The all-out war with the Huns can be said to be an exhibition that Zhang Jiashi and the high-level leaders of the Qin Empire have long been psychologically prepared.

But what Zhang Jiashi didn't expect was that Mao Dun would quickly break out into war with the Qin Empire when the Huns also suffered heavy losses in the First Battle of Donghu.

This caught Zhang Jiashi a little off guard.

Not to mention anything else, even if Zhang Jiashi showed enough confidence in the corresponding meeting, he did not have much confidence in his own heart to win safely.

Military passivity is certainly one aspect, but the national strength has not been fully restored, which is also a key to Zhang Jiashi's lack of sufficient confidence.

As the so-called victory of a country in a war is often a manifestation of a country's national strength.

Perhaps, in a local war, victory or defeat depends more on the operations of officers and men on the front line and the influence of related factors. But there is no doubt that in such a national war, whether the national strength of the Qin Empire can support the arrival of the moment of victory, Zhang Jiashi really does not have a certain number in his heart.

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In terms of economic strength, the current economic level of the Qin Empire is not too bad, but there is one thing that Zhang Jiashi has to admit, that is, his own economic exhibition, in fact, depends more on his private wealth exhibition.

The Qin Empire experienced many years of war, although the civil economic system still had a certain foundation. But for the common people, the wealth they can create is not something that can be transformed into a virtuous fiscal circulation system for a country.

Because the idea of the small-scale peasant economy was already quite entrenched at this time.

From the perspective of later economic development, the small-scale peasant economy is a natural economy, which is characterized by dispersion and the fact that the products produced are used for their own consumption or most of them for their own consumption, rather than for commodity exchange, and is a self-sufficient natural economy.

The smallholder economy is a type of natural economy, which can also be said to be a yeoman economy, characterized by decentralization (family as a unit), closedness, and self-sufficiency.

This is a self-sufficient natural economy, for example, the social and economic situation in the feudal society was that the small peasant economy was dominant, and now there are a large number of such economic phenomena in remote rural areas.

However, the small-scale peasant economy is not exactly the same as the natural economy, which emphasizes the family as the unit of production and living, while the natural economy is mainly the opposite of the commodity economy. The small-scale peasant economy arose in the context of iron plough and ox ploughing in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, while the natural economy arose as early as primitive society.

The natural economy, on the other hand, is based on the household as the main basic unit of production, and the scale of production is quite small.

In most cases, the raw materials of the product are collected, produced and even consumed to meet the needs of the workers themselves, and the products will only be exchanged on the market when there is a surplus of products. In addition, in the natural economy, agricultural production is combined with cottage industry manufacturing, that is, agricultural products and some handicraft products are produced and used independently, which is the so-called "male ploughing and female weaving" phenomenon.

In primitive societies, productivity was extremely low, and the earliest natural economy arose through the exchange of very little surplus product between clans. The real realization of a perfect natural economy emerged at the end of primitive society, when the family was the unit of production, metal tools were used for production, and land was used as the means of production. At the end of primitive society and the early feudal period, the natural economy was a strong support for the development of productive forces. It has the following features:

1: However, the economy is self-sufficient, with very little commodity exchange. 2: The closed nature of the natural economy, backward production technology, and small scale of production. 3: The conservative nature of the natural economy, which follows the old ways and ignores technological innovation and creation. 4: The natural economy is simple reproduction.

In China, after more than 2ooo years of development, the natural economy still had an absolute dominance in the middle of the Qing Dynasty, but it excluded the development of other economic forms and became a factor restricting the development of productive forces. This phenomenon is directly reflected in the extremely slow germination of China's capitalist economy (commodity economy), and Chinese merchants are not willing to adopt the method of expanding reproduction for the profits obtained, but instead buy land and land, which directly restricts the expansion of the commodity economy, so that the germination of capitalism in China is finally stifled by the powerful commodity dumping of the colonial economy.

The simplification of the production unit of the natural economy and the very small dependence on the market have led to the lack of broad market demand and labor force in the commodity economy based on wage labor and engaged in capital accumulation and the colonial economy based on dumping domestic goods, which makes China's natural economy inherently resistant to the commodity economy. This is the main reason why the capitalist countries did not make spectacular profits in China for a considerable period of time after the Opium War.

