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In order to strengthen and deify their rule, the ruler introduced the ritual system of the Central Plains, and the ritual instrument was the guarantee for the ruler to realize the divine rule through the arbitrary determination of sacrifices. Pen & Fun & Pavilion www.biquge.info

Writing is an important symbol of human civilization, and the tiger fang of the Shang Dynasty has its own writing system. Its shape and knot are exactly the same as those of the same characters in the oracle bone inscription and Jin inscription in the Central Plains during the same period, and belong to the same writing system.

In the late summer and early Shang Dynasty, the Central Plains script was introduced here, so that the culture here began to change, and by the late Shang Dynasty, the Central Plains writing system had been promoted here and accepted by the lower classes.

To sum up, in the plain area west of Pengli and east of Dongting, the Hufang culture followed the "three seedlings". The qualitative difference between the pottery group and the bronze group of the Tiger Fang and the Shang culture of the Central Plains, whether it is the combination of pottery used by the lower class of the masses or the combination of bronze ritual vessels used by the upper class rulers, are obviously different from the combination of the habits of the Yin Shang people in the Central Plains, this difference is not the difference in the spatial distribution of the same culture, but the portrayal of the different ritual systems followed by the masters who created these two cultures, and it is a manifestation of the difference between the nation and the community, that is to say, the Hu Fang culture is not the Shang culture, at most it can only be called the Shang Dynasty culture. However, there are still strong elements of the Central Plains Shang culture in the Hufang culture, especially in the bronze vessels and writings, which are more prominent, which may be the result of the Hufang learning from the Central Plains in terms of superstructure, which is also a characteristic of the state form of the economically developed and backward superstructure.

In order to strengthen and deify their rule, the rulers borrowed from the advanced superstructure of the Shang people in the Central Plains to meet the needs of the highly developed economic base of the region. The predominance of indigenous elements in the culture of the late Shang period of the Hufang shows us that they have digested the advanced cultural factors of the Central Plains, successfully completed the transplantation of the political system, embarked on the road of independent development, and grew their national strength day by day.

Recent archaeological materials suggest that after the Shang Dynasty withdrew from the Jianghan Plain, the Hu side may have taken the opportunity to advance northward. The cultural relics of the early Shang period unearthed from the Xianglu Mountain site in Yangluo County, Wuhan City, Hubei Province are completely consistent with the Yin Shang culture of the Central Plains, while the cultural relics of the late Shang section have obvious cultural factors of the southern land.

The presumption of Hufang culture is undoubtedly very helpful for us to correctly understand the civilization of the Shang Dynasty. In the past, the popular view in academic circles was that Shang culture was monolithic, and where Shang-style cultural relics were found, they were included in the territory of the Shang Dynasty. Field archaeological excavations in the past ten years show that there are many local indigenous cultures that develop in parallel with the Shang culture, such as the Xiajiadian culture in the north, the Guangshe culture in the west, the Sanxingdui culture in the southwest, the Hufang culture in the south, and the Yueshi culture in the east. The Shang culture is diverse, not only the Central Plains is a center, the Central Plains Shang culture and the surrounding cultures of the country exchange and promote each other, thus forming a splendid Yin Shang civilization.

In the thirty-fourth year of Wuding (1300 BC), it took three years for the army of the woman to finally conquer the ghost side.

According to the records of the Shang on the use of troops by the northern ethnic groups at that time, the number of soldiers used each time was generally different. If it is said that the lord of Zhongxing with Yin Shang spent three years to conquer the ghost side and failed to completely defeat or destroy it, this is enough to show that the power of the ghost side was quite strong at that time.

According to the oracle bone inscription, the ghost side was defeated by Wu Ding, and the ghost side declined from then on, becoming a vassal state of the Shang Dynasty. And Shuozhou, Shanxi, officially became the territory of the Shang Dynasty after both the earth and the ghost sides were defeated.

According to the Yin Ruin divination, the chieftain of the ghost side participated in the Shang Dynasty's sacrifices, expeditions, and captives of the Qiang people since the time of Wuding, indicating that the powerful ghost side at that time had been conquered by the Shang Dynasty and became a Fang state controlled by the Shang Dynasty.

Ji Zeng, the leader of the Zhou tribe of the Shang Dynasty, agreed to go on an expedition and defeat the ghost side. The ancient book "Bamboo Book Chronicle" records: "In the thirty-fifth year of Wuyi, King Ji of Zhou fell to the west and captured 20 Zhai kings. ”

The result of the Shang kings Wu Ding and Wu Yi's conquest of the ghost and earthwork was to greatly expand the northern territory of the Shang Dynasty until the desert.

After King Wu conquered Shang, the ghosts who were originally ruled by the Shang Dynasty were subordinate to Zhou. The ghost people were constantly relocated to the Central Plains. King Cheng of Zhou gave the first feud of the Jin State Tang Shuyu Zhihuai surname Jiuzong, the historian generally believes that it is the surname of the ghost Fang, to the eastward migration of King Zhou Ping, it has been the same column and the same dynasty as the princes of the other Zhou Dynasty, and gradually integrated with the Huaxia people.

As mentioned earlier, after the Xia Dynasty defeated Sanmiao in Dayu, Sanmiao was disbanded, and some of the descendants of Sanmiao (also the descendants of Emperor Yan surnamed Jiang) went to the West, and combined with the local descendants of Emperor Yan surnamed Jiang to become the Qiang nationality and become the main body of civilization in Xirong. The Qiang became the leading class in Xirong. And the Qiang side is the first Qiang force to appear in the history books.

The Qiang side is generally distributed in the southeast of present-day Qinghai, the southwest of Inner Mongolia, most of Gansu, the north of Sichuan and the west of Shaanxi. Qiang is not so much a nation as a general term for a tribal group, with many tribes that do not belong to each other. Two of the most important of these tribes were the Beiqiang and Maqiang, whose relations and wars with the Shang Dynasty were uncertain.

After the threat from the north was eliminated, Wu Ding sent a heavy army to attack the Qiang side.

The war between Shang and Shang was brutal and fierce. At that time, the number of people dispatched was not large, generally only a thousand, which was similar to a large-scale armed battle, but according to the records, Wuding's war against the Qiang side had mobilized 13,000 people at a time, and these armies, which accounted for half of the capital, were all commanded by women.

In addition to "cutting down Qiang", there are many records of "obtaining Qiang" and "using Qiang", that is, captives of the Qiang people and sacrifices used as human sacrifices, and the number is staggering. Only a small number of the Qiang people captured by the Shang Dynasty became producers, and the vast majority of the Qiang people, from the Fang Bo to the general Qiang, were sacrificed to the gods in the frequent sacrifices of the Shang kings. However, during the Wuding period, to be exact, the entire Qiang people were not conquered in the end of the Shang dynasty, but there were many who surrendered to the Shang.

In the thirty-fourth year of Wuding (BC1300), the Qiang countries came to the table to express their submission.

One more special mention is the week. Wu Ding did not expect that this clan, which was conquered by his crusade and could not be on the stage of history at that time, would later overthrow the rule of his descendants in one fell swoop and seize the world of Shang.

The expedition to the east was relatively light, but the divination also mentions the Zhengyi side and the dragon side (Taishan District, Tai'an, Shandong), all of which were victorious and subjugated.