"Yes, what the queen said is that the Russian wolf is ambitious, a few days ago, when Weichen and the sixth master went to Russia to negotiate, they went for Russia's ambitions, Weichen looked at the map of all countries in the world, and saw that Britain and France were very far away from China, and there was no need to worry that they wanted to invade China, but this Russia is a bad neighbor, and it is true that we must be careful, not to mention that the national border was just agreed with Russia a few years ago, and this Russia has not been damaged in the events that occurred in Britain and France, of course, there is no need to compensate," Qinghai in recent years, But I knew a lot of things about foreigners, and Xingzhen couldn't help nodding again and again, "The United States has not sent troops to China now, in addition to the lack of national strength, and does not want to have a stalemate with the Qing Dynasty. Pen × fun × Pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 ｉｎｆｏ”

"Very good," Xingzhen approved with satisfaction, "It can be seen that Qinghai has indeed worked hard, just do this, so you won't be able to poke the big basket." ”

"The queen mother praised it falsely, and Weichen was ashamed," Qinghai was not proud, and hurriedly asked, "How to deal with Britain and France, and ask the mother to show me." ”

"Now that the state affairs are difficult, the British and French ships are strong, and our new army has not been trained, it can only be endured and humiliated," Deling continued, and it was difficult for him to repeat the queen's words so thoroughly and thoroughly, "The indemnity is less, but it can be saved, and the other terms that harm China can only be swallowed for the time being." ”

After De Ling finished speaking, he didn't make a sound, just stood on the ground with his hands down, Gui Liang thought about it, nodded, and bowed his hand to De Ling, "Please also ask your father-in-law to thank the old man and the queen's mother, it can really be said that you can see the bright moon through the dark clouds!" Gui Liang said to Prince Gong overjoyed, now this peace talks, the most difficult thing to figure out is the emperor's meaning, now that he knows the thoughts of the emperor's most trusted person, the emperor's thoughts are not difficult to figure out, Gui Liang put his heart back in his stomach, and his restless mood became calm. At least this errand is not for merit, but for no fault.

Gui Liang looked at Prince Gong and De Ling, who were silent, and knew that the two of them still had something to say, so he stood up. "The old man will go back to the house first and take a look, and think about it one by one, and it will be cheaper to go to Tianjin when the time comes, and he will leave."

"Father-in-law, please," Prince Gong bowed slightly. After Gui Liang left, Fang said to De Ling, who was silent, "It's rare for De Daban to come to this king's palace, in addition to looking for this king's father-in-law today, what's the matter, what else does the master of Chuxiu Palace have to tell me?" ”

"The prince laughed, where can I talk about any orders," De Ling glanced up at Yi, only to see a disapproving meaning in his eyes, "The queen mother asked the old slave to tell the prince." Let the prince get ready, and you can go out of the mountain in a few days. ”

"What! What you said is true? Yi couldn't believe it, and hurriedly asked, the Qing generation is different from the Ming Dynasty, the emperor's relatives are really common, compared with the Han bureaucrats, the Son of Heaven often trusts the clan more, Prince Gong, who originally boasted of being a talent for governing the country, was beaten into the cold palace for so many years, and he was itchy for a long time, but he couldn't find a chance to come back on an errand. Now that he hears that he has the hope of making a comeback, where can Prince Gong not pay special attention?

"Yes, that's what the Queen said," Deling continued. "Please also ask the prince to pay more attention to the affairs of foreigners, and the future will be brilliant here!"

The defeat of the Qing army made Xianfeng only send Guiliang, a scholar of Dongge University, Shangshu Hua Shana, and Qinghai as ministers of the Imperial Mission to Tianjin on June 1 in accordance with the requirements of Britain and France. From the very beginning, the focus of the negotiations was on the "envoy stationed in Beijing." Emperor Xianfeng planned to use Qiying to mediate. On the fold, Zhu criticized Qiying:

"Go to Beijing to pay respects. The agreements can be compromised as soon as possible. And the ships were retreated to the barrage. Then we will discuss the matter of entering Beijing. China treats people with integrity. There is no other intention. However, there is no precedent for any other country to enter Beijing. This time there should be courtesy. It must also be mutually agreed. According to Chinese etiquette. To each Yi into Beijing. Chinese people. and they will be astonished. It must be told first. It cannot be done on an ad hoc basis. Please enter Beijing again. All of them are sown from it. Britain, Buddhism, and rice are all profitable. This was not said before.

Qi Yingliang has arrived in Tianjin. You can go to Britain, Buddha (France), and rice (United States). will ask for what is asked. Discretionary. As promised by Guiliang and Hua Shana. Caiyi was still not satisfied. A few more rules were allowed by the elderly. Or the Yi is familiar with the situation of the elderly. The invitation to enter Beijing can be eliminated. is more secure. At this time, Gui Liang and others were used as the first refutation. Leaving the senior youth behind. Someone who thinks it's all about it. Situation in Tsu-gun. It is critical. I had to be accommodating too. This is known by the secret oracle of six hundred miles. ”

thought that it would be possible to rely on Qiying's past experience in signing contracts with the British, but after the British and French forces occupied Guangzhou, they searched through the archives of the Guangzhou government, and knew the inside story of the Nanjing Treaty that year, so they made it difficult for Qiying many times, and took out Qiying's insulting words for foreigners in the official documents of the two Guangzhous, and humiliated Qiying in turn, and Qiying was ashamed and embarrassed, seeing that it could not be done, and returned to Beijing privately two days later. From June 13 to 18, Guiliang successively signed the Sino-Russian and Sino-US "Tianjin Treaty" with the ministers of Russia and the United States; On the 19th, Gui Liang reported on the negotiations with the British: The British asked the envoys to stay in Beijing for a long time, and the capital was unhindered except for the important places forbidden by the palace. When the news reached Beijing, it soon caused a great uproar in the Manchu Dynasty.

