Pan Wei, who stayed in Gujarat, learned more about the Mughals from the crown prince every day.

In his work notes, he wrote:

"India's Mughal state has completed the decentralization of power, but this system is full of loopholes."

"In the local provinces, provincial governors are set up, just like the governors of the former Ming Dynasty. Under the governors, there were Subadhar and Diwan. Subadar can be regarded as a political envoy. Diwan, in charge of the finances of a province. ”

"The princes of the Mughal kingdom were all appointed governors. One person manages one province, or one person manages several provinces. There were also clans or nobles who were made governors by the Mughal monarchs, and these nobles must have lived in Delhi or Arag, and their families were like hostages in the king's hands. ”

However, the Mughal emperor was already old and faint. The governors of the provinces, the more powerful they are, they can mint their own coins and appoint officials at will. The term of the provincial governor was constantly extended. In the long run, within a hundred years, the provincial governor may be the state pastor, showing the situation of secession in the late Han Dynasty......"

When the governors became independent, they would become princely states, and they would appear in about another fifty years.

Of course, there are other forms of princely states.

One is the Rajputs, a foreign people who have arrived in India for thousands of years. They had their own territory, had their own army, and remained relatively independent in the Mughal Empire.

One is the combination of the capitalist landlords and the military clique. With the development of Mughal commerce, landlords continued to erode their power, and even obtained the right to collect commercial taxes, gradually gaining the status of merchants and bankers. The long period of war and chaos led to the decline of the traditional military system, and the local powerful faction began to train Western-style mercenaries. This model was very costly, and it was necessary to borrow money from merchants, and gradually the military groups formed a community with merchant landlords.

When the British colonized India, India was full of princely states, and the reasons for the formation were the above three reasons.

At this time, the Mughals were still at the peak of the emperor's centralized power, but there were already signs of the collapse of their rule.

The root cause is that Shah Jahan's reckless military force has hollowed out the finances of the entire empire, and he urgently needs to stop and recuperate. In order to alleviate the financial pressure on the central government, the provincial governor was constantly given more power and let the provincial governor get money to raise troops in the local area.

The first thing the next emperor should do is to take power and disarm.

However, the reality is that the emperor is not dead, but he is seriously ill, and the four princes start fighting. The number of armies is getting bigger and bigger, the power of the provincial governor is getting bigger and bigger, and the new emperor who has raised Gu to the throne is facing rebels one after another. Not only can we not disarm the armed forces, but we must continue to expand the armed forces, and after the expansion of the armed forces, we cannot reduce them, and we can only use troops externally to transfer internal contradictions.

Thus, the unfilial son born to the Taj expanded the territory of the Mughal Empire to its peak. As soon as this person died, the local government lost control, the provincial governors were divided into princely states, and the central government could no longer control the military and political power of the provinces.

The British East India Company took the opportunity to collude with the princely states and frantically grabbed huge profits.

Today's Mughals, the magistrates are still very obedient.

Emperor Shah Jahan warmly received the Chinese mission, and the nobles of the capital immediately responded, rushing to visit the members of the delegation and hosting banquets every once in a while. On the way back, the local officials also received them warmly, for fear of neglecting the emperor's distinguished guests.

In such a situation, there was no danger, and no one dared to move with the emperor in his hands.

Returning to the ship without any danger, Pan Wei handed over his work report, and the others also handed in a summary of what they saw along the way.

Next stop, Persia.

Like the Mughal Empire, Safavid Persia was in its heyday, and the centralized monarchy was at its peak.

King Abbas II of Persia was a powerful man of politics, military, justice, and religion. Even, most of the country's land was declared to be owned by the royal family, and part of the land was divided among officials in the form of land fields. Peasants, on the other hand, have no right to own land.

Abbas II not only continued to regain lost territory, but also built water conservancy, improved farming, reduced taxes, encouraged industry and commerce, built post roads, and rewarded literature and art...... Overall, the country's power has far surpassed that of the Mughals, and it is no wonder that Kandahar was recaptured from the Mughals.

