It's hard to say exactly how many states there are in Italy, but the six main powers are very clear.

First, the Papal States. mouth

The most classic assessment of this peculiar country is that the pope, although unable to unify Italy, was powerful enough to prevent others from unifying it. 2 11]

Second, the Duchy of Milan.

When the other states of Italy were still in the republican form of city-states, Milan was the first to achieve the autocracy of the lords. VII 2

Third, Florence. { 16 ]

The system of this state was constantly changing, and eventually, with the support of Spain, it also became a principality a hundred years ago. Jen 11

Fourth, the Republic of Genoa.

This is a vassal of Spain, and a hundred years ago, the Spanish royal family went bankrupt and the German bankers lost all their money. Genoa took the opportunity to lend money to Spain, and it continued to be obtained

American silver, the beginning of a seventy-year golden age. With the decline in silver production in the Americas, the Spanish royal family went bankrupt several times, and Genoa also fell into decline. 1 2

Fifth, the Republic of Venice. Jen 8]

About 200 industrial and commercial families made up the oligarchy republic of Venice. The chief executive was elected, and the nobles and powerful citizens formed a council, which was then handed over to the commissioner

to deal with government affairs. It has a large number of overseas territories and has been fighting the Ottomans for 90 years. Sometimes there is a truce, sometimes there are peace talks, sometimes there is cooperation, - all the time losing territory.

In addition, due to the abolition of the privileges of the clergy, the Pope issued an excommunication decree against Venice. Although the Republic of Venice regarded excommunication as bullshit, it also caused it to be ruled in Italy

Governance isolation. Even though the excommunication order has been lifted through French intervention, political isolation has persisted. Jen 3]

While the states isolated Venice, they also needed Venice to resist Ottoman expansion. Probably there is a scoundrel in the village, and the villagers don't want to play with him, but they try hard

I was glad to see him fight with the hooligans from the next village.

Sixth, Naples.

This thing belonged to the bargaining chips of the marriage between France and Spain, both of which had suzerainty over Naples, either controlled by France or controlled by Spain, and currently by the West

Banya controlled.

55]

It has a vast territory, a strong navy, and a high degree of centralization.

Of all the Italian states, Naples had the heaviest taxes and the most exploitative of the middle and lower classes. So, the later Italian Unification-Revolutionary War,

Pioneer the emergence of a revolutionary wave in Naples.

Naples City, - home inside a leather shop.

The owner, Antonio, told the party: "The uprising more than ten years ago, we have summarized several reasons for its failure. First, the leader of the uprising must not act arbitrarily, otherwise it will result

internal divisions; Second, the French royal family is unreliable, they have said they support the uprising, but they only want to usurp the fruits of our uprising; Thirdly, the king and viceroy of Spain cannot be trusted,

The Governor must be killed!"

Naples was a kingdom whose king was concurrently held by the king of Spain.

Thirteen years ago, when the governor of Naples announced a tax increase, the fishmonger Massanielo led a revolt, and the lawyer Genoino secretly fanned the flames with the slogan: "The State of Spain."

Long live the king, we don't want taxes, and the unpopular government (governor) get out of the way. ”

3]

The Governor was forced to negotiate and accept demands, and the fishmonger Massanielo was appointed "the most loyal leader of the people" and formed a people's government-

The cut went too smoothly and the fishmonger quickly corrupted. He turned his back on the initial appearance of the uprising, and when he came to power, he acted arbitrarily, even killing opponents at will. The Governor hasn't made a move yet, people

The civil government began to depose and arrest him, fled to a monastery and was killed.

The lawyer who planned the uprising, as the new leader of the people, ended up wearing a pair of pants with the governor. After the death of the tyrannical fishmonger, the race was regarded as a hero by the people, and then continued to rise

He rioted and killed the usurping lawyer. The new leader of the people, who continued to suppress the uprising, the common people continued to revolt, and the wave of uprisings spread to Sicily. Jen 3

An arms dealer who becomes the leader of the people and proclaims the formation of the Republic of Naples, secretly gaining the support of the French crown.

