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Example: Chapter 0010 of "The First Prince of the Han Dynasty": Popular Science of Characters - Zhou Lu Lingwu Marquis Lu Ze.

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In the opening part, a considerable number of readers expressed different opinions on the character of 'Lu Ze'.

Some classmates said that Lu Ze was very awesome in history, but because of the rebellion of Zhulu after the death of Empress Lu, he was put on the Spring and Autumn penmanship by historians;

Some classmates also said that Lu Ze is a brother-in-law who was promoted by Liu Bang by virtue of his status as a relative, and he is not very good at all, otherwise why can't Lu Ze be seen in the list of hundreds of officials and ministers, and there is no figure in "Historical Records" and "Book of Han"?

First of all, we need to be clear: the vast majority of the content in the Book of Han is based on the Historical Records.

Before studying the "Historical Records" and figuring out Lu Ze's ability, as well as his contributions and status before and after the founding of the Han Dynasty, we first need to agree that Sima Qian, the author of the "Historical Records", was not a neutral historian in the absolute sense.

I have the following arguments to support this argument.

One of them: Under the pen of Taishi Gong, Feng Tang is easy to be old, and Li Guang is difficult to seal.

In Sima Qian's view, Feng Tang and Li Guang seem to have failed to get the treatment they deserve, failed to reach the height they should have, and were suppressed by the Han system.

However, in the "Historical Records" written by Sima Qian himself, it is not difficult for us to find that Feng Tang and Li Guang did not meet each other with their talents, but suffered by themselves.

In the "Historical Records", such an incident is recorded: one day, the carriage of Emperor Liu Heng of the Han Dynasty was walking on the road and met Feng Tang; The two chatted for a few words, and Liu Heng sighed: How good would it be if I had generals like Lian Po and Li Mu to resist the Huns?

Hearing this, Feng Tang said without saving face: Even if Lian Po and Li Mu are alive, they will not be used by His Majesty at all!

As soon as he heard this, Liu Heng returned to the palace angrily, and the more he thought about it, the more he felt aggrieved, so he called Feng Tang into the palace again, and said: If I have anything wrong, Mr. can point it out in private, why do you humiliate me in public?

Feng Tang's answer was: Contemptible people don't know taboos.

Perhaps in Sima Qian's view, this is the embodiment of Feng Tang's honesty and integrity, but if we think about it for a while, we will find that this is not the case.

I tried to recreate the dialogue between Feng Tang and Emperor Wen Liu Heng in a modern way as the following scene.

When an official travels and meets an old man, he chats with the old man about big things without any pretense, and finally sighs: How good would it be if there were talents to help build the country? As a result, the old man said: Even if there is talent, it will not give you a service.

The official was very angry, but he did not have a seizure, and then he privately approached the old man and said: If I do not do my job well, the old man can give me advice, why should I destroy the majesty of the government in public? The old man said, "I'm like this, and I speak straight."

What kind of person in power would reuse such an old man with emotional intelligence?

What's more, in the period of feudal kings, an emperor who thought that his business level was quite good?

If Feng Tang is placed in modern times, I am afraid that even a village-level unit will not be able to emerge.

Therefore, Taishi Gong's Feng Tang Yi Lao is not Emperor Wen Liu Heng and Emperor Jing Liu Qi who made him old, but that he himself cut off his career; In modern terms: old man, the road is narrow......

Looking back, it was difficult to seal Li Guang.

Feng Tang is easy to get old, it is a matter of emotional intelligence, Feng Tang's own business level may not have any hard injuries, but Li Guang is a pure political giant baby.

Also in the "Historical Records", after Emperor Jing ascended the throne, during the rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms of Wu and Chu, Li Guang rushed to the aid of Liang as a central general, but in the process of countering the rebellion, he received the general seal of Liu Wu, the king of Liang.

A brief analysis of the rebellion of Wu and Chu, it is not difficult for us to find that the rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms of Wu and Chu in the reign of Emperor Jing was not so much a local confrontation with the central government, but rather a sequelae of Emperor Wen Liu Heng's side branch to succeed as his successor.