Don't look at this as a green country, the social atmosphere is actually very open, and even in the paintings, there are often ** women.

Pan Wei spoke highly of Persia, and wrote in his work notes: "The ancient country of Persia is not in vain. The culture of this country is prosperous, the people are rich, the merchants are gathered, and all industries are thriving. The people are clean and self-loving, and the markets are not filthy, and there is a world of difference compared to the Mughal countries......"

In a word, Safavid Persia is a civilized country that can throw the Mughals out of eight streets.

Even the Ottoman Empire was beaten by Persia at this time. From the Ottomans, Persia successively recovered Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, Sumor, Baghdad and other places. and completely drove the Portuguese colonists out of the Strait of Hormuz.

Zheng Dayong, the leader of the guard, also wrote in his notes: "The Persian soldiers, the army is clean, and so is the city garrison. Moreover, it has a vast territory and an inexhaustible source of troops, so it cannot be attacked unless it encounters civil strife. ”

Cai Yuncheng from Qintianyuan wrote a completely different evaluation:

"The land of Persia belongs to the royal family. The officials of this country have no money, and the king will reward them with fields. Isn't this pre-Qin Ye? Under the whole world, it is not the king's land, and Zhou Tianzi is just a feudal prince. Will the land of the officials be returned to the king? In this way, the officials will be hereditary, and eventually they will control the localities and form large and small princes. The more princes there are, the more they will be separated from the king. ”

"The small people of this country have no right to own land. He who has no permanent property, and who has no perseverance, will not be in the king's heart. As far as I can see in the countryside, there are many hungry people, and there are many people who sell their sons and daughters, and they are not living well. Within fifty years, Persia will be in turmoil, and the day of its disintegration is near. ”

"Husband, the Holy Son of Heaven of our country, how virtuous! His Majesty came from Buyi, and he knows the heart of the people, and he understands the heart of heaven that is the heart of the people. Then he wrote "The Three Plains Theory", expounding the road of the monarch's subjects, so that the great harmony can be stable forever. The Persian monarchs and ministers, who do not know this way, regard the peasants as grass mustard, how can they not die in the country? ”

Pan Wei's focus is on the Persian city and the burghers.

Cai Yuncheng's focus is on the vast number of peasants in the Persian countryside.

Historically, the decline of Safid Persia stemmed from a peasant revolt and the Ottoman Empire took the opportunity to invade.

During the night, the two drank and chatted.

Cai Yuncheng said with a smile: "Today's Persia is just like the middle of Wanli in the pre-Ming Dynasty. How prosperous the city is, how prosperous the business is, how prosperous the culture is, and how ...... the peasants How tragic! You are from a wealthy family, so naturally you only see the glamour of Persian cities. But I come from a rural farmer's family, and I know that farmers have no way to live, and they really have to rise up. ”

"Brother Cai is exaggerating," Pan Wei disagreed, "I think this Persia, although it is not enlightened by sages, it is already very rare." I inquired with the merchants in the city, and they all said that the king of this country was a benevolent and wise monarch. Even the people of the city also praised the Persian emperor. You and I went to sea this time, and experienced large and small countries along the way, which one is better than Persia? ”

Cai Yuncheng said disdainfully: "I see, your primary and secondary schools are all in vain, and you don't seriously comprehend the "Three Origins" at all. The peasants were the cornerstone of the state, and the Persian peasants did not even have the right to own the land. This Persian emperor or mercy, what about the next one? What's next? When the benevolent emperor was encountered, the Persian peasants were already so poor that they were so weak. You see, in the harbor city, there is a street dedicated to the market, which is caused by the peasants selling their sons and daughters. If you are replaced by a tyrant, the peasants will not be able to survive, so they can only die. Fight to the death, rise up, kill the emperor and recreate the world! ”

