readx;? The most abundant place for early higher primates is in Egypt in Africa, where the primate species of the late Eocene and early Oligocene have, in addition to the African tarsal monkey, many species identified as members of the higher primates, including paraapes (which have the characteristics of both the sub-broad-nosed order and the sub-order Narrow nose) and the proto-superior apes (which are sub-orders of primitive narrow-nosed monkeys and have the characteristics of both monkeys and apes). Pen "Fun" Pavilion www.biquge.info

The new continent monkey is the only primate in the Americas, probably from Africa to South America in the late Eocene, where it evolved independently to form a highly diverse group. The broad-nosed monkey suborder is one of the more primitive groups of higher primates, and its fossils are not very rich, and the fossil species are very similar to the living types. The most striking features of the subnasal order are the wide septum of the nasal cartilage, the lateral opening of the nostrils, the distance between the nostrils, the partial opening of the nasal methyl, and the presence of three premolar teeth.

Birds developed further during the Oligocene.

After the Miocene, the Red Sea began to form, the Arabian Peninsula was separated from Africa, and the East African Rift Valley began to emerge, indicating that East Africa would be further divided and new sea areas or oceans would be born.

Since the Miocene, the global sea and land ship corridors have been very close to the present. Overall, the ocean occupies a larger area, while the land area is smaller. The current Mediterranean coast, such as the Atlas Mountains of North Africa, most of Italy, France and Spain, was once the ancient Mediterranean region, the west coast of France and northern Europe were occupied by the Atlantic Ocean, and the southern part of the west coast of North America and the coastal area of the Gulf of Mexico were also occupied by the ocean.

However, the situation is different in China, where the east coast expanded further eastward for most of the post-Miocene, especially the Bohai and Yellow Seas, and most of them were still land.

Of course, the biggest difference is the presence of the sub-Mediterranean. The sub-Mediterranean is a body of water that remains in the northern part of the mountain range after the Alps have risen from under water. At its maximum, the water body was about 5,000 kilometers long from east to west, an area one and a half times the size of the present-day Mediterranean Sea, starting from the Rhône valley in France and extending eastward along the northern foothills of the Alps, at least to the Aral Sea. With the exception of the Rhône Valley, the Sub-Mediterranean Sea was connected to the Adriatic Sea at various times via the Zagreb lowlands of Yugoslavia, to the Aegean Sea through Greece and to the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean through northwestern Iran. At the end of the Miocene, it was largely cut off from other seas and became an inland sea, which was separated several times, leaving the present-day Aral Sea, the Caspian Sea, the Black Sea, and Lake Balaton in Hungary.

After the Miocene, the climate changed from cool to hot and humid. After the Miocene, the rise of the Tibetan Plateau undoubtedly had a significant impact on the global climate. In China, the climate is becoming more and more divided, with a gradual shift towards arid and cooler. It also played an important role in the formation of deserts in Central Asia.

In the middle Miocene, the ancestors of modern mammals appeared one after another, gradually replacing ancient and primitive mammals, and the modern mammal fauna gradually formed. The rex monkey appeared in East Africa in the Miocene, and in modern times it only existed in Southeast Asia, South Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. Proto-Superior ape is the most primitive representative of the Inferior Order, and is also the common ancestor of the Monkeyidae and the Hominidophylidae. The general family of monkeys is the Old World monkey, and most of the primates in the Old World now belong to this category.

I asked, "Scientists are accustomed to illustrating the relationship between human fossils in the order in which they appeared. Is that really the case?"

Not entirely true, but this is actually simplifying the question of evolution, somewhat similar to the theological statement that human beings are God's favorites.

In fact, the evolutionary history of organisms before the Mesozoic Era shows that when an organism flourishes and the niche of the previous organism is missing, it will diversify rapidly. Dinosaurs, for example, quickly evolved from a single herbivorous dinosaur to a huge family of dinosaurs that quickly dominated the continent, encompassing both land and air, containing both herbivorous and carnivorous species.

Therefore, the primate must also be diversified in the process of development, and the fossils found today only occupy one scale and half a claw, how can it just mean that they happen to be the relationship between grandparents and grandchildren.

Human fossils can only illustrate some of the traces that appeared in the process of natural selection in nature. However, the historical facts cannot be verified, so we have to forcibly explain the evolution of these fossils in chronological order according to our own understanding.

This simplistic approach is similar to the evolution of physics, when Newton studied all the physics of the time, so Newton's classical mechanics was used to explain all the physical laws of the time. However, some phenomena representing the expansion of the universe, such as the redshift in astronomy, proved that Newton's theory was insufficient. So Einstein's theory of relativity came up. The inadequacy of the microscopic scale of relativity led to the emergence of quantum theory.

In this severe shortage of fossil data, scientists, like Newton in the seventeenth century, can only be satisfied with this simplistic theory. "

In the late Miocene, the Chadian Shah people (Homo sapiens, who lived in Africa about 800~7 million years ago) appeared, and the Chadian Shah people are known as the oldest human ancestors, the closest common ancestors of humans and chimpanzees. But remember, although it is a human ancestor, it is not a human being. Modern man refers to the man after entering the Paleolithic civilization, and without the genus of civilized man, we can only call it an ape and cannot be called a man. The so-called civilization is clearly an act represented by the beginning of stone tool making. Without this ability to make and use homemade tools, we would only be able to define it as an ape, even if it looked like a human.

About 6 million years ago, there was a bipedal walking Tugan archa.

Tugen Homo, also known as Millennial Man, Millennium Ape or Tugen Ape, is a descendant of Chadian Shah Ape and lived in the Miocene about 6.10~5.8 million years ago.

The Tugan ape-man is bipedal, able to climb trees (but not arms), and is omnivorous, feeding mainly on fruits and vegetables, and sometimes meat.

Homo Tugan lived mainly in the forests of Africa, about the size of present-day chimpanzees, and was the most recent common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans. Or to put it more easily this way, Tugan was the chimpanzee of the time.

At first, the Tugena people were found in the forests of Africa, but the Sahara Desert began to appear. As a result of the reduction in forest area, chimpanzees in and north of the Rift Valley began to move to the plains. The forests of south-central Africa still exist, so the chimpanzees there are now more adapted to forest life as the four-legged chimpanzees of today. ”

"Humans originated from chimpanzees! I'm afraid some people who think they are noble won't like this answer. ”

"What you just said is also wrong," replied the sage, "it should be said that the Tugenzee are the ancestors, and the chimpanzees have only evolved more to the forest environment than the Tugenans, while humans have evolved in the direction of adaptation to the plains. So chimpanzees and humans are just related, not otherwise. ”

"I see," I asked, "why is there such a big gap between humans and chimpanzees?