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In addition to Zhang Jiashi's determination to make large-scale changes in three aspects, there was also a major reform that Zhang Jiashi implemented in the Great Qin Empire. Pen ~ fun ~ pavilion www.biquge.info

And this reform is.

From the point of view of Zhang Jiashi, a "later generation" traveler, there are many advantages. Of course, the shortcomings in this regard are also relatively obvious.

In terms of Zhang Jiashi, Zhang Jiashi has some influence from the thinking of later generations:

For administrative officers, the average level of private enterprises is generally referred to:

Foreign officials are generally divided into two categories: one is elected to power, and the administrative officials in charge of government affairs are also called politicians, and the other is the clerks who are selected and hired by the government, called administrative officers.

Fixed salary for the officer. The prevailing rule in the world is to refer to the private sector, and it tends to be slightly lower than that of the private sector. In the United States, for example, the principle of salary determination is that the salary of an officer shall not be higher than that of an employee of a private enterprise. In Singapore, where the legend goes, the salary of an officer is not higher than that of a private company employee of the same level.

For administrative officials, there are two types: comprehensive salary fixation and reference to private enterprises, the latter being mistaken for "".

Since the salary of Singapore's business officials is not high, why is there a "" saying that the Singapore president can get an annual salary of $2 million, which is much higher than the annual salary of the US president of $400,000. Compared with a country like China, where the "superficial salary" of officials is extremely low, it is even more "high-paid".

However, it is clear that the so-called "high salary" is nothing more than the implementation of the "reference to private companies" salary rules at the level of administrative officials in countries like Singapore. Because the CEO of a large company in Singapore can also receive $2 million, it is only natural that the president will take this amount as well. Unlike Singapore, it is the United States. In the United States, "politics" itself is regarded as a value, so becoming a political official has gained a value, and there is no need to rely on money to stimulate it, so many political officials in the United States do not receive a salary. Moreover, the experience of being in politics can also be converted into money, for example, the president can earn a lot of money by writing books and giving speeches after leaving office.

You can't just rely on """:

The data speak for themselves: the average book wage of Philippine government employees in 2003 was four times the national average income. Pakistan has five times the average and India has seven times, but these three countries have the lowest corruption scores among the 35 countries ranked, while some developed countries, such as Norway, Japan and Austria, have the highest corruption scores in terms of average salaries for government employees.

From a historical point of view, the same is true, Yongzheng invented "raising incorruptible silver". The income of officials has been greatly increased, but due to the imperfection of the regulatory mechanism. Corruption has not improved significantly, Yongzheng died, and the maintenance of incorruptible silver has not been abolished, but the wind of corruption is even better than before.

We can't just rely on "", so how to design the salary system of officials, so that officials are not corrupt, but can also work hard

This way of thinking has largely guided Zhang Jiashi's reform in this regard.

In the history before that, the income of officials was not too low. Because during this period, there were certain regulations on the remuneration of officials and the corresponding allowances.

It's like a 2,000 stone official, whose money is converted into about 2,000 stone of rice and grain equivalent to the corresponding materials.

And for officials at this level, they also have another share of military merit. So on the whole, the income of officials in the Qin and Han dynasties was really high-income class.

Therefore, in this regard, Zhang Jiashi did not make any changes to the salaries of these officials due to several considerations.

The first aspect refers to the fact that Zhang Jiashi did not intend to change the salary grades of these officials on the surface. However, Zhang Jiashi promoted the area under the control of the current Great Qin Empire in Liaodong. Implement the evolved version of "the official and the gentry pay taxes together".

The origin of this kind of integrated grain payment by the official gentry originated from the corresponding reforms brought about by the financial crisis in the Yongzheng period.

The core of this policy is "one errand and one grain" or "the official gentry and the gentry pay the grain in one", which means that "officials and landlords must also pay taxes." This situation is "the abolition of their tax-exempt privileges".

This situation originated from the crisis of the country's finances after more than 40 years of Kangxi's rule, and tax revenues were limited. However, because of the inherent feudal society's system of exempting those who have achieved fame from forced labor and taxation, the really wealthy such as officials and landlords do not have to pay much in taxes. Not only did the financial burden fall on the poor people, but the national treasury was empty, so this policy was introduced to optimize the tax structure and make the wealthy classes of society bear more tax responsibilities.

Zhang Jiashi believes that it is very inevitable for the officials and gentry to pay taxes together, because this method is undoubtedly a powerful measure of the centralized system. After several years of experience in governing government affairs, Zhang Jiashi understands one thing, that is, some things will indeed evolve into a double-edged sword. But more often than not, the trade-offs are significantly more important.