Originally, the throne should have belonged to Emperor Hui Liu Ying, but when Empress Lu died, Chen Ping, Zhou Bo and other ministers colluded inside and outside to wash the relatives of the Lu family in blood, and Liu Heng, the king of the dynasty, joined the succession.

This move not only made Liu Xiang, the king of Qi Ai, hold a grudge, but also made other side branches of the Liu family have evil thoughts: Liu Heng can be a side branch, why can't I?

And in such an internal struggle with the nature of 'seizing the heir', the position of Liu Wu, the king of Liang, is also very delicate.

As the half-brother of Emperor Jing Liu Qi, Liu Wu, the king of Liang, received strong support from the central government of Chang'an, because Emperor Jing Liu Qi trusted Liu Wu enough, and Liang was located outside the Hangu Pass, which was the last line of defense for the east gate of the Guandong.

But in the case of such trust, Liu Wu, the king of Liang, came up with an evil idea that he should not have, and once relied on the important strategic position of Liang to coerce Emperor Jing Liu Qi with his mother Dou Yifang to establish himself as the prince.

Such a person who threatens the throne of Emperor Jing Liu Qi, whether it is for Emperor Jing Liu Qi or the Central Committee of Chang'an, is a person who cannot be offended for the time being, and will have to be cleaned up sooner or later. In this case, Li Guang took over the general seal of Liu Wu, the king of Liang, which was almost no less than a political defection.

This is not difficult to explain the real reason why 'Li Guang is difficult to seal': Li Guang's military force value is close to the full level, but his political consciousness is almost zero, and he is embarrassed to be of great use.

Under the Han Dynasty's standard of 'being a pillar of the country', Li Guang was not awarded the title for the rest of his life, which is actually inevitable; I would also like to believe that in that era, except for Sima Qian, no one would think that 'Li Guang's difficulty in being sealed' was so embarrassing and incomprehensible.

'Feng Tang is easy to be old, Li Guang is difficult to seal', this is the first evidence that I doubt the neutrality of Sima Qian's history.

The second point: the peach and plum do not speak, and the river becomes its own.

As we all know, Sima Qian himself has a subjective admiration for tragic heroes such as Xiang Yu, Li Guang, and Li Ling, and this subjective attitude is also reflected in the "Historical Records", Sima Qian's portrayal of these tragic characters.

But what we need to pay attention to is that the premise that Sima Qian is a historian and a prince is Taishi is that Sima Qian is a Han official.

As an official of the Han Dynasty, even in such a transcendent position as a historian, Sima Qian also needs to pay attention to political correctness, but from the "Historical Records", we do not see such an attitude at all.

Regarding Li Guang, who had the stain of 'military defection', Sima Qian's evaluation was: 'His body is upright, and he will not be ordered; His body is not right, although he does not obey the order'. What is General Li called? I saw that General Li was as contemptible as a contemptible, and he couldn't speak. and the day of death, the world knows and does not know, and they are all mourning. He is loyal and honest to the doctor? As the saying goes, "The peach and plum do not speak, and the next is its own". Although this statement is small, it can be said big. "Have the courage to be an enemy, love the soldiers, give orders without annoyance, and master and apprentice."

In the eyes of those who are not in the know, this evaluation may be that Li Guang is really an outstanding general and a tragic figure of a national hero, but if it is combined with the political stain of Li Guang's 'private receipt of General Liang Wang's seal', it is undoubtedly extremely subjective.

I have a certain degree of contempt for Sima Qian's use of this evaluation to distort the interpretation of Li Guang by later generations.

