Regarding the origin of mitochondria, Bi Fang knows that there is a very interesting hypothesis.

Mitochondria used to be eukaryotic organelles of bacteria and are endosymbiotic with humans.

To put it simply, mitochondria were an independent organism a long, long time ago, and by chance they combined with humans and finally became a part of the human body.

To this day, it still has a certain "independence".

The proof is that mitochondria are completely different from the human genome.

The mitochondrial genome is 16569 in length and encodes 37 genes, mainly related to the respiratory chain.

The human nuclear genome is 3 billion in length and encodes 2-30,000 genes, including the entire contents.

There is no homology between the two sequences.

Whereas, the genomes of other tissues in the human body are all human nuclear genomes.

The gold standard for classification in modern biology is based on genome rather than physical characteristics, as was the case with many classification methods in the past.

Some of them are different in length, but they are actually a genus, and some look very similar in fact, and they are very far away.

For example, the mouse-like tree shrew is actually a close relative of humans, while the Tibetan mastiff and the teacup dog appear to be two species entirely, the latter not even as large as the former's reproductive organs, but not even reproductive isolation.

But internal symbiosis is not parasitism, these are two different things.

For single-celled organisms to survive, they need to ingest matter and energy.

Just as "big fish eat small fish, small fish eat shrimp", large cells also swallow small cells.

This process is called "endocytosis".

The process of endocytosis is closely related to the fluidity of the cell membrane, and the swallowed thing will be wrapped in a layer of cell membrane into the cell, and the cell will carry out a series of operations to decompose and utilize it, and spit it out of the cell, and the process of spit out is called exocytosis.

What if it's a small cell that is swallowed?

This small cell is swallowed but not digested, but lives in symbiosis in the large cell, which is called endosymbiosis.

Some genes can be absorbed and integrated by the human body, but once integrated, a new system is formed, which is no longer separated from each other and obeys the expression regulation of the whole system.

Now, if the mitochondria are isolated separately, it cannot be reduced to the original bacteria and the original life.

This is actually very common, and there are many such imprints in the human genome.

Just like the virus that invaded the human genome millions of years ago changed the opening and closing patterns of genes in human embryonic stem cells.

About 10 billion years ago, a large, phagogyal-capable archakyotyote swallowed an aerobic, smaller, progenitor prokaryote.

Engulfing is a problem, but be safe, it's not good to kill the creatures that are swallowed.

Archaeopteryx may have had a range of stress changes to protect themselves.

For example, the massive invagination of the cell membrane forms the primitive endoplasmic reticulum membrane system, which restricts the activity of the engulfed bacteria.

The primitive endoplasmic reticulum membrane system is further specialized, encapsulating the genetic material of the cell to form the nucleus.

Archaeopteryx became Archaeopteryx eukaryotes.

Some of the engulfed aerobic bacteria are not only not digested and decomposed, but gradually survive in the large, protokaryotic cells.

It may be that aerobic bacteria think it's good to have a home, and they don't leave in the progenitor cells.

It's also quite simple to be a creature, how to be comfortable, how to come, why bother with all that effort?

The progenitor cell phase is also acceptable, which is equivalent to having a pet, although it has to be eaten and sheltered, but it can obtain glycolysis energy and products from aerobic bacteria, which is not a loss.

As a result, the two organisms form an interdependent symbiote, which is beneficial to both parties.

In this way, in the process of long-term evolution, the engulfed organisms transition from parasitism to symbiosis, and eventually form mitochondria.

The evidence in favour of this theory is mainly due to the comparison of mitochondria and eubacteria, which are found to be similar in many ways.

The size is similar.

Proliferates in a binary fission manner.

Has similar covalent, closed, circular DNA.

Ribosomes are similar in size and structure, and the coefficient of precipitation is the same.

Protein synthesis can be inhibited by antibiotics.

In addition, endosymbiosis may explain why mitochondria are double-membraned, but unlike most people think, the double-membrane may be bacterial.

However, this is only the most common and accepted academic hypothesis, and it is not an ironclad case.

Bi Fang shook off his complicated thoughts.

It's useless to think about it too much, and you still have to use it in the end anyway.

Using the enhancement coupon, the same process as before appeared in my mind, and this time the reinforcement is more subtle and silent than the muscle control enhancement.

Far from being hot, it was like entering a cool autumn.