Pan Wei couldn't argue, so he could only say: "Alarmist, alarmist!" ”

Cai Yuncheng sneered: "Am I alarmist? This flowery Persia is actually not as good as the Ming Dynasty. No matter how corrupt the Ming is, at least the children of the peasants study hard, and they still have the opportunity to become officials in the imperial examination. And what about Persia? The officials are all hereditary, and the peasants have no future! ”

Pan Wei obviously drank a few more glasses, and blurted out drunken words: "Since you are a farmer, you can farm with peace of mind, what else do you want to do?" ”

"Fuck you, try it again!" Cai Yuncheng was furious.

Pan Wei knew that she was speechless, and smiled embarrassedly: "It's me who is wrong, and I will punish myself with three cups." Haha, self-imposed three cups. ”

Cai Yuncheng brushed his sleeves and left, already disgusted with Pan Wei.

Drunken words are the words from the bottom of my heart! Back in his room, Cai Yuncheng wrote hard: "Your Majesty's cloth clothes started in Jiangxi, gathered the hearts of the people and cleansed the filth, and reopened the bright and bright world." And the policy of dividing the land was hated by the gentry and wealthy households. Tian Lianqian Mo, a group of slaves, the desires of this person. Today, there are many princes in the imperial court, and there are many people from poor and lowly backgrounds, but how many people can 'save heavenly principles and destroy people's desires'? One day, he may turn into a jackal and eat the fat and ointment of the people of the world. Our generation of scholars, we should remember Your Majesty's teachings and seek the blessings of all the people in the world. What a thousand people pointed out, we should also stick to our hearts! ”

Although a little drunk, Cai Yuncheng's thinking became clearer and clearer, and he continued to write:

"The sages have words, keep heavenly principles, and destroy people's desires. Eating the king, sharing the king's worries, eating the people, and being diligent in civil affairs is the principle of heaven. Shinong industry and commerce, each fulfilling its responsibilities, is the principle of heaven. Once you gain power, you are an official or an official, and greed for it is human desire. To be rich for the people, to annex land, and to keep slaves is the desire of man! ”

"Those who preserve the principles of heaven and destroy people's desires are to abide by the theory of the three principles. Sanyuan Gongzhuan, headed by Tian Zheng. Those who destroy the land government and harm the country and the people are also punished by everyone! The Manchu Dynasty ministers, the countryside and the right, and the wolf ambition were many, and they were always vigilant against their troubles in the world. ”

"When I was studying at Jinling University, I consulted the records of the former Ming Dynasty. A whip law reform originated from the abolition of the Ming Dynasty's official fields. And the abolition of the Ming Guantian lies in the occupation of the official land by the Minister Hao. This kind of encroachment occupies their land and does not accept their endowment. The Tian Zheng of the Datong New Dynasty did not allow land to be bought and sold, which was no different from the Ming Dynasty's official land. Beware of the minister's right, embezzling people's land and not buying it, and destroying the land administration is not guilty! ”

What does it mean to embezzle people's land and not buy it?

It's that the people are bankrupt and can only sell their fields to survive. However, the big families did not dare to destroy the land administration, so they did not trade the land ownership, leased the land to the big households permanently, and became the tenant farmers of the big households in disguise - the official land of the Ming Dynasty was encroached upon.

Cai Yuncheng has already decided that when he returns to Nanjing, he will ask His Majesty to fill the loopholes in Tian Zheng.

At least, make up for it from a legal level.

In the future, even if Tian Zheng is corrupted, when he encounters officials who dare to act, he will have a full legal basis to take action against Haoyou.

During the following trips, Cai Yuncheng continued to enrich his theories. He plans to create an academic faction, perhaps called the "Tianli School", conscientiously implementing Zhao Han's system is to preserve Tianli, and destroying Zhao Han's system is to violate Tianli, and to be a hypocrite who is dominated by people!