In the case of such a situation where the government and the gentry pay taxes together, it is certainly a great help, but it is undeniable that in the current environment of breaking down and standing up, this policy is the best time to implement it.

Because no one dares to try to calm the world again, whether the blade of the iron-blooded army is sharp or not.

Moreover, in this case, a lot of land has lost its original owner, which is the biggest obstacle to the implementation of this policy in disguise.

Zhang Jiashi knew very well in his heart that the implementation of some policies was undoubtedly timely when the new vested interest stratum had not yet taken shape.

This is the reason why Zhang Jiashi dealt with this problem relatively toughly.

After all, Zhang Jiashi does not want Ying Xun or his descendants to want to reform in this regard, and they will face interest groups that are difficult for them to shake.

Some problems, when they are easy to solve, are the best way to solve them, rather than waiting for them to develop into a terminal problem. Doing so is likely to be counterproductive.

And this is known as the three major reforms of the Yongzheng period, and the other two are "spreading the land into the mu" and "returning the fire consumption to the public".

Spread into the mu, also known as the spread of the Ding into the ground, the unity of the land, the grass was created in the Ming Dynasty, is the Qing Dynasty government along the Ding silver along the merger into the field of a tax system. It was generally practiced during the Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong periods of the Qing Dynasty. Its main content is the abolition of the poll tax, which is objectively a relaxation of the personal control of the lowest peasants, and is an important reform of the servitude system in the late period of China's feudal society, which abolished the poll tax and the Ding tax, which has been practiced in China for more than 2,000 years, and incorporated it into the land tax.

There are only four guidelines for apportioning the ding into the mu: the Ding silver will be spread into the field and collected. The previous "poll tax" was abolished; the government relaxed its control over household registration, so that peasants and handicraftsmen could move freely and sell their laborers; the Ming Dynasty introduced a whip law, which was continued in the Qing Dynasty, and part of the Ding silver was levied on the basis of per person. He who sends many people will also have many fields. Those who send few people will also have land.

This kind of reform of dividing the land into the acre. There are two positive and negative effects:

In terms of positive impact, the phenomenon of land and household servitude was put an end to the chaotic phenomenon of land, households, and dings, the process of merging the poll tax into the property tax was completed, and the poll tax since the Western Han Dynasty was completely abolished; since the object of taxation was land, the government relaxed its control over household registration and increased the number of labor forces that could move freely, thus promoting the revitalization of the commodity economy; the peasants who had no land and little land got rid of the burden of servitude and were no longer forcibly bound to the land, thus further relaxing the peasants' personal dependence on the feudal state. It played a positive role in the social economy at that time, especially in the development of the budding capitalism.

But the negative effects were also quite evident: the land was divided into acres and the wealthy households who owned a large amount of land were assigned a heavier burden of servitude than before; instead of lightening, the burden on the people increased, and the situation of fleeing to avoid paying taxes became more and more serious. The policy of "apportionment to the acre" cannot maintain a fixed amount of taxation, thus inhibiting the people from evading taxes.

In the current situation, as far as the Great Qin Empire, which has become vast and sparsely populated due to war and turmoil, the corresponding policy of dividing the land into acres is undoubtedly a joke. Because of the drastic reduction in population, there is no additional income at all for the apportionment of the land, not to mention that such a situation is also not beneficial to the overall development of the Great Qin Empire.

The population of the last years of Kangxi was between 60 million and 100 million, and the current population base of the Great Qin Empire was not even 15 million. In such a situation, Zhang Jiashi practiced spreading into the acre, unless his head was caught in the door

During the Qing Dynasty, the population increased the fastest. The three generations of Shunzhi, Kangxi, and Yongzheng only have a number of people, but no population. Generally speaking, the number of mouths includes men, women, and children, and refers to the total number of the entire population. The number of Ding is the number of strong men produced in each household, which refers only to the number of adult men who can serve in the military and labor; the average number of Ding in each household is only one or two, and the total population of each household is about five on average.

Shunzhi, Kangxi, Yongzheng three generations. The number of people has been around 20 million over the years, and the total population is estimated to be around 60 million to 100 million. In the Qianlong period, the head tax was incorporated into the local tax, and the people who were born in the future were no longer taxed, and the population was less concealed, and the population increased rapidly.

As for the fire consumption, it will be returned to the public

Zhang Jiashi said that if his commercialization reform can really get a relatively satisfactory result, there is no need to care too much about this "small money", and the fire consumption is returned to the public, which can be said to be quite useless

When the magistrate collects money and taxes, he will collect more money and silver on the grounds of consumption, which is also called fire consumption or consumption of envy, but the scope of consumption is greater than that of fire consumption, and consumption of envy also includes the consumption of birds and rats.