After everything was over, Bi Fang had a lot of extra information in his mind, and he suddenly realized the direct effect of this coupon.

Improve and optimize the energy supply efficiency of mitochondria, and further improve efficiency when the body is in a crisis state.

To put it simply, it is a burst of seeds.

Similar to the secretion of adrenaline in a crisis, the strength, speed, and response of the person will be enhanced, and the mitochondria at this time will also have the same effect.

It's like hitting double the adrenaline that can burst out with more strength and energy.

As for whether there is an additional effect of prolonging life, this is unknown.

Bi Fang itself is inclined to exist, after all, the strengthening of the system has always been powerful.

"Whew."

With a long sigh of relief, Bi Fang felt unprecedented comfort, and at the same time, his eyelids became heavy and a little drowsy.

At this time, the sun had not yet set, but Bi Fang still chose to go to bed.

In the evening, a staff member called out to Bi Fang outside the tent to go to dinner.

Bi Fang opened his eyes in a daze, and his sleep was interrupted halfway, still very sleepy, but the gurgling stomach also protested.

After a short period of entanglement, Bi Fang still chose to refuse, saying that he still wanted to rest.

If you agree, then you can't come back to sleep after eating, and the professor will definitely invite Bi Fang to talk, and he won't be able to return at all for an hour at that time.

Bi Fang has experienced this experience many times, and he is deeply touched by it.

It wasn't until noon the next day that Bi Fang got up.

When I woke up refreshed and washed up just in time for lunch, there was no happier moment.

After feeding Alpha some forage, Bi Fang set off for the cafeteria.

In the large white tent, simple square tables are neatly arranged, and people are coming one after another, cooking in front of several stainless steel cauldrons, and then choosing a seat to sit down.

Bi Fang doubled his share and chose a diagonal to sit down, although it was not enough for him to eat, but there was no more food on a plate.

There's no need to bother others to wash a few more dishes, it's free anyway, so you can come a few more times.

"How is Mr. Bi Fang's rest?"

As soon as Bi Fang sat down, Waziri also sat on the opposite corner of him with the plate, scooping into the hummus with a spoon and greeting.

Waziri did have the idea of entertaining Bi Fang yesterday, but the other party did not come.

However, although he didn't come, no one had the idea that Bi Fang didn't know the current affairs, and anyone who walked in the vast desert for more than two months wanted to sleep well after it was over.

It would be stupid to have to pull the other party up to socialize, and it is even more understandable to hear that the other party was floating at sea for more than a month before crossing the Sahara.

"Good, it's the most comfortable I've slept in three months." Bi Fang gave a thumbs up, and at the same time forked a pigeon, and chewed directly with the belt meat and bones, and his tongue was full of relish.

After being hungry for 24 hours, eating such a big meal is outrageously satisfying, like swallowing a large glass of ice water when you are thirsty in the hot summer, and like drinking a steaming mouthful of mutton soup on a cold winter day.

Egypt is a typical Arab country that believes in Izolanism, so pork and related foods are almost impossible to find, and they do not eat any animal offal and undercooked food, so there is no market for sashimi and other foods in Egypt.

It can also be painful for drunkards to arrive in Egypt, as the local drinks are non-alcoholic and the Egyptians also prohibit the consumption of alcohol.

Although there are many taboos, they do not affect the love of Egyptians for food.

Local flavors are on the strong side, with chili, curry, pepper, etc. being used in most dishes, and Egyptians prefer rich, charred and soft foods.

In this way, the taste is biased towards Bi Fang's stomach.

Plus the food here is quite plentiful.

A kind of scholar plus a government worker, the food here cannot be bad, all kinds of meat are available.

Seeing Bi Fang swallow heavily, Waziri's face smiled even more.

Almost everyone has a side of Amway in their hearts, recommending what they like to others, and after receiving praise, they will get a sense of identity.

At this time, Waziri had a faint pleasure in his heart.

"Roasted pigeons are a must-eat dish for the groom when we get married, we stuff rice and broad beans into the belly of the pigeon, and the meat is juicy and fragrant."

"Another way to make a stew is to put pigeon meat, onions, tomatoes and rice in clay pots."

