readx;? Since the Shang Dynasty, Chinese music has entered the era of letter history. Pen, fun, pavilion www. biquge。 Info folk music and court music have made great progress. Due to the development of agriculture, animal husbandry and handicrafts, bronze smelting and casting reached a very high level, so that the production level of musical instruments leaped forward, and a large number of exquisite and luxurious musical instruments appeared. Music and dance were the main forms of court music, and the verifiable ones include "Mulberry Forest" and "Great Protection", which were composed by Yi Yin, a minister during the Shang Tang period. There are three main types of music professionals: "witch", "music slave" and "blind". There is very little material about the folk music of the Shang Dynasty, and "Zhou Yi Gui Mei Shangliu" and "Yi Tun Liuer" are the folk songs of the Shang Dynasty.

The Shang Dynasty oracle bone inscription had a variety of word-making methods such as pictograms, epigrams, morphophonics, pretenses, and signifiers, and was already a mature script. A total of 4,672 characters were found in the unearthed oracle bones, and 1,072 characters have been known to scholars. The oracle bone inscription is square because of the hard material of the inscription. At the same time, the gold text is cast because it is cast, so the font is round.

The Shang Dynasty calendar already had a division of large and small months, stipulating a cycle of 366 days, and using the year-end boudoir to adjust the length of the synodic month and the return year. Shang Dynasty oracle bone inscriptions have records of multiple solar eclipses, lunar eclipses, and novas.

Roughly 30,000 numbers were found in Shang Dynasty oracle bone inscriptions, with clear concepts of decimal system, odd numbers, even numbers, and multiples, which produced preliminary computing power.

The slightly convex mirror unearthed in the Shang Dynasty can reflect the entire human face on a smaller mirror surface.

In the seventy-fifth year of Taiwu (BC1580), Taiwu died in the 75th year of his reign, and was called Sanshi (that is, three monarchs who made contributions) together with Taijia and Zuyi. After Taiwu's death, he was buried in Taiwu Mausoleum (now east of Liu Cifan Village, Bocheng Township, Neihuang County, Henan Province), and was succeeded by his son Zhongding.

It is recorded in the "Bamboo Book Chronicle" that Taiwu may not have died, but met the auspicious mulberry tree on the way to the tour, and practiced in the mulberry tree cave, trying to become an immortal. After three years of Taiwu practice, the tribes and countries in the distant country were grateful for the Qingming of Taiwu's rule, and there were seventy-six forces who came from afar to pay tribute. The Shang Dynasty was revived from then on, and the temple name was Shang Zhongzong.

Taiwu Mausoleum is located on the east side of Liu Cifan Village, Bocheng Township, Neihuang County, Henan Province. The mausoleum is located on an ancient cultural site, also known as "Liu Cifan site", which is the only Shang Dynasty royal tomb in China today. In 1986, it was announced as a cultural relics protection unit in Henan Province. The mausoleum was built in the Han Dynasty, continued to be repaired in the Tang Dynasty, rebuilt in the seventh year of Kaibao in the Northern Song Dynasty (974), and repaired and added many times in the Ming and Qing dynasties. According to the records of Neihuang County, Taiwu Mausoleum is in Liu Cifan Village, twenty-five miles southwest of Neihuang County. Taiwu Mausoleum is more than one zhang and five feet high, and surrounds dozens of zhang. Its temple is behind the mausoleum, the main hall is five, there is a stele pavilion next to it, the temple door is double, there is a monument in front.

In the past, Taiwu Mausoleum built a city outside the mausoleum (commonly known as the imperial city), covering an area of 4.5 acres, built Taiwu Mausoleum, the tomb of the concubine, the ancient Bai Sensen, 142 sacrificial monuments, and ancillary facilities such as the official hall. In the mausoleum area, there are Yangshao, Longshan culture and Shang Dynasty cultural layer (pottery, stone tools, etc.), and according to the record of "Neihuang County Chronicle", there are 42 sacrifices to Taiwu Mausoleum in the Ming and Qing dynasties. The existing Kaibao seven years (974 years) "the Great Song Dynasty Xinxiu Shang Emperor Zhongzong Temple inscription and preface", the head of the turtle, 6.45 meters high, 1.6 meters wide, 0.59 meters thick, is one of the rare large-scale ancient monuments in Henan. The carving is exquisite, the calligraphy is strong, the inscription is rich, and it has high historical and artistic value.

Zhong Ding, reigned 1579-1571 BC.

In 1579, Taiwu's son Zhong Ding succeeded to the throne of the Shang Dynasty.

Zhong Ding, also known as Zhong Ding, the surname of the son, the name Zhuang, the son of the Shang King Taiwu, the tenth monarch of the Shang Dynasty.