France sent a direct dispatch of the navy, the Duke of Guise of France, who was elected Duke of the Republic of Naples. This old man intensified his exploitation of the people, and the uprising spread in all directions

Square. Eventually, the Spanish army was dispatched, the French duke ran away, and the leader of the people (arms dealers) was executed.

"What we are going to do is not an urban riot, but a revolution," said the owner. The kings and nobles of Spain and France could not defend our rights,

All they know is constant taxation. We must establish a republic, form a republican parliament, and make republican laws. The parliament could retain the nobility, however, lawyers, merchants,

All people, including craftsmen, can be elected to the Parliament, and they must occupy two-thirds of the seats! Now, Attorney Carlos, to explain the Eastern Covenant (

Datong Collection" Italian Magic Revised Edition). ”

"Datong Collection" began to secretly spread in the United Kingdom a few years ago. After being banned by Cromwell, it spread to France and then to Italy.

With the popularity of "The King of Kings - The Biography of the Great Emperor of China", "Datong Collection" was reprinted many times by Venetian booksellers, who were not too troublesome. The Neapolitan scholars were like treasures,

According to the actual situation in the country, continue to change the "Datong Collection".

Lawyer Carlos stood up and said, "The Covenant of the East is a revolutionary book written by His Majesty the Great Emperor of China, twenty years ago, when China was under the brutal Ming Dynasty

under the rule. The Chinese there, like us in Naples, have to face endless heavy taxes, and years of natural disasters have kept them alive. Great medium

His Majesty the Emperor led the people to revolt, overthrew the brutal Ming Dynasty, and established the equal, just, and prosperous Datong-Dynasty { 19

"In distant China, the emperor was wise and the officials were selfless. Officials are highly respected scholars, and any corruption will be severely cracked down. Every

The children of every family have the opportunity to learn. Every literate person has the opportunity to become an official. The emperor protected the interests of scholars, merchants, artisans, peasants, even

The beggars are all gone, and everyone lives happily ever after

According to the description in "The King of Kings - The Biography of the Great Emperor of China", the shoemakers in Nanjing could even afford to wear silk. Even if it is an apprentice shoemaker, he is educated to read and write, and he has

A good salary and no high taxes

Most of the revolutionaries who participated in the gathering had never read these two books, and their eyes lit up when they heard it, and their faces were full of yearning and longing. In the far East, what should it be

How beautiful it is, and what a blessing it is to live there. Jen 8

Lawyer Carlos continued: "The Eastern Covenant records all the revolutionary ideas of the Chinese emperor, who believed that the people were the foundation of the state, and that the emperor and the officials

It's nothing but administering the country for the people

"In the last uprising, we founded the Republic of Naples. But the four successive leaders of the people, the Duke of the Republic, all turned their backs on the revolution. Hence the Naple

There can be no king, duke, and leader of the people, because we Neapolitans, there is no - a man who can be as wise and unkind as the emperor of China 10]

"The Emperor of China is a philosopher-king, he is omniscient and omnipotent, he is morally noble, and he is noble in soul. If Naples is next to China, after our uprising,

The Chinese emperor should be allowed to rule. But we are too far away from China for us to elect our own consuls. Each consul cannot be hereditary, must have a term of office, and the power is retained

Civil parliamentary system 21

"Another thought of the Chinese emperor was that all men are created equal. The aristocracy was equal to the merchants, the merchants were equal to the artisans, the hawkers, the fishermen, the peasants were all equal.

You must ask, how can the peasants, who are not even literate and ignorant, be equal to the aristocracy? The Chinese Emperor said that man has status and personality. Status is unequal, there is

People are born nobles, and some people are born peasants. But personality is indeed equal, and no one is more respectful

"Equality of personality is absolute, and the difference between bad people and good people is that bad people are polluted and their moral character becomes despicable. So, when we build a republic, we have to protect good people

so that more people can become good people. If a government is bad, good people cannot guarantee benefits, and more people will become bad people.6

"The Chinese emperor said to guarantee the interests of all. After the establishment of the republic, it is time for us to make a law, a law for all the people. Jen 8

"The decaying Ming Dynasty, the worst of which are the nobles and landlords. We have to learn from the Chinese emperor that all the bad nobles and landlords must be killed. Their money is used for the financial expenses of the republic. Their land was given to the poor

"His Majesty the Emperor of China, at the very beginning of the uprising, enacted just and strict laws. We should also make laws, I am a lawyer, and today you are from all walks of life

You can all make suggestions, and I will draft the laws of the Republic, and then we will continue to adjust and revise them

The people here really can't get by.