There is also Sima Qian's evaluation of Li Ling:

"Filial piety in the mausoleum, and faith in the scholars, often work hard to die for the country. It has the style of a countryman. If nothing is done today, the minister who protects his wife will be short, and it will be painful! And the Lingti foot soldiers are less than 5,000, deep in the land of horses, suppressing tens of thousands of divisions, captives to save the dead and help the wounded, and the people who raise the bow to besiege it. Turning thousands of miles, the arrow is exhausted, the soldier is empty, the white blade, the north is fighting for the enemy, and the death force of the people is not enough. Although he was defeated, the defeat he was also violent enough to be violent in the world. He is immortal, and he should be able to repay the Han as well. ”

A sentence 'filial piety, with the faith, often regardless of the urgency of martyrdom for the country.' It is quite ironic to see Sima Qian's intention to cover up Li Ling's intention to cover up Li Ling's judgment of the Han Dynasty, whitewash Li Ling's stains, and distort the senses of later generations.

The third point: being in the times.

As we all know, Sima Qian is a historical figure in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, born about 140 BC, for Li Guang, Li Ling and other figures, Sima Qian may be able to barely talk about 'personal experience' and 'personal witness', but for Zhulu that occurred between 200 BC and 180 BC, Sima Qian's information acquisition channel should only be 'hearsay'.

As for the channel of learning the truth through the royal archives and the emperor's living records, it can also be ruled out. Because it is different from the 'family of historians' in the impression of modern people, Sima Qian's family is by no means a historian with any historical origin.

From the genealogy of the Sima Qian family, it is not difficult for us to see this.

Sima Qian's eighth ancestor: Sima Cuo, a military general of the Qin State;

Sixth ancestor: Sima Jin, military general of the Qin State;

Gaozu: Sima Chang, an iron official during the Qin Shi Huang period;

Great-grandfather: Sima Wuyi, the mayor of the Han Gaozu period (the chief of the market);

Grandfather: Sima Xi, no official position, the title of five doctors.

It was not until Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty Liu Che restored the position of 'Taishi Ling' and appointed Sima Qian's father Sima Tan as the first Taishi Ling of the Western Han Dynasty that the Sima family became related to the term 'Shijia'.

Sima Tan was appointed by Emperor Wu Liu Che as Taishi Ling, which can basically be determined as: specially responsible for recording the great achievements of Emperor Wu Liu Che and passing them on to future generations.

Prior to this, there was a high probability that the emperor's living records during the period of Emperor Gao of the Han Dynasty and the period of Emperor Hui and Liu Ying were also 'corrected' after Emperor Wen ascended the throne.

At that time, under the background of Qin Shi Huang's burning of the history books of the Six Kingdoms and Xiang Yu's burning of Xianyang Palace, Sima Qian wrote down the Five Emperors' Benji, Xia Benji, Yin Benji, and Zhou Benji in the name of 'Chronicles' in the "Historical Records", which is undoubtedly enough to make people doubt the source of Sima Qian's history.

Through these three points, after dialectical analysis, it is not difficult for us to come to the conclusion that Sima Qian's writings generally ensure the elaboration of objective facts, and there is no problem with the general historical context, but for the historical facts before Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, especially before the death of Empress Lü, Sima Qian did not have absolutely convincing sources, and Sima Qian did not avoid the influence of subjective emotions in the description of some historical figures.

At this point, when we look back at the history books, Zhou Luhou and Lu Ze, who seem to have no sense of existence, may be much clearer.

Sima Qian's period was the period of Emperor Liu Che of the Han Dynasty, after the rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms of Wu and Chu, the legitimacy of the imperial lineage of Emperor Liu Heng of the Han Dynasty was beyond doubt.

From the many vivid events in the "Historical Records", but it is completely impossible to explain 'how did Sima Qian know about this', it is not difficult for us to see that for Emperor Hui Liu Ying, Gao Hou Lu Pheasant, and Lu Tai's relatives including Lu Tai, Lu Lu, and Lu Chan, Taishi Gong has different degrees of ugliness.

So, what kind of person is Zhou Luhou Lu Ze?

Also through the record of "Historical Records", we can know that Lu Ze is the eldest son of Lu Gong and the eldest brother of Lu Pheasant.

During the reign of Qin Shi Huang, Duke Lü moved his family to Fengyi and was entertained by the Fengyi Order, which shows that the Lü family should be a well-known family.