However, in feudal society, the natural economy and the commodity economy were mutually restrictive and mutually exclusive. The natural economy, by virtue of its inherent characteristics, naturally rejects the social division of labor and the commodity economy, thus restricting the development of the social productive forces. At the same time, no matter how powerful the natural economy is, the commodity economy has a guiding and leading role, and it always guides the social economy forward by constantly decomposing the natural economy.

The capitalist economic exhibition will lead to an unprecedented increase in the variety and quantity of goods supplied on the market. This phenomenon will continue to prompt the natural economy, which is based on the family as a unit of production, to begin to disintegrate into a proletariat and to provide wage labour for the development of capitalism, as it is not sufficiently competitive.

With the continuous development of the commodity economy, the natural economy will gradually disintegrate, but it is difficult to completely withdraw from the stage of history, in the rural areas of China, India and other countries in the exhibition, the natural economy still has considerable development, which is also one of the root causes of the phenomenon of mutual restraint between agriculture, peasants, and rural areas in rural areas, resulting in economic failure. It can be seen that for a period of time, the natural economy still existed in the countryside and became an obstacle to the development of productive forces.

In this respect, it is a small-scale peasant economy that is encompassed in the natural economic system, and an individual economy in which agriculture is linked to hand tools and engaged in the management of small plots of land. The yeoman peasants in the slave society, the feudal society and the capitalist society are typical small-scale peasant economies, and the tenant farmers in the feudal society also belong to the small-scale peasant economy.

The small-scale peasant economy operates on a small scale, the production conditions are simple, and it can exist and reproduce under relatively poor natural conditions; and because it takes the family as the unit of production and life, it is easy to achieve a balance between production and consumption through hard work and thrift, so the small-scale peasant economy has a stable aspect.

However, due to the small scale of operation and the lack of accumulation and reserve capacity, it cannot withstand the wind and waves. Under conditions such as severe natural disasters, heavy rents and forced labor by the feudal landlord class, exploitation by merchants and usurers, and mergers by feudal landlords, polarization often occurred. With the exception of a small number of people who can get rich because of their relatively superior production conditions, their family burdens, or their favorable market conditions, the majority of people tend to fall into poverty and bankruptcy. As a result, the smallholder economy is very unstable.

The small-scale peasant economy of yeoman farmers and tenant farmers was the prevailing economic form in feudal society. The rise and fall of yeoman farmers was of great significance to the feudal economy. Generally speaking, through peasant warfare or other forms of adjustment of the relations of production, the self-cultivated peasants will increase substantially, and the productive forces will be expanded. In the opposite case, there will also be the opposite result.

In capitalist society, there is still a small peasant economy.

However, with the development of the industrial revolution, in some industrialized countries, a part of the individual economy in agriculture, although still based on family labor, has developed into socialized large-scale production linked to advanced technology and equipment, and does not belong to the category of small-scale peasant economy.

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There is a view that China's feudal society gradually changed from a slave society without foreign invasion. China's slave society practiced the system of state-owned land, and all the land of the country belonged to the supreme ruler of the country.

After the Spring and Autumn Period, with the development of the productive forces, the original land system was destroyed, and after the new feudal forces seized power, they successively carried out reforms to change the law, established the system of private ownership of land, and allowed "the people to buy and sell land". From this time on, the system of private ownership of land became the main form of the land system in China's feudal society.

On the one hand, there is private ownership of small land. At the same time, it will inevitably lead to the phenomenon of land annexation, and the emergence of "the rich are not in the field." The poor have no place to stand". The form of private ownership of large land was formed. These large landowners were the landlord class of feudal Chinese society, who exploited the individual peasants who had lost their land in the annexation first in the form of hermit slavery and, after the Tang dynasty, in the form of tenants.

Therefore, the peasants in China's feudal society have always been composed of two characters: yeoman peasants who own a small amount of land and means of production, and tenant farmers who are dependent on the landlord class. But no matter what kind of farmer it is, it is a small-scale peasant economy with a single family, a man farming and a woman weaving.