The rice grain of the conquest of Yunjing was stolen and lost by the finch rats, which was called the finch and rat consumption. During the Han Dynasty, every stone of grain was paid, and two buckets were consumed, and when Emperor Yin of the Later Han Dynasty, the consumption of sparrows and rats increased from one stone of grain to two buckets to four buckets.

In the second year of Yongzheng, the official implementation of the consumption of envy to the public, the earliest implementation in Shanxi, in July of the second year, officially promoted to the whole country, the Ming Dynasty after the "consumption of envy" additional tax to the statutory positive tax, and the system of incorruptible silver, intended to combat the arbitrary apportionment of local officials.

During the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty, it was an important measure to increase the salaries of local officials at all levels by fixing the fire consumption. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the old system of the Ming Dynasty, the official to the best silver is only 180 taels, Lu rice is 180 taels, and the annual slang of Qipin Zhixian is only 45 taels. State and county officials cannot rely on it to make ends meet. So there is the so-called "fire consumption". Fire consumption, also known as "consumption of envy" and "envy surplus", is a surcharge tax that has no rules to follow in addition to the regular tax, and it is also a tacit agreement that the state and county officials will levy additional silver taels when collecting taxes. In 1724, the second year of Yongzheng issued a decree to implement the return of envy to the public, and at the same time, the civil officials of the provinces increased the supply of incorruptible silver in addition to the silver. According to the situation of the province, each province will add a fire consumption of Ding Yinming to 1 penny and a few cents of silver for every two places. After the envy is returned to the public, it is used as a normal tax of the government, and the tax is collected uniformly, and it is kept in the treasury of the domain, and the civil officials of the province are given clean and honest as appropriate. This reform measure has concentrated the power of taxation, lightened the additional burden on the people, increased the salaries of foreign officials, and played a positive role in rectifying the administration of officials and reducing corruption. However, in addition to the amount of fire consumption, the state and county officials secretly increased their allocation, which could not fundamentally improve the governance of officials.

Therefore, in many ways, in the current environment where the salaries of officials are not too low, the return of fire consumption to the public is completely a snake in the pipeline, and Zhang Jiashi does not think that such a reform can effectively improve the salaries of officials

Of course, it is a good way to let officials be greedy for more money and return the fire to the public.

Moreover, Zhang Jiashi does not mind that officials do some side business, and even he himself has a considerable share of industries such as sea salt, honey, paper, spirits, etc., which can be regarded as quite profitable.

So in this regard, Zhang Jiashi's purpose is that the officials under his command should do some legitimate side jobs, and there is naturally no problem, but if the appearance is too ugly and he has done something that should not be done, don't resent him and punish these uninteresting bastards.

Dividing line

Zhang Jiashi's reforms in this area, including the nationalization of land and the formal lifting of the sea ban in 193 BC, which later generations called the maritime industry, ushered in the changes of the colonial era of the Great Qin Empire, and are collectively known as Zhang Jiashi's three major reforms.

These three major reforms greatly affected the national fortunes of the Great Qin Empire. And Zhang Jiashi did not set up the emperor's ancestral motto like Zhu Yuanzhang, which is extremely pitiful in many aspects.

Zhang Jiashi knows very well that the fact that a policy in a period is correct does not mean that the policy will always be correct.

The idea of adapting to change with the same is more of a self-digging idea.

Zhang Jiashi speculated on many things in the thinking of later generations, although he had a certain detachment, but it is undeniable that he did not think that he was always the right "God", and once many policies reached an inappropriate time, it was obviously a better choice to abandon them and replace them with the most suitable modification plan.

Therefore, after Yingxun became pro-government, Zhang Jiashi gave his son a warning in this regard, with four words: "Guide according to the situation." ”

In the later history of the Great Qin Empire, there were not many monarchs who could take advantage of the situation, but once someone did it correctly, all of them were Ming monarchs or praised virtuous kings.

Among them, Emperor Xuanwu Yingxiu, Emperor Jingwu Yingyu, Emperor Xuanwen Yingmian reigned in 734 AD ~ 761 AD, Xiaowen Emperor Yingluo reigned in 1132 AD ~ 1177 AD, Emperor Liewu Ying Xiao reigned in 1487 AD ~ 1530 AD and Zhaowu Emperor Yingchong 1833 AD ~ 1881 AD The six monarchs of the Great Qin Empire were able to really do this, changing the decline faced by the Great Qin Empire at that time and continuing the national fortune trend of the Great Qin Empire.

It can be said that there was no shortage of reformers in the successive monarchs of the Great Qin Empire, but there were not many people who could make the right changes at the right time.

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