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The Western Han Dynasty Military System

Capital

The Beijing division soldiers of the Han Dynasty were mainly divided into two branches: the garrison led by the lieutenant was stationed in the north of Weiyang Palace, called the Northern Army; On the other hand, the one commanded by the guard captain is called the Southern Army.

Most of the soldiers of the Southern Army were transferred from Neijun, Taizu Liu Bang was mainly transferred from Fengpei, and the soldiers of the Northern Army were mainly transferred from Jingfu, all of which were rotated once a year.

The Southern Army originally had five super-numbered captains, totaling 20,000 people, and the Northern Army had four super-numbered captains, totaling 16,000 (2,000 full-strength captains, and both the southern and northern armies were overnumbered as 5,000 and one captain). The same is true for the tiger ben and the second part of the feather forest in the text).

place

Local soldiers are placed in counties and counties, and generally the county and county lieutenants (also known as metropolitan lieutenants) assist the county guards or county commanders to command, maintain local law and order in peacetime, and listen to the central government in wartime.

The requisition of local soldiers needs to be based on the emperor's "tiger charm", and the divided kingdom and the Hou State each have their own armies, and the soldiers of the kingdom are led by the lieutenants of the princes, and the soldiers of the Hou State are subordinate to the county.

Border soldiers

The border soldiers are mainly responsible for the garrison of the border county, which is led by the border county guard, and has the command of the commander and the commander of the department.

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Arms

The army has material officers (infantry), knights (cavalry), building ships (sailors), light vehicles (chariot soldiers) and other arms. Most of the counties in the plains are trained in knights and light cars, the counties in the mountains are trained in timber officers, and the counties along the rivers and seas are trained in building boats.

After Emperor Taizu Gao's Liu Bang fell into the throne of Bai Deng, the chariot soldiers were gradually eliminated by the Han family.

weave

The establishment of the army of the Han Dynasty, according to the record of "Hou Han Shu Baiguan", "five departments of the general camp", the department was led by the captain, "the subordinates have a song, the song has a military waiter", "there is a tun under the song, and the tun chief is a person".

That is: 1 battalion = 5 parts (school), 1 part (school) = 5 songs, 1 song = 2 tun, 1 tun = 5 tithes 1 ti = 2 soldiers 1 team = 5 people.

However, according to the Han Jian unearthed in Shangsunjiazhai and Juyan area of Datong County, Qinghai, part of the left and right parts or the front and back parts, the song is divided into left and right curves or front and back curves;

Under the department and song, there are also officials (divided into left and right officials), teams (divided into front and rear teams), Shiwu and so on.

The above-mentioned documents and cultural relics, as well as the different records of the middle and lower levels of the Han Dynasty army, are likely to indicate that there were different establishments in different regions or armies.

The military system of the Qin Dynasty was a highly centralized military system established by Qin Shi Huang after the unification of China. At the local level, the Qin court completely abolished the system of "feudal princes and feudal guards" and fully implemented the county system.

At the beginning of the destruction of the Six Kingdoms, 36 counties were set up in the areas under control, and then four counties of Jiuyuan, Nanhai, Guilin, and Xiang were placed, a total of 40 counties; The county has a county lieutenant, auxiliary to the left county guard, and is in charge of the military.

There are a number of counties under the county, with county lieutenants, auxiliary left county commanders (chiefs), and military affairs. The national conscription is based on the county unit, and the county guard has the right to levy and send strong men to fight in the county. During the Qin period, the population was about 20 million, and because the military service and conscription were very heavy, two or three million Ding men were conscripted for military service and labor every year, and the number of soldiers guarding the Great Wall alone reached 300,000.

In order to consolidate and strengthen the centralization of power, the Qin and Han dynasties established a unified army throughout the country and placed it under the strict control of the emperor; The officials in charge of the military administration of the whole country, Qin was the national lieutenant, and Han was the imperial lieutenant.

In the Han Dynasty, the examination order was set up to be responsible for the production of weapons, and the arsenal order was responsible for the storage and management of weapons.

