readx;? The pottery-making technology of the Hongshan culture has developed more than the early Xinglongwa culture. Some members of the clan with rich experience in pottery making have specialized in this labor, and a large number www.biquge.info of pottery have the similarity of batch processing. There has been a noticeable increase in the yield and quality of pottery.

The level of jade carving technology is high, relying on grinding processing. There are pig-dragon-shaped jade, jade turtle, jade bird, beast-shaped jade, gouyun-shaped jade pendant, hoop-shaped device, rod-shaped jade, etc.

Nearly 100 pieces of jade artifacts of Hongshan culture have been unearthed, among which the large jasper C-shaped dragon unearthed from Red Mountain in Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, has a curly body, a high snout, and fluttering hair, which is very dynamic. The large jade dragon of Hongshan culture is praised by the archaeological community as the "first dragon of China" symbolic of Hongshan culture - the jade dragon of Hongshan culture. The totems of the Yellow Emperor (bears, dragons, turtles, clouds, birds, etc.) recorded in ancient Chinese documents all correspond to the jade artifacts of the Hongshan culture. These totemic jades reflect the production, life, fertility and life of the ancestors of Hongshan in 3500 BC, and the jade dragon and jade phoenix are the most revered jade objects in Hongshan.

A considerable number of fragments of crucibles for copper smelting have been found, indicating that copper smelting has been produced.

The Hongshan culture inherited the Xinglongwa culture, and at the same time, it was also influenced by the Yangshao culture. Hongshan culture is a developed civilization distributed in the West Liao River Basin at the same time as the Yangshao culture of the Central Plains, and the multicultural culture produced by the intersection of the Yangshao culture of the Central Plains in the course of development, is an excellent culture full of vitality and creativity, the connotation is very rich, the handicraft industry has reached a very high stage, forming a very distinctive pottery decorative art and a highly developed jade-making technology.

The main composition of the Liangzhu culture is the Jiuli tribe, which was formed by absorbing the Yandi civilization in the Central Plains. Its leader, Chi You, surnamed Jiang, is a descendant of the Yandi Shennong clan, and once held an official position in charge of bronze smelting in the Yandi Tribal Alliance.

With royal power waning, Chiyou returned to the Liangzhu region, where his wife's tribe was located. Remnants of the matrilineal clan system still exist at that time.

Chiyou taught the skills he mastered to the tribesmen, and the productivity of the tribe was greatly improved, and a tribal alliance was gradually formed. This tribal alliance is known as the "Jiuli", with Chi as the leader, and belongs to a typical agricultural tribal civilization.

Legend has it that Chiyou has a face like a cow's head and two wings on his back, and is the leader of the ox totem and bird totem clans. He had eighty-one brothers, all of whom had copper heads and iron foreheads, eight arms, and nine toes, all of whom had extraordinary abilities. Claim to be a seed of God. Jiulidang is an alliance of nine tribes, each of which contains nine brother clans, for a total of eighty-one brother clans. Chi You is the leader of the Jiuli clan, and his brothers are eighty-one people, that is, eighty-one clan chiefs.

With the help of superior geographical conditions, he continued to work hard to open up, so that the productive forces continued to improve, the social economy continued to develop, and a powerful tribal alliance was established, which divided the ruling area of the former Yan Emperor from a monopoly into Jiuli to occupy the Yangtze River valley in the south, and the Yan Emperor retreated into a small area in the northern Hebei region. In fact, the Jiuli people originated from the Shennong clan, so there is no difference in any race.

Liangzhu Culture: Zhejiang in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Time 0 years. The development of Liangzhu culture is divided into the Stone Period, the Jade Period, and the Pottery Period.

During the period of Liangzhu culture, rice production has been quite developed, from the unearthed large number of triangular stone ploughs and other agricultural tools, Liangzhu people have got rid of a shovel and a shovel of ploughing and took the lead in entering the ploughing stage of continuous farming, thus laying a solid material foundation for the prosperity of the society at that time.

Agriculture has developed from plough agriculture to plough agriculture. The sharp increase in the number of wells used to divert water for drainage indicates the emergence of irrigated agriculture in the Liangzhu culture, which was the first of its kind in Chinese mainland. Irrigation technology has greatly enhanced the ability to resist drought and drainage, put rice agriculture on a more stable basis, and made great contributions to the agricultural development of the vast areas in the south. It led to the high development of productive forces at that time, and also promoted the development of handicrafts. Therefore, the handicraft sectors such as pottery, jade, silk and linen fabrics, ivory, and lacquerware were separated from agriculture, especially the exquisite jade craft, which showed the high level of development of the handicraft industry at that time.

The pottery is most distinctive with clay gray tire polished black leather pottery, using the wheel system, the shape of the vessel is regular, the circle foot vessel is the majority, with the perforation, the slub pattern, the string pattern decoration, there is also color painting. In particular, the combination of ding, bucket and pot constitutes a group of utensils rich in Liangzhu cultural characteristics.

On some pottery and jade artifacts of the Liangzhu culture, a large number of single or group carved symbols with ideographic functions have appeared, which scholars call "primitive characters". It is considered to be the prelude to the maturity of Chinese writing. Writing is an important symbol of civilized society.

The bamboo and wood manufacturing industry has developed to a certain extent. Wooden and bamboo weaving artifacts have been found at many sites, and more than 200 pieces of bamboo products have been unearthed at the Qianshanyang site, indicating that this handicraft industry has also become a specialized production labor for some clan members. A number of rare wooden products such as wooden buckets, wooden plates, wooden spears and wooden arrowheads have been unearthed at the ruins in front of the temple in Liangzhu Town;

The jade of Liangzhu culture has reached the peak of China's prehistoric culture. Jade artifacts include bi, cong, yue, huang, crown, trident jade, jade bracelets, jade tubes, jade beads, jade pendants, cylindrical jade, conical jade, jade belts and rings.

In addition to a few shapes such as jade beads (tubes), grains, and bi, most of the jade artifacts of Liangzhu culture are carved with exquisite and dense ornamentation, indicating that each piece of jade embodies a large amount of labor fruits, and the makers must get rid of the daily labor state for the purpose of obtaining the means of subsistence, and engage in a single jade processing and production, and the means of living need to be provided by the vast number of social groups. At the same time, the shape of jade is relatively standardized, and the pattern and pattern carving are standardized, reflecting the increase of mental labor in the production process, and the trend of being relatively independent of simple physical labor has appeared, and the difference between mental labor and manual labor has been formed.

The jade manufacturing industry of Liangzhu culture inherited the craft tradition of Majiabang culture, and absorbed the experience of various clans of Dawenkou culture in the north and Xuejiagang culture in the east, so that the jade production technology reached the most advanced level at that time. A jade dagger and a jade spoon were unearthed from a tomb in Yaoshan, which was a precious tableware seen for the first time in the Liangzhu culture. Craftsmen who make stone tools have mastered the techniques of selecting and cutting stones, hammering them into billets, drilling holes, and polishing them.

On the basis of the development of social productive forces, the social system of the Liangzhu culture period underwent drastic changes, and the society has been divided into different hierarchies. Most of the aristocratic cemeteries are built with large tombs built by hand, with wide tombs and exquisite burial tools, especially with a large number of exquisitely made jade ritual vessels.