Their king was the king of Spain, who also served as the king of Spain, sent a viceroy to govern, and the oppression of the people was only slightly better than that of the colonies. Moreover, there are nobles here, and the common people are facing

with double oppression

As for the aristocracy, they also faced Spanish suppression, and many nobles wanted to make a revolution.

With the spread of this "Oriental Covenant", with the city of Naples as the center, the revolutionary trend quickly spread throughout the country, and there were even revolutionary organizations in Sicily.

More and more petty aristocrats and merchants, conniving at or supporting the revolution, even joined in themselves. And with the accession of the nobility, the laws of the republic were drafted

It was also amended that the republic protected the interests of the progressive aristocracy.

7

The nature of the revolution changed markedly, from a revolution of the whole people to a revolution of the bourgeoisie and the burghers, and the vast masses of the peasants of Naples were once again abandoned. 2 26

At the time of the marriage between England and France, the Neapolitan Revolution broke out, known as the "Oriental Covenant" Revolution. Jen 5]

The revolution was forced to start in advance, because the governor of Naples became vigilant, declared the revolutionaries a traitorous party, and sent troops to hunt them down.

The rebels entered the Doge's Palace, hanged the Doge, and then opened the prison to release the prisoners.

On the second day of the revolution, the Republic of Naples was proclaimed and the Naples People's Assembly was formed.

mouth

Antonio, a leather shopkeeper, was elected the first consul of the Republic. Carlos, a lawyer, was elected as the first speaker. A large number of nobles and merchants, who served as members of parliament,

In essence, the fruits of the revolution were stolen.

Immediately, revolutionary riots broke out in major cities in Naples.

The nobles from all over the country formed an army of the Republic, and the merchants provided financial support to urgently gather in the city of Naples, as the Spanish army arrived from Sicily.

The Spanish garrison in Sicily was small, and it was defeated by the Naples People's Army. Affected by this, part of the Naples navy mutinied and declared its membership in the Neapolitan Republic

and countries.

The Republic of Naples initially gained a foothold, but there was a split within the revolutionaries.

The burghers, represented by artisans and merchants, who had contributed greatly in the early days of the revolution, were now ostracized by the parliament. Originally, the seats in parliament were to be represented by low- and middle-level representatives

Two, but now only a third is left. The king of Spain, who was financially struggling, was unable to send a large army on an expedition.

This king urgently borrowed money from Genoese merchants for the war, but those Genoese merchants had long distrusted the Spanish royal family, which had repeatedly gone bankrupt. I finally managed to raise some of it

, the military expenditure was still not enough, and the king of Spain asked Dutch merchants to borrow again.

The Dutch merchants did not borrow this time, they had already been bankrupted by the Spanish crown several times.

As soon as you go bankrupt, you will be in debt, who can stand this?

As a result, the Spanish king could only raise taxes in the colonies, and Mexico and the Philippines were miserable. The local colonial officials even disregarded the royal family and intensified their smuggling

money to compensate for the losses caused by the king's tax hike on himself.

I am afraid that it will take another year or two for Spain to suppress the Neapolitan revolution before it can form a large army.

At the same time, the king of France, Louis XIV, also set his sights on this, because he also had the right to inherit the king of Naples. The Republic of Naples announced the abolition of the throne, pair

The king of France also had an influence, and Louis XIV even wanted to destroy it and then declare himself king of Naples as well.

But once he did so, he would inevitably go to war with Spain in the future, and Louis XIV did not dare to act rashly.

The establishment of the Republic of Naples caused a violent reaction in the Italian region, and the spread of the Oriental Covenant became even more rapid. And in Sicily, a revolution broke out.

Spain had to put down the unrest in Sicily first