readx;?? c_t; If the temple number in Chinese history is in a sense, until the fall of the Qing Dynasty, it can be regarded as a corresponding correct evaluation of the emperor's life. Pen, fun, pavilion www. biquge。 info

Then, the evaluation of nicknames in Chinese history is, in many ways, a face-saving project. Especially in terms of the situation after the Tang Dynasty.

Nicknames are divided into official and private. Basically, after the death of people with a certain status such as ancient monarchs, princes, ministers, and concubines in most countries in East Asia, according to their life deeds and moral cultivation, they are evaluated for praise and disapproval, and given a title that implies goodwill evaluation and has a judgmental nature. In addition, some neighboring countries influenced by Chinese culture also used epithets, but not every ancient East Asian country used epithet.

According to the corresponding research on the history of the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, it is often used to give nicknames to the deceased with higher status or more status before and after King Mu of Zhou.

In the later period, the power of conferring was highly concentrated in the hands of the emperor, depending on the "holy judgment". The title of the emperor is generally announced by the emperor who agrees with the official and approved by the successor emperor, and the title of the minister is given by the imperial court.

In ancient times, in addition to the emperor's "nickname", the "nickname" of ministers, scholars and celebrities was also a respectful title; some people's nicknames were often called by later generations, and almost became their aliases, such as Zeng Wenzheng (Zeng Guofan), Yue Wumu (Yue Fei), Tao Jingjie (Tao Yuanming), etc.

Among them, Wenzheng, Wumu, and Jingjie are the nicknames of the above personnel, and this way of calling them is more of a respectful title for later generations.

The formation of the nickname system, the traditional saying is the early Western Zhou Dynasty, that is, the Zhou metric system mentioned in the "Yi Zhou Shu Fa Explanation". However, in modern times, Wang Guowei et al. have concluded that the law should be formed in the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty in the stage of King Gong and King Yi, based on the interpretation of Jin Wen, and this statement has been widely recognized.

But there is no doubt that the Zhou royal family and the Spring and Autumn Warring States countries widely practiced the system of desecration, which was already a fact, until Qin Shi Huang thought that the epithet was suspected of "the son discusses the father, the minister discusses the king", so it was abolished. It was not until the establishment of the Western Han Dynasty that the nickname was restored.

And what Zhang Jiashi thinks is interesting is that King Wen of Zhou and King Wu of Zhou are not nicknames, they are self-proclaimed, and King Zhao of Zhou and King Mu of Zhou are nicknames from the beginning. This point should be based on Wang Guowei's nickname research, if Zhou Gongdan made the edict, then King Wen of Zhou, King Wu of Zhou, and even King Shang were obviously added nicknames at that time.

At the beginning of the Fa, there were only "good words" and "flat words", and there were no "bad words". The "nicknames" of good and evil originated after the republican administration of the Western Zhou Dynasty, that is, King Li of Zhou was called "Li" because of his tyranny, "the mouth of the people is more important than the defense of Sichuan", and there are also "private words". The selection of the name is based on the law of the law, which stipulates a number of words with fixed meanings for the selection of the name when determining the name. These words are broadly divided into the following categories:

Shang Zhi, that is, the name of praise, such as: "Wen", which means that he has the talent of "longitude and latitude of heaven and earth" or the character of "moral broadness" and "diligence and inquiry"; Ping" means "Bu Gang Zhi Ji".

Xia, that is, the name of criticism, such as: "Yang" means "good inner courtesy", "Li" means "arrogant and unrelated", "killing innocent", "desolate" means "good pleasure and slacking off government", "external and internal chaos", "secluded" means "unstoppable", "spirit" means "chaos but not damage", etc.;

The "evil slander" of "Xia": King Zhou Li was a greedy king, and the "countrymen" launched a riot, he fled to Yu (now northeast of Huozhou City, Shanxi) and died there, "Li" was the "evil slander" that reprimanded him.