Bi Fang gave a thumbs up, swallowed a piece of pigeon wings and bones, and praised: "I'll definitely try it when I have time." ”

"Our kebabs here are also very popular, they are all made from the best lamb brushed with salt, pepper, olive oil and other seasonings, and then cut into small pieces of meat and worn on an iron chisel, the grilled meat skewers are golden and buttery, fragrant, very juicy, and can be dipped in sauce when eating."

Waziri stepped aside and came back with a plate of kebabs.

Bi Fang didn't see this thing over there before, thinking that it was the "small stove" that the other party opened for him.

For such a formalistic thing, Bi Fang just wants to say.

Come more!

Bi Fang unceremoniously picked it up and gnawed it, the mutton was chopped and seasoned with spices, and then skewered with iron brazing, and the roasted meat was fragrant and fragrant, which made people move their appetite.

After eating, you can also drink a bowl of Molokia.

A green soup made of mallow leaves, mashed with mutton, chicken, or rabbit, butter, green onions and other foods boiled together, the cooked mallow soup is a little sticky, but the taste is delicious, you can also use garlic to enhance the flavor when eating, and the skewers together are very greasy.

Then Bi Fang ate all the skewers in Waziri's astonishing gaze, and burped a little indecently.

"I've long heard that Egypt is the country of spices, and it really deserves its name!"

"I saw many different kinds of spices along the way, but unfortunately there were not many of them and I couldn't collect them."

"That's a shame."

Waziri has no regrets.

The Sahara is not entirely barren, although most of the world's farmers and city dwellers consider it to be empty, uncultivateable, uninhabitable, and of little use to humanity today.

But this land is not worthless to humans.

For thousands of years, something extremely valuable has appeared in this dry land, and that is spices.

Spices are very useful, you can eat, smell and pickle mummies.

Just like cinnamon star anise, it can be used not only to make dishes, but also to make sachets.

When it comes to the history of the use of incense, when the Egyptian pharaohs began to play with spices, the European aristocracy was still picking fruits.

After observing the Egyptian murals, you will find that the daily life of the pharaohs is probably as follows: one spice jar one day, two tomorrow, and the day after tomorrow to find someone who does not have it to show off, it is simply a joy.

Chemical ecologists believe that high temperatures and dry climates have outweighed the disadvantages for the evolution of aromatic plants containing benzene ring compounds.

The aroma of the leaves of many aromatic plants may help them resist heat, drought and herbivores.

This fragrant, highly volatile, fleeting chemical is more concentrated in plants in dry climates than in plants elsewhere.

Coupled with the problem of body odor of the Egyptians, this desert has become the most suitable place for the growth of the world's most functional aromatic plants.

So along the way, Bi Fang collected a lot of spice seeds, but unfortunately there were many types and small quantities, so he was reluctant to use them for cooking.

Now I'm finally satisfied.

After the meal, Waziri talked to Bi Fang about the travel experience, and also told the intention of the follow-up excavation work of the ancient tomb before leaving, and before leaving, he invited Bi Fang to participate in today's bonfire dinner.

Bi Fang originally planned to refuse, but after he heard Waziri say that there was a whole roast sheep in the evening, he was so enthusiastic that he could only reluctantly agree.

The next day, a satisfied Bi Fang chose to leave in a truck carrying fresh water.

As for Alpha, it was consigned by another truck.

Before leaving, Bi Fang also presented a flint dagger made by himself to Waziri, which was regarded as a thank you for the two days of hospitality.

In the end, after two days in Cairo, the capital of Egypt, Bi Fang bought a ticket and returned to China, while Alpha had one day to arrive because it was a special consignment.

As soon as he opened the door, Bi Fang heard the clatter of paws against the floor.

Then several big furry dogs poured down the stairs like a white torrent, rushing towards Bi Fang.

Obviously, I haven't seen him for three months, although there is an aunt who comes to feed him every day, but Fugui and Wangcai have not forgotten his old master.

Then Bi Fang felt like he was in a sea of spears, almost out of breath, and slippery tongues everywhere.

When the Six Roads attacked, even a wilderness master like Bi Fang could not break free for a while, and it took him a few minutes before he felt that the enthusiasm of the dogs had subsided a little.

"That's pretty much it." Bi Fang stretched out his hand and pinched the dog's mouth, "Tomorrow I will take you to the club to have fun, and by the way, I will meet new friends." ”

The alpha is too large to be placed at home.

Therefore, Bi Fang is going to place it in the club, anyway, it is not far away, you can visit it often, and I think it prefers a more open environment.