carnivore in the oceans at that time, dominating the oceans. Chordates appeared in the Cambrian period, including Chinese eels, Yunnan fish, Haikou fish, etc., skin insects from Canada, and duck scale fish from the Upper Cambrian of the United States.

During the Ordovician period (about 485 million years ago - 443 million years ago), the southern land began to drift and converge, becoming the Gondwana continent, and the ancient Laoa continent remaining in the ancient continent of Rodinha became only two continents. The land on which the Sahara was located at that time (Gondwana mainland) was where the Antarctic pole was located. During the Ordovician period, the ancient land of Gondwana was just formed, and the land was not uplifted. Seawater tends to overflow vast areas of land, so that most of the land is submerged by seawater, but not deep, forming a vast shallow sea area, similar to today's continental shelf. This phenomenon is called sea transgression. The Ordovician was one of the most extensive periods of sea invasion in the history of the earth.

Invertebrates include corals and foraminifera in coelenterates, bamboo stones, sea lins and sea lilies in echinoderms, mesozoans and bryozoans in arthropods.

In the middle of the Ordovician, there were star turtles and folded fishes belonging to marine primitive vertebrates (vertebrates belong to a subphylum of chordates). Terrestrial vertebrates, freshwater jawless fishes, also appeared. Freshwater jawless fish resemble fish, but lack pairs of pectoral and pelvic fins, especially the upper and lower jaws on the mouth, and are "armor fish" with hard bone fragments on the outside of the body.

At the end of the Ordovician period, the climate suddenly cooled, when the Antarctic ice sheet expanded rapidly and large areas of glaciers cooled ocean currents and atmospheric circulation.

The temperature of the entire earth has dropped, glaciers have locked in water, and sea levels have dropped by as much as 150 meters, causing a sudden reduction in the living space of marine life, and marine animals such as penstones and trilobites have been greatly damaged since then.

Some of the creatures that survived then suffered a second act of mass extinction - a sudden warming of the climate and a rapid rise in sea levels caused another catastrophe of life. The destruction of the previously rich coastal biosphere has led to the extinction of 85% of species.

I was surprised and said, "It's so serious! It's so pitiful! It's been so hard to develop so much, and the course of life is really difficult!"

The sages said: "Yes, after this blow, life will choose its own direction again, in fact, every extinction event is a re-selection of life by the climate factors I mentioned earlier." This is really your singing and my debut, each leading the way for thousands of years!"

The next chapter introduces the Silurian period.

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