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Some counties also had engineering officials and iron officials, who were responsible for making equipment and importing them into the capital; The arsenal in Chang'an City is the country's largest center for storing weapons.

During the Qin and Han dynasties, armor had been standardized, and all of them were made of metal, and the styles were different depending on the type of military and position.

The Qin Dynasty set up Taicang in the capital and Aocang in Xingyang, which stored a large amount of grain, and had a special official responsible for supply during the war.

During the Qin and Han dynasties, cavalry was used extensively, and horse politics became a major policy of the country; The Qin Dynasty formulated the "Law of the Stable", etc., which stipulated the grazing, training, and management of horses.

While rewarding the people to raise horses, the Han Dynasty also raised horses in the north and west. Emperor Jing had 36 gardens, 30,000 officials, slaves and maids, and 300,000 horses; During the reign of Emperor Wu, there were more than 400,000 official horses, which created conditions for the development of cavalry and the war against the Xiongnu.

The Qin Dynasty's military training system was relatively strict: Qin law stipulated that the shooter could not fire a crossbow, the imperial hand could not drive, and the worst knights and horses were punished, as were the relevant supervising officials and those in charge of recruitment.

In addition to the practice of archery, cavalry, and battle formations, the army of the Western Han Dynasty conducts teaching and parade every autumn, also known as "all tests", and rewards and punishments are carried out according to the merits of the results. In the border counties, there are often Taishou "ten thousand horsemen, obstacles, and beacon fires chasing captives" ("Han Old Yi"), this kind of training has the nature of actual combat exercises.

The Qin Dynasty followed the county conscription system during the Warring States period. Judging from the situation recorded in "Bamboo Slips of the Qin Tomb in the Sleeping Tiger Land", the man was 17 years old and "Fu Ji", and in the future, according to the needs of the war, he could be recruited into the army at any time, and he could only be exempted from military service at the age of 60.

The military service system of the Han Dynasty was changed several times - according to the Book of Han, a man was 20 years old and served one month of hard service every year, called "change of death".

After the age of 23, military service begins to be carried out, and the term of service is generally two years, one year of service in the county or county, called "Zhengshu", and the other year to guard in the border county or to the Beijing Division, called "Shushu" or "Guard".

There is also an opinion that these two years of military service are collectively referred to as "regular pawns". In the event of war, they must also be conscripted into the army at any time and can not be exempted from military service until the age of 56.

The Qin and Han dynasties also often sent criminals or apprentices as soldiers, which was called "Shu Shu".

From the Qin Dynasty to the early Western Han Dynasty, the military service system was dominated by the general conscription system in counties and counties. After the unification of Qin, the household registration system under the county system was implemented throughout the country, and the state directly controlled the "household and people" with "households" as the unit, and managed them according to the level of Wu, Shi, Li, Township, and County.

The people of the household who were subordinate to Shiwu were the main targets of conscription.

The Han followed the Qin system, with a slight profit or loss.

After Emperor Wu, foreign wars were frequent, the main targets of conscription were the bankruptcy of small peasants, the household registration system was also destroyed, the supply of soldiers was insufficient, and the conscription system gradually declined.

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the conscription system was replaced by the conscription system. Conscription has a clear age rule. Male who has reached the age of service is officially "Fu", and is on the roster, called "Fu"; The age at which the service is stopped is called "exemption from old age", or "the age of the second Qin Dynasty master is fifteen years old, the age of exemption from old age is fifty-six years old for those who have a knighthood, and the age of those who are "sergeants" without a title is 60 years old.

At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the Qin system was followed, and it was changed to 20 years old in the second year of Emperor Jing (155 BC), and it was changed to 23 years old and four years old before the sixth year of Emperor Zhao (81 BC) at the latest. In the Han Dynasty, the age of exemption from old age was fifty-six years old. This provision was used until the Eastern Han Dynasty.

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However, in practice, the regulations are often exceeded. For example, in the Qin Dynasty, there was a "great battle", that is, a large-scale war, and the old man was not exempted from service; In the Han Dynasty, there were even cases of conscription as young as 12 years old and as old as 70 years old.