More than 10 people, including Zhou Zupei, the secretary of the Ministry of Justice, Zhao Guang, the secretary of the Criminal Department, and Xu Naipu, the secretary of the Ministry of Industry, jointly signed a petition to put forward the "eight evils" of the "Minister in Beijing": 1. Know my actions, both quickly and detailed; Second, the establishment of high-rise buildings, peeping at my palace forbidden; 3. Construction of embassies and demolition of residential offices; Fourth, wait and see the Majesty's road, no one dares to forbid; Fifth, set up a museum to preach, go to my clothes and ceremonies; Sixth, the people are miscellaneous, there are lawsuits, and there is no way to judge; 7. Covering commercial taxes, arbitrary exchanges, and the access control tax is abolished; 8. Korea, the Ryukyus and other countries have thus bred contempt.

There is an imperial historian named Yin Gengyun who proposed: After these Yi people came to Beijing, what etiquette did the emperor use to meet them? If foreigners stay in Beijing and don't leave, how should they be driven away? Another imperial historian named Chen Jun put forward the "Yixia Defense Theory" that represents the views of most people: "Waiyi has never surrendered to China, entered the tributary, and returned immediately after the completion of the matter, and did not stay for a long time, so the great defense of China and foreign countries is also strict." If a person who listens to different words and obeys is entrenched in the capital and enters and leaves freely, he will be guilty of dirt and treachery, and the harm will not be caused." Even Prince Gong Wang Yi, who was later known for his harmony and advocated the "Westernization Movement", also demanded that he not show weakness in the negotiations at this time. "If the outsiders are rude and wanton, take it down immediately, or correct the law on the spot, or relieve the capital of the crime."

The fact that so many officials made comments on the same day about the "envoy stationed in Beijing" was already a big political tide in the Xianfeng Dynasty. However, these speakers were completely ignorant of the practice of sending envoys to other European countries, which was already in practice at that time. It's just that they use the model of envoys stationed in Beijing in their minds to speculate on its harm. In fact, the reason for opposing the "envoy stationed in Beijing" was most fully expressed by Emperor Xianfeng himself. In his edict to Guiliang, he clearly pointed out: "The puppet envoy of the Zhunyi chieftain is stationed in Beijing, and he is coerced at every turn, and the war is in a dilemma, and the harm is endless, so it is better to fight." On June 24, Xianfeng ordered Gui Liang to delay under the pretext that "if we allow it without authorization, the emperor will punish us severely", and on the other hand, he issued an order to the monk Lingqin in Tianjin, redouble the defense, and prepare to break up. Gui Liang received this edict the next day, and the British side also sent a draft treaty on this day, requesting that it be signed the next day and that it should not be changed. On the afternoon of the 26th, the British envoy Ergin sent someone to say that if the contract was not signed on time, the war would start immediately. At 6 o'clock that night, Gui Liang and Erjin signed the "Sino-British Treaty of Tianjin," which included the content of "the envoy stationed in Beijing." On the 27th, the Sino-French Treaty of Tianjin was signed with the French envoy Gro.

After the treaty was signed, Gui Liang wrote a long story, listing five reasons for his inability to start a war with Britain and France, "The time is like this, the personnel is like this, and the overall situation is like this, so I have to agree and urge him to withdraw the troops and ships as soon as possible to reassure the people." On July 3, Emperor Xianfeng received a copy of the Sino-British and Sino-French treaties, as well as Gui Liang's recital. Gui Liang reported to Xianfeng: The British and French warships are about to retreat, but if there is no emperor Zhu Pi, who satisfies the British and French, the war will start again. In desperation, Xianfeng picked up the pen and wrote the word "according to the proposal" on the Sino-British and Sino-French "Tianjin Treaty".

Synthesizing the "Treaty of Tianjin" of Britain, France, the United States, and Russia, the main contents are: 1. The envoy is stationed in Beijing and uses Western etiquette to meet the emperor; 2. Niuzhuang, Dengzhou, Tainan, Tamsui, Chaozhou, Qiongzhou, Zhenjiang and Nanjing will be added as treaty ports; 3. Foreigners may travel, trade, and preach in the interior with a "license"; 4. Amend the customs tariff rules to reduce the banknotes of merchant ships; 5. Compensate 2 million taels of British silver and 1 million taels of French silver, and after the signing of the treaty, the British and French troops withdrew from Guangzhou. (To be continued.) )

PS: There is a person who is not good at calligraphy, but he likes to write for people everywhere. One day, I saw someone else holding a white paper fan, and I wanted to write an inscription. But the man fell to his knees. He said, "But write you a few words, why thank me!" The man replied, "I beg you not to spoil my fan." ”

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