On the other hand, in the Liu family, Liu Bang's official position is the head of the Surabaya Pavilion, the eldest brother Liu Xian, the second brother Liu Xi is farming, and the fourth brother Liu Jiao is studying.

It can be seen from the fact that the youngest son Liu Jiao has the money to go out to study, as a down-and-out nobleman, Liu Taigong Liu Xuan should have some family background, but from Liu Bang's position as the 'Surabaya Pavilion Chief', it is not difficult to see that in Fengyi at that time, the status of the Liu family was far inferior to that of the Lu family.

So, the question is: does Liu Bang, the head of the Surabaya Pavilion, really have the appeal to lead the entire Fengpei to rebel?

The peddler Fan Xu, Liu Bang may still be able to support the move, so Zhou Bo, Cao Shen, Xiao He and others, who are officials in the county government, as the subordinate Liu Bang, really have the personality charm of 'we rebel, you are my little brother'?

Maybe, but I personally prefer to: these 'little' characters who are famous in history, Liu Bang is not enough by virtue of his identity as the head of the Surabaya Pavilion, and it should be Lu Ze, the eldest son of the famous Lu family in Fengyi, who came forward to introduce Liu Bang.

This can be seen from the "Historical Records", before the establishment of the Han Dynasty, most of the wars in which Cao Shen participated, there was a looming figure of Lu Ze, Xiao He, Zhou Bo and other rich old ministers, and they also repeatedly came forward to defend the Lu family for free, Fan Hao married the Lu family's daughter, and everyone was quite close to the Lu family.

Seeing through this, we might as well make a bold guess: Liu Bang, could it be a chess piece that Lu got up early to push to the surface to attract the attention of outsiders, but failed to control it in the later stage?

This point needs to be verified, but combined with Liu Bang's inexplicable dislike and rejection of Liu Ying, a relative of the Lu family and the crown prince, after he ascended the throne, I personally think that this possibility is extremely high.

Speaking of Lu Ze, the Marquis of Zhou, some readers' main arguments against 'Lu Ze is the first hero of the Han family' are mostly focused on: How many households did Lu Ze seal the marquis?

Why can't you see a figure in the ranking of meritorious marquis?

Here, let's not talk about the political needs of the Han family to scandalize and downplay the relatives of the Lu family after the death of Empress Lü, we only need to look at one point: After the death of Emperor Hui Liu Ying, the first prince to be crowned by Empress Lü was King Lü Mourning Wu: Lü Ze.

From an objective point of view, Lu Ze was posthumously named King Lu Mourning Wu, and a large part of it should be the reason why Lu Tai, the son of Lu Ze, was named King Lu Ze, but from the point of view that Lu Ze, the Marquis of Zhou Lingwu, was the first to be named the prince of the Lu family, rather than the Hou Lu Shizhi, it is not difficult to see that in the Lu family, Lu Ze's status is so noble.

Because before sealing all over Zhulu, Lu Pheasant will inevitably come up with the most unquestionable candidate in his hand to test the attitude of the courtiers and the founding officials, and the people chosen by Lu Pheasant are Lu Ze and his son.

Looking at the exploits made by Lu Ze's old forces in the process of the establishment of the Han Dynasty, we can see the following now.

- Bocheng Marquis Feng Wuxue, "To Mourn Wu Wang Langzhong", the beginning of the army, from Gaozu Feng, attack Yongqiu, hit Xiangji, fight, defend and mourn King Wu out of Xingyang, Gonghou.

- Aling Marquis Guo Ting, from the first year of Lian Ao, from the first year of the first year of the Ao Dynasty, to the Han Dynasty. Emperor Gao of the Han Dynasty in July of the sixth year, the first year of Marquis Guoting. Also set the three Qin, "belonging to Zhou Lu Hou", to the commander of the Xiang nationality, Gong Hou.

- Yangdu Hou Ding Fu, with Zhao will be from Qiye, to the overlord, for the building annoying general, into the Han Dynasty, Dingsan Qin, don't descend to King Zhai, "Mourning Wu King", kill the dragon and Pengcheng, for the great Sima; Broken feather army leaves, worship as generals, loyal ministers, marquis, 7,800 households.