The conscription system has a clear definition of the identity of the conscript.

In the Qin Dynasty, under normal circumstances, the conscription objects were strictly limited to the people of the household who were subordinate to the "Shiwu", including the "Shiwu" without a knight, the first-class "Gongshi" to the fourth-level "no change" (not to be exempted from the "change of pawn" service, not to exempt their military service).

Untouchables and slaves whose status was lower than that of the "non-commissioned soldiers" did not have the right to formally serve in the military, and even if they were to join the army, they could only serve as "apprentices"; Those whose status is higher than "not following" are within the name of the Brish Legham and enjoy the privilege of exemption from military service.

The Western Han Dynasty military merit system tended to be indiscriminate, and from the "Shiwu" without a knight to the eighth-level "Gongcheng", commonly known as the "Minjue", they had to serve in the military. During the reign of Emperor Wu, the "Martial Arts Jue" was established, and all the military service was required from the seventh-level "Qianfu" and below.

In the later period of the Western Han Dynasty, the system of military merit and martial arts was corrupted by indiscriminateness.

By the Eastern Han Dynasty, the knighthood system was a mere formality, and the restrictions on the status of those who served in the military lost any practical significance. Conscription has clear rules on the physical condition of those who serve. Those who were physically weak or disabled at the time of Fu were called "Bao Yao" and only served hard labor, not military service.

The height standard of Fu Ji is 6 feet to 6 feet 5 inches or more, and those who are less than 6 feet are called "small" and are not allowed to serve in the military.

The military service system of the Qin Dynasty also set regulations on the number of conscripts in the households: "The Law of the Dead" states: "Cohabiting mothers are parallel." That is, if the men in each household do not serve in the military at the same time, at least one person must be left in the house to ensure the progress of agricultural production.

The above-mentioned provisions are only applicable in peacetime, and conscription may be exceeded at any time in wartime, especially in the event of a "major campaign" or when there is a shortage of troops.

Under the system of integration of soldiers and peasants, conscripts brought their own parts in addition to some of the materials supplied by the state. The part supplied by the state includes weapons and equipment and military rations. During the Qin and Han dynasties, weapons were uniformly managed by the state, and soldiers were uniformly issued by the state after enlistment, and handed over to the state when they were discharged.

As for the awarding of armor, there are special regulations; The state supplies military rations called "yu", or "yu junzhong", and the amount of gifts is also equal according to the status of the knight and the status in the army.

Under normal circumstances, the state "lowers the counties and counties to transfer the corn and artemisia to supply the army", but there are also cases of "self-funded" military food from time to time.

With the exception of slaves and convicts who had no property, which were uniformly supplied by the state, and were called "garments," conscripts had to bring their own money and goods. Armies often have "military markets" where soldiers can buy and sell goods.

Exemption privileges

The privilege of 'reinstatement' in the Qin Dynasty was mainly limited to the fifth-level title of doctor and above, as well as officials of all levels of equivalent status and the royal nobles who were "subordinate" to the Guang clan.

These people, according to their rank, can enjoy the privileges of recovering their bodies, their families, their clans, and dependent populations.

In addition, those who pay millet, silk, and capital can also recover it.

In the Han Dynasty, as the composition of the ruling class became more complex, the regulations on reinstatement and the objects enjoying the privileges of reinstatement also became more complex: the clans and princes and princes were included in the "subordinate register" of "Zongzheng" and never served;

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Relatives and meritorious heroes are exempted from military service for generations; All officials in the country except for the lowest-ranking minor officials have knighthoods, and all those who are in the ninth level of the "five doctors" are exempted from military service with a dagger of more than 600 stones;

The "three elders" of the counties and townships of low-level officials were exempted from military service;

Those who are elected as filial piety brothers, disciples, and those who can pass the scriptures are exempted from military service;

In addition, there are special edicts exempting them from one, two, or even lifetime service; If civilians do not serve, they can pay money or goods to serve on their behalf; If you want to be exempted from the "pawn" service or military service conscripted in wartime, you must buy a knight.

