readx;? The Permian (about 299 million years ago - 251 million years ago) is the last epoch of the Paleozoic Era and an important coal-forming period. Pen | fun | pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 infoThe flora of the Early Permian was similar to that of the Late Carboniferous, with the predominance of arthrodium, lycopodium, true fern, and seed fern. In the late Permian, gymnosperms such as ginkgo, cycads, niersan, and pine and cypress appeared, and began to show the appearance of a mesozoic zone.

The Permian period is known as the age of amphibians.

Invertebrates are dominated by cattle, corals, brachiopods, ammonites, gastropods, and bivalves, while arthropod trilobites are only a few representatives.

In the Permian Epty, reptiles of the subclass Pornosaurus flourished, and the sawtooth saurs also evolved into larger sizes. Turtles and turtles are their descendants. Coilosaurus was the dominant land animal in the early Permian.

In the early Permian, the order Oriosaurus evolved from the family Cuneiformidae of the order Coilosaurus, and in the middle and late Permian, thermoregulation (warm-blooded animals) evolved to replace the order Thermosauridae as the dominant animal on land, including two branches, herbivorous and carnivorous, with a small size such as a mouse (e.g., Roberts), and a large body size that can be counted in metric tons (e.g., Muskopod).

The order Oriodonts are divided into the suborder Dinocephalic Beasts, Heterodontes, and Therodontes. In addition, there is an earlier suborder of Bamo.

The Dinocephalic suborder is a transitional type between the Coilidae cuneidondae and the more advanced Oriodosauridae. The largest herbivorous (tapir) and omnivorous (crocodile) dinosaurs can weigh up to 2 tons and be about 4.5 meters long, while the largest carnivorous ones (such as Antiomon and Megamon) have similar body sizes, with the largest skulls being 80 centimeters long and weighing about half a metric ton.

In the last stage of the early Permian, dinocephalic mammals evolved from orioposaurs-like orioposaurs when the dinosaurs gradually became extinct, and evolved into a large group of herbivores. After a brief explosion of evolutionary diversity, the dinosaur suborder suddenly became extinct in the late Permian. They were replaced by smaller theroporees.

The suborder Bamo crocodile is also known as the first giant crocodile suborder and the fading crocodile suborder. The Palmo crocodile is a medium-sized, light carnivore, a transitional type between the Diosauridae and the more advanced Oriodondae, as well as the Dinocephalic suborder, and was the dominant carnivorous animal in the Late Permian, replacing the carnivorous status of the Dinocephalic suborder.

Heterodontosaurus is also known as the odontodontosaur suborder. From the Permian to the Triassic. Most of them are herbivorous animals that lack teeth. Only the diplodonts survived to the Late Permian and became the most successful and abundant herbivores in the Late Permian, occupying the position of herbivores ranging from large to small in the ecological niche, replacing the herbivorous animals of the suborder Dinocephalic.

Therodonts appeared in the late Permian and are the only oriodonts with fur, which are divided into lidonts, therocephates and canines. Canines are divided into herbivorous and carnivorous groups. The Lycodonts were large carnivores of the Late Permian.

The early size of the lidont was no larger than that of a dog, and it evolved from the Oriodores of the Middle Permian. Later in the period, many lidontas developed to the size of large dogs or cows, and some to the size of rhinoceros. The largest known genus is the wolf lizard, which is similar in size to a bear, with a skull 45 centimeters long and bladed teeth 12 centimeters long.

Appeared in the Gondwana ancient continent of the Late Permian period, and are carnivorous because of their huge skulls and teeth.

Canine-toothed mammals possess almost all mammalian characteristics, and canine-toothed mammals are still oviparous. They are warm-blooded animals that are covered with hair, which keeps them at a high body temperature. The lower jaw of canines reduces the number of bones, and the movement of this excess bone evolves into a new role and becomes part of the inner ear of mammals. Better hearing makes these animals more aware of their environment, and this increased hearing allows the brain to add more areas to receive acoustic messages. Canines also develop secondary jaws at the top of their mouths. This allows air to flow from the back of the mouth to the lungs, allowing canines to eat and breathe at the same time. This feature is found in all modern mammals.

