readx;?“ The gods who stood on the Luna orbit, and the Luna passed by their place every month and touched them. Pen @ fun @ pavilion wWw. ｂｉｑUｇE。 infoThese constellations were used by late Assyrian astronomers as a reference point for planetary observation in the 8th century BC. ...... The division of these constellations into equal 30° arches is presumably influenced by the theoretical division of the year into 12 30-day months. There is some evidence for this (the theoretical division of the year into 12 30-day months) in the ancient Babylonian period (c. 1800 BC). From this point of view, the signs of the zodiac appeared very late. As early as 1000 BC, the sky was divided into 18 constellations. Going back 400 years in ancient Babylon, no evidence of a division of the sky is known. The earliest record of a comet dates to February 234 B.C.E. This recorded comet is probably the same comet that is also recorded in Chinese literature. ”

The marriage system of the ancient Babylonian kingdom was polygamy, in which a woman could only marry one husband, while a man could marry other women as concubines, which was basically the same as the marriage system in feudal China.

The political system of the city-states of the ancient Babylonian era was different from that of the Sumerian Akkadian era and the Third Dynasty of your. After the unification of Hammurabi, he established a political system that was different from the open East Semitic and adopted a centralized autocratic system compatible with the Semitic monotheistic tradition. The king had sole political, military, diplomatic, judicial, and religious powers, and directly appointed central and local officials.

At that time, Babylon's casting technology and metallurgical technology were highly developed, and it had its own academy, with the earliest epics, myths, pharmacopoeia, agricultural almanacs, etc., and the Babylonians at that time already knew fractions, addition, subtraction, multiplication and division four operations and solve one-dimensional quadratic equations. In addition, one of the Sumerian achievements that has been handed down at that time is that the Sumerians calculated that the value of the π is approximately 3, which is an indispensable part. It shows the civilization height that the Babylonian civilization, which inherited the Sumerian civilization at that time, has reached.

Babylon was in the late Bronze Age, with the invention of wagons and chariots, and this period was the heyday of Babylonian civilization.

After more than a decade of dealing with internal affairs, Hammurabi built a standing army. He made an ambitious plan of conquest and turned it into reality with 100 percent confidence and determination.

In 1775 BC, Hammurabi destroyed Marry, and the Third Dynasty of Mari was destroyed.

From 1775 BC, Hammurabi began his quest to unify Mesopotamia.

Assyria now faced not only the rise of Babylon in the south, but also the attacks of the Turuku from the Zagros Mountains. At one point, the Turuku attacked the Assyrian capital, Ecaratus.

In the face of these problems, in addition to actively responding to the attack of Babylon, Ishme Dagan's most important measure was to form an alliance with Babylon's enemies, which was more effective, first with Tatusha, the king of Eshnenna, and even in order to show his sincerity, he ceded the position of leader to Eshnenna.

Later, he reconciled with the Syrian power Yamhard and no longer cared about the independence of Mari, who had been haunted by the fact that Babylon had taken Mari without retaining any sympathy for Yamhard, so he gladly accepted the olive branch handed by Assyria. However, in the ensuing war, it seems that Armhard did not play any role, perhaps because Assyria was an Eastern Semite, while Babylon and Armhard were both West Semites, and the internal dispute between the two did not want to be benefited by the foreign enemy Assyria of East Semite.

In 1763 BC, the army of the Babylonian king Hammurabi defeated the last king of Larsa, Remsin I, and unified the Sumerian region, with the Babylonian king Hammurabi also serving as king of Larsa.

Hammurabi's next target was the Akkadian region, where the city of Babylon was located, but Assyria was deeply entrenched in the Akkadian region, and his ally Eshnenna in the Diyala Valley was also eyeing him. Even at this time, Eshnenna's power was stronger than that of Assyria. So the immediate obstacle is them.

Hammurabi then began to challenge Assyria and Eshnenna.

In 1761 BC, Hammurabi defeated the combined forces of Eshnenna, Assyria, and Guti.

After a truce of several years, King Zrisin of Eshnenna, as the leader of the alliance, contacted Turuku, Kakmu and Assyria in the Subartu region, hoping to form an alliance again against Hammurabi.

In 1756 BC, Hammurabi attacked before the combined forces of Turuku, Kakmu, and Assyria reached Eshnenna, defeating the reinforcements of Turuku, Kakmu, and Assyria. So Eshnenna was isolated from the Babylonian army.

In 1755 BC, Hammurabi garrisoned the city of Tutubo on the other side of the Eshnenna River, then washed away Eshnenna with great water and captured Eshnenna. King Zrisin of Eshnenna was killed, and the Eshnenna dynasty perished. The city of Eshnenna has since been reduced to rubble. Later, the center of the Eshnenna region (Diyala River basin) was changed from Eshnenna to Tutubo (later renamed Samsu Iruna Fort).

In the epilogue of his Codex, Hammurabi clearly states that Eshnenna (represented by the city gods Tyshpak and Nyingasu), Akkad, Nineveh (Assyria) and Ashur were the 20th to 23rd most important cities in his kingdom.

After the capture of Eshnenna, Hammurabi soon occupied the only large city in Akkadian that had not yet been annexed to him (the traditional settlement of the Eastern Semites), and completely unified Babylonia (including the regions of Akkadian and Sumer).

In 1754 BC, Hammurabi used the Eshnenna region (Diyala River basin) as a base and again marched upstream along the Tigris River to conquer Assyria.

In 1750 BC, the Assyrian king Ishme Dagan I died in fear and was succeeded by his son Ashur Tugul.

The Babylonians called the Assyrian capital of Ekaratus and the greater and lesser Zabu River regions controlled by the Turuku and Guti to the east "Subartu". To the west of Subartu is the upper reaches of Habur, with the kingdom of Buyanda, and further west to the regions of the Barih and Euphrates rivers with the tribes of Zalmaku. At this time, these nations and tribes were subjects of Assyria.

In 1750 BC, as soon as the Assyrian king Ashur Tugulf came to power, he contacted the tribes of Buldar and Zaalmaku to form an alliance against the Babylonian king Hammurabi.

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