The system of private land ownership in China's feudal society, whether in the form of private ownership of small land or large land, was not a pure form of private ownership, but a system of private ownership of land under the control of the supreme ownership of the state. This is not only because of the traditional influence of state ownership of land in China's slave society, but also because during the Warring States Period, all countries affirmed the private land system in the name of the state. Therefore, the sacred principle of the slave society that "the whole world is not the king's land" was inherited in the feudal society and combined with the system of private ownership of land in a new form.

In China's feudal society, the state's supreme ownership of land was not only expressed in people's ideological concepts, such as the proclamation made by Qin Shi Huang on the Langya stone inscription: "Within the Liuhe, the emperor's land, wherever the people go, there are no subordinates", and the system of equalizing land in the name of the state since the Wei, Jin, and Tang dynasties; but more importantly, it is mainly manifested in the right of the supreme rulers of the state to dispose of every mu of land in the state cadastral book and the right to directly tax every population in the household register.

This small-scale peasant economy, based on the system of private ownership of land under the supreme ownership of the state, on the one hand, gave more freedom to individual farmers, even tenant farmers. They were not subject to the exploitation of the landlord class, but on the other hand, they were subject to the power of the state, which was very different from the manor economy and serfdom of the feudal societies of Western Europe.

This kind of small-scale peasant economy, which is dominated by the supreme ownership of the state, is the fundamental feature of China's feudal social and economic structure, and is also the deep and solid foundation on which all feudal political, cultural, and other superstructures are built and exist for a long time.

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Zhang Jiashi did not intend to drastically change the current economic development foundation of the Qin Empire.

First, such an idea is unrealistic, and second, if you want to achieve such a point, it will undoubtedly encounter a lot of resistance.

Among them, as far as the high-ranking officials of the Qin Empire are concerned, I am afraid that there are many people who will secretly oppose Zhang Jiashi's implementation of this idea.

But there is no doubt that the economic development of a country, especially in the current situation of the Qin Empire, is not of much help to the recovery of the Qin Empire.

In other words, Zhang Jiashi can't afford to wait for such a recovery cycle.

Fundamentally, unlike the nascent Han Empire, which had already been established in other worlds at this time, the Qin Empire had a relatively stable environment for the resumption of production in the small-scale peasant economy.

As the saying goes, serious illness must be taken under drastic medicine, and Zhang Jiashi's business exhibitions over the years have actually included attempts to improve the system of commodity economy.

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The commodity economy, the antithesis of the "natural economy", is the sum total of the production, exchange, and sale of commodities.

The commodity economy refers to the form of economy that is directly aimed at exchange, including the production of goods and the exchange of goods.

The commodity economy first arose from the second social division of labor, that is, the separation of handicrafts from agriculture and further expansion, and in the third great social division of labor, an important medium of the commodity economy appeared-merchants.

When the commodity economy continues to develop and the exchange between commodities is mainly allocated by the market, this kind of socialized commodity economy in which resources are allocated by the market is the market economy.

And in Chinese history, the Chinese have long understood how to do business. In primitive times, people fought against nature together, and their productive forces were limited, and they failed to form a division of labor. The ever-improving tools of labor increased people's productivity, and the overabundance of produce gave rise to primitive exchange. These exchanges are accidental at first, and gradually become frequent and deliberate. The Chinese learned to do business very early, and according to the Book of Changes, the Shennong clan once set up a market in Japan and China to "gather the goods of the world, trade and retreat", which can be regarded as a primitive market.

In ancient times, the Shang tribe was known for being good at exchange, and after King Wu of Zhou destroyed the Shang, the remnants of the Shang Dynasty said that their ancestors had driven ox carts to travel between tribes to make a living. As the days passed, a fixed occupation was formed. The Zhou people called them "merchants", their professions "merchants", and by extension, the products sold were called "commodities".

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the government's control of commerce was broken, and many commodity markets and large merchants appeared in various places. During the Spring and Autumn Period, famous merchants such as Zheng Guo's Xiangao, Confucius's disciples Zigong and Fan Li, and during the Warring States Period, famous merchants included Bai Gui and Lü Buwei of Wei. During the Warring States period, the number of copper coins minted and circulated in various countries increased, and the number and variety of currencies were large, reflecting the fact that commerce was more advanced than in the past. The exhibition of commodity exchange promotes the prosperity and strength of a region.

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