The evolution of the therocephalic and canodont is derived from the Lycodont. The original canine member was the protocanid crocodile. The true canine suborder appeared in the late Permian and belongs to the suborder Canindodont, which includes the direct ancestors of modern mammals and their collateral relatives, and its members can be divided into carnivorous and herbivorous species.

The subclass Tonocarpus is divided into Finnilosaurus and Ichthyosauridae. The earliest ichthyosaurs of the subclass Tonhole originated from the Cupysaurs in the late Permian.

About 250 million years ago, at the end of the Permian period, the worst mass extinction event ever recorded, with an estimated 96% of the planet's species extinct, including 90% of marine life and 70% of terrestrial vertebrates. Trilobites, sea scorpions, and important coral groups have all disappeared. Terrestrial monobowed taxa and many reptile groups also became extinct.

The mass extinction was caused by a series of causes, including abrupt climate changes, the expansion of deserts, and volcanic eruptions.

At that time, at the northernmost point of the northern Laoya continent, in the Siberian region of present-day Russia, a super-giant volcanic eruption occurred. Lava covers half of Russia. At the same time, a large volcanic eruption occurred in southern China. These volcanic activities burn large amounts of oxygen and release large amounts of carbon dioxide.

At the same time, these volcanic activities strongly destabilized the Laoya paleocontinental plates, causing all the continental plates to drift and converge and collide into a united paleocontinent (Pangea).

The movement of the plates has caused the leakage of organic matter from the shallow continental shelf exposed beneath the plates. These substances quickly rob the ocean of oxygen and release large amounts of carbon dioxide, rapidly reducing the limited oxygen levels in the ocean to the point where they cannot sustain the marine ecosystem.

At the same time, due to both volcanic activity and the direct impact of organic matter on seawater, the carbon dioxide content increased rapidly, and the greenhouse effect increased rapidly, and in just 60,000 years, the average temperature of the earth rose from 25C to 33C, while the sea temperature in the shallow sea south of China (where the equator was located at that time) reached 40C.

This is the intolerable nature of marine life due to the combination of hypoxia and high temperatures, resulting in the extinction of 97% of marine life.

At the same time, the temperature on the paleoland continued to rise, the air moisture decreased, and the shallow sea was uplifted into land. The moisture in the ocean cannot enter the interior because of the mountains. The climate on the continent becomes arid. Ferns, because they love water, are unable to reproduce in this climate, gradually wither, and even burn out due to volcanic activity. As a result, the forest has become a desert, and the desert area is constantly expanding. Terrestrial amphibians and insects, which also love water, starved to death due to lack of food.

In short, this catastrophe can be described as a catastrophe.

Reptiles on land are affected only by a subset of reptiles that have evolved to reproduce on their own land. The main thing is that they lost a lot of food sources and died of hunger even more. A large number of reptiles of the subclass Inferior and Avoidosaurus became extinct, and the subclass Primosaurus became the dominant terrestrial animal. And the subclass Tonhole became the dominant animal in the ocean.

The Rodont was extinct during the Permian-Triassic extinction event, and was the only evolutionary clade of the Orodont to die during this extinction event.

Most therals died out during the Permian-Triassic extinction event.

The original canine members of the family Protocrocodile, including Protocanidyl, all perished during the Permian-Triassic extinction event.

The Permian mass extinction put an end to the trilobite, a creature that dominated the oceans for more than 300 million years, one of the worst and most significant in history. Since the vast majority of species are extinct, the species on Earth have undergone a radical regeneration, and the history of the Earth has entered the Mesozoic Era from the Paleozoic Era. ”

The next chapter covers the Triassic.

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