In the middle of the word, most of them are sympathetic nicknames, such as: "愍" means "suffering in the country", "in the country in trouble"; Huai" means "benevolent short fold"; think" to express sympathy

It was a name agreed upon by the relatives, protégés, and officials of a well-known scholar or scholar after his death, and it began on weekends and became popular in the Han Dynasty. (Advertisement)

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Originally, not all emperors had temple names, but they all had nicknames, so most of the emperors before the Tang Dynasty were called nicknames. Since the Tang Dynasty, everyone has had a temple number, so people are used to calling the temple number.

The emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties generally used a year name for a lifetime (one life and one yuan), so people are used to calling his year name, only Ming Yingzong used two era names (orthodox, Tianshun), because he was captured by Wara, Daizong ascended the throne, he was put back and became the emperor, when Daizong was seriously ill, he launched a coup d'état (the change of seizing the door) and became the emperor again, so there are two era names. In addition, the original name of Tongzhi was called Qixiang, which was proposed by Su Shun, and soon Cixi launched a coup d'état, killed Su Shun, and the name of the year was changed to Tongzhi, and the original name of the year was not opened, and people were accustomed to calling Emperor Tongzhi.

The title is a title that is given to the deceased emperors, ministers, and nobles (including other high-ranking people) according to their life events, and then given praise or depreciation or sympathy, which began in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Zhou Gongdan and Jiang Ziya made great contributions to the Zhou room and were condemned after their deaths. This is the beginning of the law.

"Zhou Li" said: "A small funeral is given." "Small mourning" refers to a period of time after death.

"Yi Zhou Shu Fa Explanation": "Those who are in charge of the deeds are also, those who are numbered, the merits of the table, and those who serve the car are also the chapters of the position." It is to receive the big name of the big line, and the small line to the small name. Deeds come from oneself, and fame is born of men. ”

There are two main points in the legal system: one is that the name should be in accordance with the deceased's personality, and the other is that the name is assessed and awarded by others after death. The title of the monarch is determined by the official of ceremonies, announced by the enthroned emperor, and the title of the minister is given by the imperial court. The nickname is judgmental, which is equivalent to the conclusion of the coffin.

There is also a hierarchical distinction in the name, the emperor's name, before the Sui Dynasty are one or two words, such as the emperor of the Western Han Dynasty Liu Ying, Emperor Liu Heng, Emperor Wen, Emperor Liu Qi, Emperor Jing, Emperor Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty, etc.

However, since the Tang Dynasty, the number of words in the emperor's nickname has gradually increased, for example, in the thirteenth year of Tianbao, Xuanzong Li Longji decided to change the name of the first emperor to seven characters, such as Li Yuan as "Shenyao Great Sage Great Guangxiao Emperor", Li Shimin as "Wenwu Great Sage Great Guangxiao Emperor".

The names of the emperors of the later generations of the Tang Dynasty are generally long, among which the crown of the Qing Dynasty Taizu Nurhachi, the nickname is as long as 25 words: "Chengtian, Guangyun, Shengde, Shengong, Zhaoji, Liji, Ren, Xiaorui, Wuduanyi, Qin'an, Hongwen, Dingye, Emperor Gao", will be so piled up with beautiful words, it is also wonderful.

Therefore, after the Tang Dynasty, the emperor's nickname lacked the meaning of formulating the nickname itself. Zhang Jiashi expressed extreme contempt and speechlessness for this kind of picky and good-sounding nickname;

Of course, even Nurhachi's nickname has corresponding strict regulations. After all, there are specific norms for the use of words in propositions, and words cannot be used arbitrarily, nor can they be arbitrarily interpreted against the words of opposites.

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The epithet of the emperor was obtained with the participation of the heir emperor, while the epithet of the last emperor was posthumously given by the emperor of the next dynasty, or by the relict political authority, such as the epithet of Emperor Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty. On the Southern Ming Dynasty is "Shao Tian Interpretation Dao Gangming Ke Ming Ke Frugal Wen Fen Wu Dun Ren Mao Xiaolie Emperor", after the Qing Dynasty Dingding Central Plains, posthumously awarded Chongzhen's nickname as "Zhuang Lie Emperor".

The nickname originally used one character, and later there were two characters, such as King Zhao Wuling and King Wei Anli (Wei Anxi Wang) during the Warring States Period, and there were three characters, such as Zhenhui Wenzi. The nickname contains the meaning of praise and disapproval,