- Dongwu Marquis Guo Meng, Yihu Wei Qixue, "Mourning Wu Wang", breaking the Qin army bar, Yang Xiongjun Qu Yu, entering the Han Dynasty, for the Yue general, Dingsan Qin, with the commander to stick to Aocang, for the general, the broken army, the meritorious marquis, 2,000 households.

- Qu Cheng Hou Worm Da, with 37 generals of Qucheng Hu from the beginning of the Dang, to the hegemon, for the Zhigui, for the second team of generals, "Mourning the King of Martial Arts", into the Han Dynasty, Ding Sanqin, to the commander of the Xiang Yu army Chen, Gonghou, 4,000 households. For the general, hit the swallow, represent, pull it out.

In addition to these five people, there are nearly ten 'Zhou Lu old people' who are basically clear, but there is still a certain amount of controversy.

These five people alone have as few as 2,000 households and as many as seven or eight thousand households, and they all have a very high ranking among the 'Eighteen Meritorious Marquis of the Founding of the People's Republic of China' of Emperor Liu Bang's White Horse Oath.

At this point, the truth of the matter is not far off.

——The same is the founder of the eighteen meritorious marquis, why Xiao He, Zhou Bo, Fan Xu, Xiahou Ying and others, we are so familiar with them, on the other hand, Ding Fu, Worm Da, Guo Meng and others, but we feel that we have never heard of it?

This confirms my previous point: under the political background of the bloodbath of the Lu family's relatives and the entry of Emperor Wen Liu Heng into the heirs, it became a political need at that time to downplay and scandalize the entire Lu family's relatives, and even the entire Lu family's relatives group. After 400 years of dilution and baptism of time before and after the Two Han Dynasty, as well as the 2,000 years of Chinese history after the exclusive Confucianism, these people have faded out of our understanding of the early history of the Western Han Dynasty.

And how much is at stake in Zhou Luhou Lu Ze, it can also be seen from this point: the former subordinates have all been named the top Che Hou of seven or eight thousand households, and the two sons have been named Che Hou, the eldest son Lu Tai's Lihou Shiyi, and it is more directly the Xinfeng where the Emperor Liu Xuan lives, and Lu Ze's food Yi will really be so small that it cannot be ranked in the list of founding heroes?

Personally, I think that under the condition that the younger brother Ding Fu can be sealed with 7,800 households, and his son Lu Tai can use Xinfeng as the food town of the feudal country, the food town of Zhou Luhou and Lu Ze will definitely not be less than 10,000 households.

And judging from Lu Ze's extremely rare two-character nickname: 'Lingwu', Lu Ze's martial arts in the early Han Dynasty should also be beyond doubt. (Among the meritorious marquis of the founding of the Han Dynasty, those who are also two-character nicknames are: Xiao He, the final marquis of Yuwen, and Zhang Liang, the marquis of Liuwencheng.) ）

Combining the above arguments, I have come to the following three conclusions.

First: In the process of establishing the Han Dynasty, whether the Liu and Lu families were cooperative or subordinate, Zhou Luhou and Lu Ze were all crucial figures for Liu Bang to swallow the world.

Second: Zhou Lu ordered the status of Marquis Lu Ze in the early Han Dynasty to be on par with Xiao He and Zhang Liang; Whether it was in the process of maintaining the throne of Emperor Hui Liu Ying or in the process of following the dictatorship of Empress Lu for more than ten years, the political legacy left by Lu Ze, Marquis of Zhou, played a vital role.

Third: After deliberately downplaying and scandalizing, and after more than 2,000 years of repeated 'correction' and delay, we can still see Lu Ze's dazzling achievements from the history books, so in real history, Lu Ze's achievements are likely to be even more dazzling than what we can see.

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The above assertions are a review of the literature and do not represent any authority, and the content belongs to the author's personal opinion.

In this book, the descriptions of Lu Ze, Lu's relatives, and Zhou Lubu's old use the above content as the background.