Grandfather: Shang Wang Taigeng

Father: Shang Wang Taiwu

Uncle: Shang Wang Xiaojia, Shang Wang Yongji

Younger brothers: Shang Wang Wairen, Shang Wang He Jia

In the first year of Zhongding (1579 BC), Zhongding moved the capital from Xi'an to the upper reaches of the Yellow River (also known as 隞 or Ao, in the northeast of present-day Xingyang County, Henan Province).

At that time, the Yi tribe in the southeast of the Shang Dynasty arose.

In the sixth year of Zhongding (1574 BC), the Lanyi of the Yi tribe attacked the Shang Dynasty, and Zhongding sent troops to repel the Lanyi. Dan Chungding's own power was hit hard.

Zhong Ding died in the ninth year (BC1571) and was buried in Diquan (now northeast of Luoyang, Henan).

Wairen, reigned 1570-1561 BC.

After Chung Ding's death, a large number of brothers fought for the throne he left behind by virtue of their own power.

In 1570 BC, Zhong Ding's younger brother Wairen successfully seized the throne of the Shang Dynasty and set a precedent of "whoever has the most power will take the throne". He also compromised with his younger brothers and promised to succeed him after his death, which caused a chaotic period of more than 100 years in the Shang Dynasty, when the princes did not come to court, and the Shang Dynasty began to decline, known as the "Rebellion of the Ninth Dynasty".

The royal family was in turmoil in the middle of the Shang Dynasty. Since Zhongding, the dynasty has declined, there have been successive disputes over the throne, and the capital has been moved repeatedly, and the princes have rebelled. This turmoil has gone through the nine kings of Zhongding, Wairen, Hejia, Zuyi, Zuxin, Wojia, Zuding, Nangeng and Yangjia, hence the name.

Wai Ren, known as Bu Ren in the oracle bone inscription, surnamed Zi Mingfa, was the eleventh monarch of the Shang Dynasty.

Soon after Wairen ascended the throne, the two princes of Ji and Pi launched a rebellion. Ji is a descendant of the Youxin family, Shang Tang once married the daughter of the Youxin family as a concubine, and Yi Yin was married to Shang as a concubine, so Yi Yin was born in the Youxin family. Therefore, the relationship between the Youxin clan and the Shang Dynasty was very close. Due to the decline of the Shang royal family, the descendants of the Xin family were sealed in the queen and rebelled.

Pi is a descendant of Xia Yu Chezheng Xi Zhong, that is to say, he is a descendant of Zhong Yu (who is the prime minister of Shang Tang with Yi Yin), and he also had a good relationship with the Shang royal family at the beginning, but at this time he also rebelled against Shang.

The ancestors of Ji and Pi were the left and right ministers of the Shang Tang period, and they all rose up to rebel against the foreign people, which shows the decline of the Shang royal family at that time. For the rebellion of Ji and Pi, Wairen had no way at all.

Wairen reigned for 10 years, died of illness, and was buried in Diquan.

Reigned 1560-1552 BC.

In 1560 BC, Wairen's younger brother He Jiajia seized the throne as the monarch of the Shang Dynasty.

He Jia, oracle bone inscription as 戋甲, surname, name whole, son of Shang King Taiwu, younger brother of Shang King Zhongding and Wairen, the twelfth monarch of the Shang Dynasty.

Grandfather: Shang Wang Taigeng

Father: Shang Wang Taiwu

Uncle: Shang Wang Xiaojia, Shang Wang Yongji

Elder brother: Shang Wang Zhongding, Shang Wang Wairen

Son: Shang Wang Zuyi

Grandsons: Shang King Zu Xin, Shang King Wo Jia

In desperation, in order to alleviate the internal contradictions within the royal family, he moved the capital from the hustle and bustle to Xiang (now Neihuang, Henan) to alleviate the situation of internal and external difficulties. This relocation of the capital partially alleviated the contradictions within the royal family, so that the Xia Dynasty was able to accumulate a certain amount of strength.

He Jiajia successfully won the full support of the subject state "Dapeng State", and then sent troops to conquer the Lan and Banfang in the southeast, and quelled the rebellion of the Ji and Pi people.

The "Great Peng State" was established under the leadership of Peng Zu, the leader of the Peng tribe, and was a relatively powerful and politically related vassal state in the east during the Xia Dynasty. By the early Shang Dynasty, the Great Peng Kingdom was still relatively strong. Peng Zu is said to have lived for 800 years, is a god of longevity, and knows how to maintain health. In fact, the so-called Peng Zu is 800 years old, which is actually the number of years of existence of the Great Peng Kingdom.

In the third year of Hejia (1558 BC), the Shang Dynasty, with the help of the Fang State and the Great Peng State, made the Pi State return to the Shang Dynasty.

In the fourth year of Hejiajia (1557 BC), he sent troops to conquer the eastern tribe Lanyi.