When Emperor Wen was 4,000 stones, he could be exempted from military service if he bought a lord to five doctors; Emperor Wu also stipulated that the slaves, slaves, and slaves could be exempted from military service, and the "martial arts jue" was created, and the knight was bought to the seventh level of "thousand husbands", which was equal to the five major doctors and could be exempted.

In the later period of the Western Han Dynasty, the indiscriminate system of giving and selling knights and exempting them from military service led to a shortage of soldiers, and it was no longer possible to levy military service normally. With the development of the conscription system, the conventional system of exemption from military merit has lost its practical significance, and the other exemption systems only work during temporary conscription.

The corruption of conscription

The conscription system of the Qin and Han dynasties was based on individual small peasants under the direct control of the household registration system.

After Emperor Wu, a large number of individual small farmers went bankrupt and became vagrants, slaves, dependent people, tenant small farmers, and wage laborers, and the number of households directly controlled by the state was greatly reduced.

As a result, the normal system of the Shogoban was no longer maintained, and the conscription system gradually declined.

At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Guangwu carried out a major reform of the military service system, and almost completely abolished the system of regular soldiers, guards, and soldiers in the inland counties.

Although the Eastern Han Dynasty occasionally conscripted troops in the county, such as the end of the Ling Emperor's Zhongping, Guangling County "If you move the drum, you can get 20,000 people"; Also, "the county is hanging on the border, and the old system ordered one household, with a bow and crossbow to be prepared."

Such cases are often limited to temporary conscription in wartime and are not regular, while conscription, which is a permanent system, has been corrupted.

The introduction of the conscription system

At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, the system of recruiting people to serve on behalf of the "change of pawn" in the conscription system has appeared, and those who do not serve must hire people to serve on their behalf, and pay 2,000 per month at a flat price, which is called "practicing history".

Conscription officially became an institution that began with Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Wu, soldiers were used for a long time abroad, and the conscription system was no longer suitable for the needs of large-scale wars, whether in terms of the time and number of people in the rotation of the soldiers, or the military technology of the soldiers.

Therefore, from Emperor Wu to the Eastern Han Dynasty, the conscription system gradually developed and replaced the conscription system, becoming the main source of soldiers.

The recruitment of soldiers in the Western Han Dynasty has various names, such as "brave man", "recruited sinner", "running for life", "Kang Jian", "enlisted" and so on.

Most of these conscripts came from the proletarians, such as unemployed people and prisoners.

The Han Dynasty often used these soldiers to engage in major foreign wars. When Wang Mang was in power, he recruited men from all over the world, as well as capital prisoners and slaves, known as "Dolphin Sudden Pig Yong", as the main force of the war against the Xiongnu.

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the household registration system had been greatly relaxed, individual small farmers had been greatly reduced, and it was difficult to continue the conscription system. Most of the soldiers stationed in various parts of the Eastern Han Dynasty came from recruitment.

For example, in the twenty-fourth year of Jianwu (48 AD), Wuling Wuxi rebelled, and the Eastern Han government, that is, more than 40,000 "musk warriors" and prisoners in the 11th county of the twilight went to suppress it.

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, not only did the soldiers of the inner counties recruit, but the soldiers of the border counties also completely implemented the recruitment system.

For example, in the sixteenth year of Jianwu (50 A.D.), the people who were sent to the mainland were given "money". The system of giving money on the real border is not available in the Western Han Dynasty, and it is a system for the people to guard the borderlands.

In the first year of Emperor Yongping of the Ming Dynasty (58 A.D.), he recruited soldiers to fight Longyou and gave 30,000 people, which marked the comprehensive replacement of the conscription system by the Eastern Han Dynasty.

The cost of recruiting soldiers by the Eastern Han government, known as "reward money" or "reward truth", was actually equivalent to the salary of hired soldiers.

Ethnic minorities in the Eastern Han Dynasty also often resorted to recruitment. The Eastern Han ethnic minority soldiers were called "Yi soldiers", and they were regular members of the army, and they were not dismissed after the war, and they received "uprightness" and "incorruptible gifts" in the army, and became a kind of standing mercenaries.